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1.
A vigorous root system is essential for efficient use of plant nutrients. This paper focuses on root growth and its response to tillage changes in the most fertile soil horizon, 0–40 cm depth. The field experiment was established in 1995 on clay soil, with 45–50% clay and 5.5% organic matter in the topsoil. Three tillage treatments were mouldboard plough to a depth of 20 cm (conventional), field cultivator to a depth of 8 cm, and no primary tillage (conservation). The field had an oat (Avena sativa L.)–barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crop rotation. In 1997–1998 and 2000, root distribution during the growing season was evaluated by a non-destructive minirhizotron (MR) and video recording method. Root length density and root diameter were also measured once a season (1997 and 1998) by destructive root sampling and image analysis of washed roots. At shoot elongation, root numbers increased more under conventional than conservation tillage, at soil depth of 10–25 cm. The effect was clear for both barley (1997) and oat (2000) with maximum root numbers of 175 and 210 per 100 cm2 by mouldboard ploughing, but 120 and 170 per 100 cm2 under unploughed conditions (in the whole 0–0.4 m region). The suboptimal condition of unploughed soil was also indicated by lower shoot nutrient contents at tillering (studied in 1997) and by higher penetrometer resistance (studied in 1998, 2000) and lower macroporosity (studied in 2000) at 10–25 cm soil depth. Root growth dynamics were similar for both plant species. Root diameter was not significantly affected by the tillage treatments. Discontinuation of mouldboard ploughing reduced root growth (P<0.05) within this clay soil 5 years after the tillage change, although conservation tillage preserved more water for plant use. The data show that a clay soil can be too dense for optimal rooting during the 3rd–6th-years after discontinuation of ploughing.  相似文献   

2.
荞麦根缘细胞的发育及脱落后对铝毒的响应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
采用悬空气培法,研究了荞麦根缘细胞发育过程的形态、活性变化和脱落后对铝(Al3+)毒的响应。结果显示,荞麦根缘细胞绝大多数呈细杆状,少数呈弯曲的长条型。根长25.mm时,根缘细胞中活细胞的比率最大(约94%);果胶甲基酯酶(PME)在根生长至5.mm时,活性最大,此后随着根的伸长,PME活性迅速下降,根长大于25mm时PME活性稳定在最大值的40%。脱离根尖的根缘细胞经50mol/L.Al3+处理,随着处理时间延长,存活率大幅度下降,处理后48.h时,存活率只有5%。铝毒加速离体根缘细胞的死亡。  相似文献   

3.
Based on the enclosed chamber method, soil respiration measurements of Leymus chinensis populations with four planting densities (30, 60, 90 and 120 plants/0.25 m2) and blank control were made from July 31 to November 24, 2003. In terms of soil respiration rates of L. chinensis populations with four planting densities and their corresponding root biomass, linear regressive equations between soil respiration rates and dry root weights were obtained at different observation times. Thus, soil respiration rates attributed to soil microbial activity could be estimated by extrapolating the regressive equations to zero root biomass. The soil microbial respiration rates of L. chinensis populations during the growing season ranged from 52.08 to 256.35 mg CO2 m−2 h−1. Soil microbial respiration rates in blank control plots were also observed directly, ranging from 65.00 to 267.40 mg CO2 m−2 h−1. The difference of soil microbial respiration rates between the inferred and the observed methods ranged from −26.09 to 9.35 mg CO2 m−2 h−1. Some assumptions associated with these two approaches were not completely valid, which might result in this discrepancy. However, these two methods' application could provide new insights into separating root respiration from soil microbial respiration. The root respiration rates of L. chinensis populations with four planting densities could be estimated based on measured soil respiration rates, soil microbial respiration rates and corresponding mean dry root weight, and the highest values appeared at the early stage, then dropped off rapidly and tended to be constant after September 10. The mean proportions of soil respiration rates of L. chinensis populations attributable to the inferred and the observed root respiration rates were 36.8% (ranging from 9.7 to 52.9%) and 30.0% (ranging from 5.8 to 41.2%), respectively. Although root respiration rates of L. chinensis populations declined rapidly, the proportion of root respiration to soil respiration still increased gradually with the increase of root biomass.  相似文献   

4.
Soil surface electrochemical properties may have a strong influence on nitrifying microorganisms, H+ and NH4+ activities, and therefore on the nitrification process. A gradient of surface electrochemical parameters was obtained by amendment of a subtropical acid pine soil (Oxisol) with 0% (control), 3%, 5%, 8%, 10% and 12% pure Ca-Montmorillonite by weight. The H+ and NH4+ activities, the abundance of the ammonia-oxidizing bacterial (AOB) and archaeal (AOA) amoA gene copies, and time-dependent kinetics of net nitrification were investigated. Soil particle surface specific area ranged from 53 to 103 m2 g−1 and increased with increasing montmorillonite application rate. Similar to specific area, surface charge quantity, surface charge density, electric field strength and surface potential increased after montmorillonite amendment. The H+ and NH4+ activities decreased linearly after montmorillonite addition. AOB amoA gene copy number was 1.82 × 105 copies g−1 for unamended soil, and the highest AOB amoA gene copy numbers were found for the 10% montmorillonite amendment (3.11 × 107 g−1 soil), which was more than 150 times higher than unamended soil. AOA amoA gene copy numbers were 9.19 × 103 copies g−1 dry unamended soil, and the highest AOA amoA gene copy numbers were found in the 8% montmorillonite amendment (1.22 × 105 g−1 soil). Although pH significantly decreased during the first three weeks of incubation, no significant difference was observed between the unamended control and different rates of montmorillonite addition treatments during the whole incubation. The largest net nitrification (103 mg N kg−1) was observed in the 10% montmorillonite amendment and the lowest in unamended soil (62 mg N kg−1). While montmorillonite did not change the kinetic patterns of net nitrification, the highest nitrification potential (275 mg N kg−1) for the 10% montmorillonite treatment was more than 3 times higher than unamended soil from simulation of time-dependent kinetics. Nitrification was significantly stimulated after montmorillonite amendment in acid soil mainly due to an increase in the quantity and activity of AOB and AOA. We concluded that soil particle surface parameters can significantly influence nitrification, especially in acid soils.  相似文献   

5.
The biocontrol agents Coniothyrium minitans and Bacillus subtilis MBI 600 were added separately to three soil types that had been either sterilised, pasteurised or left non-sterile. Applied as a conidial suspension of 1×106 cfu g−1 soil, C. minitans showed good survival in all sterilised, pasteurised and non-sterile soils, remaining at the numerical level at which it was applied for the duration of the 30 d experiment. Applied at a lower rate of 1×103 cfu g−1 soil, C. minitans proliferated in sterilised soil to numbers slightly over 1×106 cfu g−1 soil, whereas no increase was seen in pasteurised or non-sterile soils from this lower application rate. However, although C. minitans was not easily recovered on plates from non-sterile soil, it did survive at the lower numerical level in pasteurised soil, and was recoverable throughout the experiment at the rate at which it was applied. B. subtilis MBI 600 survived well following introduction as a cell suspension into sterilised soil at a rate of 1×106 cfu g−1 soil. Spores were formed rapidly and, after 14 d, the introduced microorganism survived in this form rather than as vegetative cells. However, in non-sterile soil, the introduced microorganism did not compete well and decreased in number, with spores being formed in low numbers. Survival of B. subtilis MBI 600 in pasteurised soil was variable, but resembled the survival seen in non-sterile soil more than that seen in sterilised soil. More B. subtilis MBI 600 spores were formed in pasteurised soil than in non-sterile soil, however, and may have been important for survival in pasteurised soil. In conclusion, this work has shown that the biocontrol agent C. minitans can survive well in soil irrespective of whether the soil has been pasteurised or not and shows good promise as a soil inoculant for control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Although soil pasteurisation does improve establishment of B. subtilis MBI 600 compared to non-sterile soil, survival is relatively poor when applied as cells. The best survival of B. subtilis MBI 600 occurred as spores in sterilised soil, and spore applications to pasteurised soil in an integrated control strategy may allow sufficient establishment of the biocontrol agent to target pathogens causing damping-off.  相似文献   

6.
Summary The level of Azospirillum brasilense strain Cd colonization in the rhizosphere of some vegetables was 104–105 colony-forming units (CFU) per root of one plant in 2-week-old plants inoculated with 5 × 108 Azospirillum cells. Significant increases in root length (35%) and in top (90%) and root (50%) dry weight and total leaf area (90%) were observed in 18-day-old inoculated tomato plants compared with non-inoculated controls. An inoculum concentration of 1 × 108 to 5 × 108 CFU/ml stimulated the appearance of root hairs. Large numbers of bacteria (1 × 109 CFU/ml) caused asymmetrical growth of the root tip. In a petri dish system, Azospirillum (1 × 108 CFU/ml) increased root dry weight (150%), protein content (20%), respiration rate per root (70%) and the specific activity of malate dehydrogenase (45%–65%) over non-inoculated controls. The specific respiration rate, expressed as micromol of O2 per minute per milligram of dry weight of roots, was significantly lower in inoculated roots, suggesting that less energy was spent for accumulation of more dry material.  相似文献   

7.
Root border cells, which form a cell layer around the root tip, seem to play multiple roles in the rhizosphere of the apical root. As these cells (species‐dependent dozens to several thousand per root tip) are rapidly sloughed off in water, studies in hydroponic culture fail to elucidate their role in most conventional physiological studies. The common method for harvesting these cells consists in germination of seeds in a humid atmosphere (usually a Petri dish), but labor and time constraints allow to yield only very limited amounts of uniform cells. We thus developed a low‐cost mist‐culture method, where intact border cells can be collected in the range of several grams. We applied this technique in a preliminary experiment where the influence of aluminum (Al) supply on calcium (Ca) release and viability of this cell type was studied. Purified detached border cells of pea were incubated with 0, 50, and 500 mmol m–3 AlCl3 solution (pH 4.5) for 90 min at a ratio of 3 × 105 cells (4 mL)–1. After incubation, cells contained 4.27 and 13.28 mg Al g–1 C at 50 mmol m–3 and 500 mmol m–3 AlCl3, respectively, while their total Ca content decreased correspondingly. Cell viability of border cells as tested by fluorescein diacetate‐propidium iodide (FDA‐PI) fluorescence yielded unexpected results: the test exhibited significantly lower vitality at 50, but not at 500 mmol m–3 AlCl3. Assessing mitochondrial activity by 3‐(4,5)‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl‐2,5 diphenyl‐tetrazolium‐bromide (MTT) reduction showed that viability decreased in a dose‐dependent manner with increasing Al concentrations. This apparent contradiction is attributed to the formation of dense mucilage around border cells at high Al concentrations, which likely inhibits the access of the dye PI or may chemically inactivate this compound and thus wrongly suggest higher viability. Mist culture allows harvesting selectively large amounts of homogeneous border cells quickly and to study their physiological reactions separated from the root tip.  相似文献   

8.
A study was conducted in a Setaria italica (L.) Beauv. cropland on the Loess Plateau in order to partition total soil respiration (Rt) into microbial respiration (Rm) and root respiration (Rr) and to determine the carbon balance of the cropland ecosystem. A trenching method with micro-pore mesh was used to create root-free soil cores. Differences between mesh and non-mesh treatments were used to determine root respiration. Similar pattern was found in the diurnal variation of Rt and Rm with the minimum values at 3:00-6:00 h and the maximum at 13:00-15:00 h. The diurnal pattern of Rr was completely different, the minimum values appeared at 11:00-13:00 h and the maximum at 0:00-3:00 h. Soil temperature exerted predominant control over the diurnal variations of Rt and Rm. The daily mean values of Rt, Rm and Rr were close to the measurements taken at 9:00 h. On the seasonal scale, Rm was strongly dependent on soil temperature, with higher correlation with 2-cm-depth temperature (r2 = 0.79, P < 0.001) than with 5-cm-depth temperature. When the effects of both soil temperature and moisture were considered, a linear model provided more accurate prediction of Rm (r2 = 0.83, P < 0.0001). Root respiration (Rr) exhibited pronounced daily variation corresponding to changes in photosynthesis and seasonal variation related to crop phenological development. The seasonal variation in Rr was strongly correlated with leaf area index (LAI) (r2 = 0.85, P < 0.05), and also positively, but marginally correlated with root biomass (RB, P = 0.073). Contribution of root respiration to total soil respiration (Rr/Rt ratio) showed pronounced diurnal and seasonal variations. The daily mean values of Rr/Rt ratios were close to the values obtained at 9:00 h. In different phenological stages, Rr/Rt ratios ranged from 22.3% to 86.6%; over the entire growing season, the mean Rr/Rt ratio was 67.3%.Total annual loss of C due to Rm in 2007 was estimated to be 121.3 g C m−2 at the study site, while the annual NPP (net primary production) was 262.1 g C m−2. The cropland system thus showed net carbon input of 140.8 g C m−2.  相似文献   

9.
The phytoremediation of xenobiotics depends upon plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere, but the extent and intensity of these effects are currently unknown. To investigate rhizosphere effects on the biodegradation of xenobiotics, a glasshouse experiment was conducted using a specially designed rhizobox where ryegrass seedlings were grown for 53 days in a soil spiked with pentachlorophenol (PCP) at concentrations of 8.7±0.5 and 18±0.5 mg kg−1 soil. The soil in the rhizobox was divided into six separate compartments at various distances from the root surface. Changes in PCP concentrations with increasing distance from the root compartment of the rhizobox were then assessed. The largest and most rapid loss of PCP in planted soil was at 3 mm from the root zone where total PCP decreased to 0.20 and 0.65 mg kg−1, respectively with the two PCP treatments. The degradation gradient followed the order: near-rhizosphere>root compartment>far-rhizosphere soil zones for both concentrations where ryegrass was grown. In contrast, there was no difference in PCP concentration with distance in the unplanted soil. The increases in both soil microbial biomass carbon and the activities of soil urease and phosphatase were accompanied by the enhanced degradation of PCP, which was higher in the near-rhizosphere than far-rhizosphere soil. The results suggest that the effect of root proximity is important in the degradation of xenobiotics such as PCP in soil.  相似文献   

10.
《Applied soil ecology》2003,22(3):241-253
Root distribution and mycorrhizal associations were compared in primary, secondary and limestone forests in Xishuangbanna, southwest China. Soil cores to a depth of 20 cm were collected at random points from four 50 m2 quadrats in each forest type. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations were the only form of mycorrhiza found in all forest types. The primary forest was characterized by high root mass, root lengths and AM colonization levels higher than other forest types. In contrast, secondary forests had greater AM fungal spore numbers and specific root length, indicating that plant species in secondary forests achieved a greater degree of soil exploration with less biomass allocation to roots. Root density, AM colonization and AM fungal spore numbers decreased with soil depth in all forest types. Although the correlation between AM colonization levels and spore numbers was insignificant when all forest types were considered together, significant relationships emerged when each forest type was considered individually. AM colonization and spore numbers were correlated with several root variables.  相似文献   

11.
红豇豆根缘细胞对铝胁迫的响应   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8  
以红豇豆(Vigna.ungniculata.ssp.sesquipedalis.cv.chuangfeng)为材料,采用悬空气培法,研究红豇豆根缘细胞产生的数目、活性及对铝胁迫的响应。结果表明,红豇豆的边缘细胞数目先随着根的伸长而迅速增加,到根长为10mm时达到最多,约为5300个;随后,边缘细胞数目稍有减少,且较为稳定。边缘细胞的存活率较高,都大于85%,随着红豇豆根长的伸长,边缘细胞的活性逐渐增高。根冠果胶甲基酯酶(PME)的活性随着根的伸长而减小,表明边缘细胞游离与根冠PME活性有着密切的相关性。离体边缘细胞的存活率随着Al3+处理浓度和处理时间的增加而降低。不同浓度Al3+液处理对相同根长红豇豆的根冠PME酶活性没有显著的影响。  相似文献   

12.
Humic acids (HAs) play an important role in the global nitrogen cycle by influencing the distribution, bioavailability, and ultimate fate of organic nitrogen. Ammonium oxidation by autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) is a key process in ecosystems and is limited, in part, by the availability of NH4+. We evaluated the impact of HAs on soil AOB in microcosms by applying urea (1.0%, equal to 10 mg urea/g soil) with 0.1% bHA (biodegraded lignite humic acids, equal to 1 mg/g soil), 0.1% cHA (crude lignite humic acids) or no amendment. AOB population size, ammonium and nitrate concentrations were monitored for 12 weeks after urea and HA application. AOB densities (quantified by real-time PCR targeting the amoA) in the Urea treatments increased about ten-fold (the final abundance: 5.02 × 107 copies (g of dry soil)−1) after one week of incubation and decreased to the initial density after 12 weeks incubation; the population size of total bacteria (quantified by real-time PCR with a universal bacterial probe) decreased from 1.12 × 1010 to 2.59 × 109 copies (g of dry soil)−1 at week one and fluctuated back to the initial copy number at week 12. In the Urea + bHA and Urea + cHA treatments, the AOB densities were 4 and 6 times higher, respectively, than the initial density of approximately 5.07 × 106 copies (g of dry soil)−1 at week 1 and did not change much up to week 4; the total bacteria density changed little over time. The AOB and total bacteria density of the controls changed little during the 12 weeks of incubation. The microbial community composition of the Urea treatment, based on T-RFLP using CCA (canonical correspondence analysis) and pCCA (partial CCA) analysis, was clearly different from those of other treatments, and suggested that lignite HAs buffered the change in diversity and quantity of total bacteria caused by the application of urea to the soil. We hypothesize that HAs can inhibit the change in microbial community composition and numbers, as well as AOB population size by reducing the hydrolysis rate from urea to ammonium in soils amended with urea.  相似文献   

13.
Toxicity of Fe2+ is one of the major constraints for lowland rice production in tropical and subtropical areas. The root tip is a primary site of iron (Fe2+) toxicity in rice. To explore the effects of iron toxicity on the morphological and biological characteristics on the border cells in rice (Oryza sativa L.), experiments were carried out using the border cells in two cultivars. The experimental results revealed the following properties of border cells shared by both rice cultivars: the first border cells appeared almost synchronously with the emergence of the primary root tip; the number of border cells reached maximum when the root was 25 mm long; the border cells were most viable when the root length was 20 mm; and the relative activity of pectin methylesterase (PME) was the highest when the root length was 2 mm. The two rice cultivars exhibited different trends in their response to Fe2+ toxicity: the number of root border cells in Fe2+-resistant Zhongyou 9288 increased when experiencing low levels of Fe2+ treatment, but then declined at higher Fe2+ levels. The number of root border cells in Fe2+-sensitive Shanyou No. 10, however, declined rapidly when the concentration of Fe2+ increased. The results also showed that Fe2+ toxicity hindered the development of root border cells of both rice cultivars, but the Fe2+ sensitive variety experienced thickened the root cap cell walls that led to programmed cell death.  相似文献   

14.
Although root cap cells are an important substrate for microorganisms in the rhizosphere, little attention has been paid to the decomposition of sloughed root cap cells by microorganisms. This study used rice plant callus cells grown on medium containing 13C-labelled glucose as a model material for rice plant root cap cells. Harvested 13C-labelled callus cells (78 atom % 13C) were subjected to decomposition in an aerobic soil microcosm for 56 days. The low cellulose and lignin levels and the disaggregated nature of the callus cells indicated that these cells were an appropriate model material for root cap cells. DNA was extracted from a soil incubated with 12C- and 13C-callus cells and subjected to buoyant density gradient centrifugation to identify bacterial species that assimilated carbon from the callus cells. The stability of the total bacterial communities during the incubation was estimated. Many DGGE bands in light fractions of soil incubated with 13C-callus cells were weaker in intensity than those from soil incubated with 12C-callus cells, and those bands were shifted to heavier fractions after 13C-callus treatment. 13C-labelled DNA was detected from Day 3 onwards, and the DGGE bands in the heavy fractions were most numerous on Day 21. DGGE bands from heavy and light fractions were sequenced, revealing more than 70% of callus- C incorporating bacteria were Gram-negative, predominantly α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, γ-Proteobacteria, Sphingobacteria and Actinobacteria. These species were phylogenetically distinct from the bacteria reported to be present during plant residue decomposition and resident in rice roots. This study indicates that root cap cells are decomposed by specific bacterial species in the rhizosphere, and that these species augment the diversity of rhizospheric bacterial communities.  相似文献   

15.
A method of processing soil core samples for root studies by subsampling   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
Root studies are generally believed to be very important in ecological research. Soil coring is a valuable approach to root research, but it requires a very large amount of processing time. We present here a method for processing soil cores consisting of the combination and homogenization of several soil cores from a plot, with subsequent subsampling for root extraction. The required subsample size was determined for a topsoil and a subsoil sample from a groundnut field and was found to be 5–10% of the total soil sample. Advantages and limitations of the method are discussed.  相似文献   

16.
 The number of bacteria was determined during the growth of chrysanthemum plants on young (tip) and old (base) root parts. We assessed if the same conclusions could be drawn on the dynamics of bacterial populations during plant development when different reference units were used to express the bacterial counts. The results indicated that the total number of bacteria on the base decreased significantly during plant development, when expressed per root length, per root fresh weight or per root surface. The number of bacteria on the tip only decreased significantly when expressed per root length. Using the unit of dry weight of adhering soil, contradictory results were obtained for both base and tip; in general, the number of bacteria increased significantly during plant development. Thus, different reference units may lead to different conclusions. Root surface seemed to be the best unit to use, but the use of this unit requires time-consuming measurements. Regression analyses indicated that the reference unit "root surface" was highly correlated with root fresh weight (R 2=93%). Thus, once this relation is determined, the less time-consuming unit can be measured in the experimental work. To analyse the data, the colony-forming units should be expressed per root surface. Besides bacterial numbers during plant development, we assessed whether the bacterial populations collected showed different growth rates on agar plates. The growth rates of bacteria from the tip and base and different development stages of the plants showed differences, indicating differences in the metabolic state of the collected populations. Received: 9 December 1997  相似文献   

17.
Changes in the soil water regime, predicted as a consequence of global climate change, might influence the N cycle in temperate forest soils. We investigated the effect of decreasing soil water potentials on gross ammonification and nitrification in different soil horizons of a Norway spruce forest and tested the hypotheses that i) gross rates are more sensitive to desiccation in the Oa and EA horizon as compared to the uppermost Oi/Oe horizon and ii) that gross nitrification is more sensitive than gross ammonification. Soil samples were adjusted by air drying to water potentials from about field capacity to around −1.0 MPa, a range that is often observed under field conditions at our site. Gross rates were measured using the 15N pool dilution technique. To ensure that the addition of solute label to dry soils and the local rewetting does not affect the results by re-mineralization or preferential consumption of 15N, we compared different extraction and incubation times.T0 times ranging from 10 to 300 min and incubation times of 48 h and 72 h did not influence the rates of gross ammonification and nitrification. Even small changes of water potential decreased gross ammonification and nitrification in the O horizon. In the EA horizon, gross nitrification was below detection limit and the response of the generally low rates of gross ammonification to decreasing water potentials was minor. In the Oi/Oe horizon gross ammonification and nitrification decreased from 37.5 to 18.3 mg N kg−1 soil d−1 and from 15.4 to 5.6 mg N kg−1 soil d−1 when the water potential decreased from field capacity to −0.8 MPa. In the Oa horizon gross ammonification decreased from 7.4 to 4.0 mg N kg−1 soil d−1 when the water potential reached −0.6 MPa. At such water potential nitrification almost ceased, while in the Oi/Oe horizon nitrification continued at a rather high level. Hence, only in the Oa horizon nitrification was more sensitive to desiccation than ammonification. Extended drought periods that might result from climate change will cause a reduction in gross N turnover rates in forest soils even at moderate levels of soil desiccation.  相似文献   

18.
Controlled environment experiments were conducted to investigate factors that affect the longevity of clover roots after permanent shoot excision and its implications for managing N cycling in arable cropping systems. The hypothesis tested was that root longevity is related to the initial soluble sugar concentration of the tissue and its rate of depletion after defoliation. Red clover plants were grown in either sand or soil (depending on the experiment) for eight weeks before the shoot was excised at the crown. Root cell viability and concentrations of soluble sugars, starch, amino acids and soluble phenols were determined at regular intervals for up to seven weeks after defoliation. The effects of mechanical damage to the roots, shading of the shoot prior to defoliation, soil temperature, microbial inoculation and nature of the root growth substrate were investigated. Root longevity, defined as the time taken for more than 80% of root cells to lose viability after shoot excision, varied from two weeks to over seven weeks between treatments. Soluble sugar and starch concentrations declined after shoot excision. Treatments affected the initial concentration and rate of depletion of soluble sugars, but had little effect on starch concentrations. Amino acid concentrations increased temporarily after shoot excision before declining; in most cases the decline coincided with the loss of cell viability. Pooling data from the different experiments indicated a threshold bulk tissue sugar concentration of 24 mg g DW−1 below which cell viability declined. There was a significant positive relationship (r2 0.93) between the initial sugar concentration and root longevity when roots were left undisturbed after shoot excision. When roots were disturbed and cut into fragments, the rate of sugar depletion was accelerated and root longevity reduced compared to undisturbed roots. The results suggest that tillage to damage the root system would be a more effective method of enhancing the rate of root senescence, and by inference the early release of N, than defoliation. The data can be used to refine models of nutrient cycling in arable systems to account for the period of root senescence prior to post-mortem decomposition.  相似文献   

19.
Four-day-old wheat seedling roots were inoculated at specific sites with 3.8 × 105 colony forming units of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain 2–79 Rn10 resistant to rifampin and naladixic acid. Seedlings inoculated at the root apex were transplanted into chambers containing non-sterile soil and harvested 5 h, 2, 4 and 7 days later. Root segments were excised and processed for dilution plating on a selective medium to determine the population distribution of the marked strain in relation to root elongation. Strain 2–79 RN10 was recovered from a localized area near the point of inoculation but was no longer associated with the root apex by day 4. In a subsequent experiment, roots were inoculated approximately 4 cm above the root tip. Water applied to the soil surface and allowed to drain through the soil profile was found to affect the rhizosphere distribution of 2–79 Rn10. The marked strain was recovered 3.5 cm below the point of inoculation after 24 h when water had been added, compared to 0.5 cm below the inoculation site in the absence of added water.  相似文献   

20.
High rates of cattle slurry application induce NO inf3 sup- leaching from grassland soils. Therefore, field and lysimeter trials were conducted at Gumpenstein (Austria) to determine the residual effect of various rates of cattle slurry on microbial biomass, N mineralization, activities of soil enzymes, root densities, and N leaching in a grassland soil profile (Orthic Luvisol, sandy silt, pH 6.6). The cattle slurry applications corresponded to rates of 0, 96, 240, and 480 kg N ha-1. N leaching was estimated in the lysimeter trial from 1981 to 1991. At a depth of 0.50 m, N leaching was elevated in the plot with the highest slurry application. In October 1991, deeper soil layers (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50 cm) from control and slurry-amended plots (480 kg N ha-1) were investigated. Soil biological properties decreased with soil depth. N mineralization, nitrification, and enzymes involved in N cycling (protease, deaminase, and urease) were enhanced significantly (P<0.05) at all soil depths of the slurry-amended grassland. High rates of cattle slurry application reduced the weight of root dry matter and changed the root distribution in the different soil layers. In the slurry-amended plots the roots were mainly located in the topsoil (0–10 cm). As a result of this study, low root densities and high N mineralization rates are held to be the main reasons for NO inf3 sup- leaching after heavy slurry applications on grassland.  相似文献   

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