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1.
为了促进腾格里沙漠荒漠区防护林持续稳定发展,对防护林内衰退的柠条样地进行了植物多样性调查及不同留茬高度的平茬试验,选取萌条数量、株高、冠幅、萌条地径、平茬后土壤含水量5项指标评价平茬效果,结果表明:①50年柠条人工林内的植物种类有8种,以柠条、梭梭、沙米和多裂骆驼蓬为优势种,植被总盖度为34.91%;②平茬两年不同留茬高度处理柠条的株高、冠幅和地径均随着时间增加呈增长趋势,萌条数量则呈减少趋势,留茬高度对萌条生长状况有显著影响(P<0.05),不同留茬高度平茬效果为15 cm>20 cm>10 cm>5 cm>0 cm;③平茬样地土壤含水量显著大于未平茬样地。  相似文献   

2.
柠条是西北地区水土保持,防风固沙造林中的重要灌木树种,可作为生物质燃料使用,但随林龄增加出现生长衰退,效益下降等问题。利用平茬技术可以提高柠条利用率,该文以宁夏盐池平茬1~5 a生柠条为研究对象,对其生长指标、工业分析、硫含量、热值和热重进行了分析。结果表明:1)经平茬后的柠条生长指标每年递增,但3 a以后增幅不大,选定平茬期为3 a的柠条株高、地径和分支数分别比6 a老龄林提高了16.67%、11.54%和160.00%,表明平茬技术有利于柠条生长。2)通过热值分析对1~5 a生柠条进行了比较,发现3~5 a生柠条发热量较好,但三者相差不多;考察了不同月份收割柠条的影响因素,研究表明10-12月柠条各项指标处于最优值。3)比较了柠条和煤的硫含量,分析表明柠条硫含量是烟煤的1/12倍,柠条作为燃料会大大减少硫化物的排放。4)工业分析和热重分析表明,柠条和煤产生的灰分作相比,柠条产生的灰分是烟煤的1/9倍,可减少颗粒物的排放,有利于环境保护。5)采用一级反应动力学模型和积分法对生物质燃烧动力学参数的研究表明,柠条具有较低的活化能,有利于燃烧。综上所述,采用平茬期为3 a且每年10-12月生的柠条最适宜作为热电厂燃料。柠条作为发电燃料具有含硫量低,灰分少,对环境保护和减少可吸入颗粒物具有重要的意义。  相似文献   

3.
通过设置不同平茬时间、不同留茬高度，开展了退化沙拐枣林平茬复壮的田间试验，以研究区域内植物多样性、不同处理下沙拐枣生长状况和土壤含水量为评价指标，综合分析了平茬措施对退化沙拐枣林的更新复壮效果。结果表明：(1)不同平茬时间、不同留茬高度下，沙拐枣均表现出较好的生长特性，但在冬季平茬，留茬高度为0 cm时沙拐枣的冠幅、新枝高度、新枝基径高于其他处理；(2)研究区中植被有沙拐枣、梭梭、沙米、刺沙蓬、雾冰藜5种，沙拐枣为优势种，沙米、刺沙蓬和雾冰藜为一年生草本植物，且其重要值比较高；(3)研究区0～20 cm深度土层平茬区土壤含水量高于未平茬区，20～60 cm深度土层平茬区土壤含水量低于未平茬区，60～120 cm深度土层平茬区与未平茬区土壤含水量变化无明显规律。因此，荒漠区退化沙拐枣林可以通过冬季平茬措施进行更新复壮，且留茬高度为0 cm时沙拐枣林生长状况更好。  相似文献   

4.
为探究平茬措施对吉兰泰盐湖防护林植被和土壤的影响,以吉兰泰荒漠绿洲过渡带不同平茬年限(1,2,3年)的人工花棒林为研究对象,对比分析不同平茬年限的花棒林植被生长特征和土壤理化性质。结果表明:(1)平茬有利于花棒自我更新。平茬后花棒株高、基径随平茬年限增加而增大,新生枝数与之相反。(2)平茬增加林下草本生物量和草本植物多样性,不同平茬年限花棒林间植物生活型均以一年生植物和多年生植物为主。林下植被盖度、密度、株高、地上生物量、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Margalef丰富度指数均以平茬3年最高。(3)平茬初期的风蚀作用导致地表部分细颗粒被吹蚀,0—30 cm土层土壤机械组成均以细砂和中砂为主,其值为77.63%~88.02%。(4)平茬促进土壤水分蓄积,0—200 cm土层土壤含水量按平茬年限由大到小依次为3年>2年>1年>未平茬,但土壤水分稳定性变差。(5)平茬有利于土壤养分积累,花棒林下土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、碱解氮和速效磷以平茬后3年最高,较未平茬分别增加6.67%,12.90%,20.00%,115.51%,66.24%。研究结果表明适当平茬可以改善林间生境,但是在平茬初期,需要对地表进行覆盖,防止土壤水分蒸散。  相似文献   

5.
黄土丘陵沟壑区柠条人工林地土壤养分特征研究   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
为了促进黄土丘陵沟壑区人工柠条群落的更新,以定西市巉口镇龙滩流域的人工柠条群落为研究对象,对其5种平茬处理方式(全部平茬、隔株平茬、隔行平茬、隔株隔行平茬、未平茬)下3个土层深度(0～20、20～40、40～60 cm)的8个土壤养分指标(pH值、有机质含量、全氮含量、全磷含量、全钾含量、碱解氮含量、有效磷含量、速效钾含量)进行了测定和分析研究。结果表明:平茬方式对土壤养分的影响不明显,不同平茬方式间土壤养分含量差异不显著;土层深度对土壤养分的影响很明显,不同土层间土壤养分含量差异显著,尤其是有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量,而且土壤养分含量总体上呈现出随着土层深度的增加而下降的趋势,养分呈一定的表聚效应。  相似文献   

6.
平茬是灌木人工林培育中常用的手段,灌木多通过平茬达到复壮目的。以内蒙古砒砂岩区典型水土保持功能灌木柠条根-土复合体为研究对象,进行剪切试验研究,分析平茬复壮对柠条根-土复合体抗剪特性的影响,阐明柠条人工灌木林平茬复壮机制,确定最佳平茬方案,进而为柠条人工灌木林管理提供科学依据。结果表明,在12.5 kPa、25 kPa的条件下,2 a生柠条根-土复合体的抗剪强度分别为31.43%和11.02%,而未平茬柠条根-土复合体的抗剪强度分别为24.01%和7.35%,根系的存在明显提高了浅层土体的抗剪强度;平茬和未平茬柠条根-土复合体粘聚力相对于素土的增长率分别为37.24%和52.23%,平茬和未平茬柠条根-土复合体内摩擦角相对于素土的增长率分别为10.11%和4.78%。表明在12.5 kPa和25 kPa下平茬后的效果优于未平茬,其中摩擦力发挥了重要的作用。  相似文献   

7.
黄土丘陵半干旱区人工柠条林土壤固碳特征及其影响因素   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
为了探讨黄土丘陵区不同生长年限的人工柠条林地土壤有机碳含量的变化特征及其影响因素,更好地阐明黄土丘陵区柠条林土壤的固碳机理,本文采用时空替代法,以撂荒2 a的坡耕地为对照,对黄土丘陵半干旱区不同林龄(10 a、17 a、26 a、34 a、40 a、50 a)人工柠条林地土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(STN)、全磷(STP)及柠条林的根系生物量和枯落物现存量进行了分析。结果表明:1)在0~60 cm的土层剖面上,0~20 cm土层SOC含量明显高于其他土层,并随土层深度的增加逐层递减,其中柠条林地0~20 cm土层SOC含量变化幅度为2.68~11.44 g·kg-1,而40~60 cm土层SOC含量仅在1.64~2.73 g·kg-1波动;与对照相比,随林龄增加柠条林地0~60 cm土层平均SOC含量先减小后增加最后趋于平稳:10 a和17 a柠条林SOC含量比对照显著降低了34.5%和26.9%,26 a柠条林的SOC含量显著升高,其值是对照的1.43倍,40 a和50 a柠条林SOC含量处于积累与消耗相对稳定的状态。2)对SOC含量与STN、STP含量及根系生物量和枯落物现存量进行相关性分析表明,SOC含量与STN含量、根系生物量及枯落物现存量之间存在极显著线性相关,但与STP含量相关性不明显,说明土壤中氮含量的增加能明显提高土壤的固碳能力,而根系生物量和枯落物现存量的多少能够决定土壤的固碳水平。  相似文献   

8.
[目的] 研究不同留茬高度小叶锦鸡儿生长和光合生理的变化规律,揭示不同留茬高度下小叶锦鸡儿生长和光合能力的强弱,探索其平茬时的最适留茬高度,为寻求合理抚育管理措施、指导小叶锦鸡儿生产实践提供理论依据。[方法] 选择2003年人工种植小叶锦鸡儿为研究材料,设置未平茬（CK）、留茬高度5 cm （T1）,10 cm （T2）,15 cm （T3）,20 cm （T4）,25 cm （T5）共6个处理于2018年秋季进行平茬,分别测定次年生长季小叶锦鸡儿生长和光合生理指标。[结果] 平茬能显著提高小叶锦鸡儿株高、冠幅、新稍长的增长;不同留茬高度处理净增长量均不同,留茬高度15 cm处理株高、冠幅长和宽度、新稍长净增长量值最高,分别较未平茬处理增加了203.44%,278.10%,292.59%,385.43%;留茬高度5,10和20 cm处理的净增长量次之,留茬高度25 cm的值最低,较未平茬处理分别增加了25.15%,26.38%,25.93%,88.48%;一定留茬高度平茬能显著提高小叶锦鸡儿净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（Tr）和水分利用效率（WUE）;不同处理小叶锦鸡儿日变化均有不同程度的光合、蒸腾“午休”现象;留茬高度15 cm处理叶片Pn,Tr,WUE日均值均最高,分别比未平茬处理增加了2.52,0.37和1.52倍;留茬高度5,10和20 cm处理次之,留茬高度25 cm处理值最低,其Pn和WUE值分别比未平茬处理增加了0.45和0.32倍,而Tr值比未平茬处理降低了0.02倍。[结论] 平茬后次年生长季内,留茬高度15 cm的平茬小叶锦鸡儿具有较强的生长补偿和光合能力,留茬5,10和20 cm植株的生长补偿和光合能力次之,留茬25 cm植株的生长补偿和光合能力最弱。  相似文献   

9.
针对内蒙古阴山北麓农牧交错带土壤风蚀严重的问题,研究了带状留茬间作的防风蚀效果,通过测定风速、地表粗糙度和土壤风蚀量,揭示不同留茬高度对留茬地和相邻裸露地的防风蚀效果.结果表明,随着留茬高度的增加,作物残茬带近地表风速降低,且留高茬(30 cm)效果最明显;随着测定高度的增加,同一留茬高度对风速的降低程度减小.地表粗糙度随留茬高度的增加而增大,留高茬地(30 cm)和邻高茬裸地的地表粗糙度分别较对照增加了466.67％和126.98％.土壤风蚀量随留茬高度的增加而减少,留高茬地(30 cm)和邻高茬裸地的风蚀量分别较对照减少了90.21％和65.51％.因此,作物残茬既增强了自身带的防风蚀效果,又在一定程度上保护了邻茬裸露带,留茬高度30 cm时防风蚀效果最好,对相邻裸露带的保护作用最明显.  相似文献   

10.
[目的]研究柠条堆肥结合不同翻耕深度下土壤细菌群落变化特征及其关键影响因素,为西北地区农业废弃资源利用及设施农田土壤健康可持续生产提供理论依据.[方法]田间试验始于2018年,在日光温室连续进行4茬,共设5个处理:传统鸡粪+翻耕15?cm?(CK)、柠条堆肥+免耕(T0)、柠条堆肥+翻耕15?cm?(T15)、柠条堆肥...  相似文献   

11.
For the increase of the occupation ratio of inoculum strain in the competition with indigenous rhizobia, the relationship between Rj-genotypes of soybean and the preference of Rj-cultivars for various types of rhizobia for nodulation was investigated by using the Rj 2 Rj 4-genotype of soybean isolated from the cross between the Rj 2 Rj 3-cultivar IAC-2 and Rj 4-one Hill (Ishizuka et al. 1993: Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 39, 79-86). Firstly, these Rj 2 Rj 4-genotypes were found to harbor the Rj 3-gene. The Rj 2Rj3Rj4-genotypes of soybean were considered to exhibit a more narrow microsymbiont range for nodulation than the Rj 2 Rj 3-and Rj4-cultivars. Therefore, rhizobia were isolated from the nodules of various Rj-genotypes of soybeans grown in soils, and the preference of the Rj 2 Rj 3 Rj 4-genotype for indigenous rhizobia was examined. The nodule occupancy of serotype 110 was significantly higher in the bacteroids of the nodules from the Rj 2 Rj 3 Rj 4-rgenotypes than in those from the other genotypes, non Rj-, Rj 2 Rj 3-, and Rj 4-cultivars. These results demonstrated that the Rj 2 Rj 3 Rj 4-genotype prefers more actively serogroup USDA110 to the others of rhizobia. Thus, Rj 2 Rj 3 Rj 4-genotype is superior to non- Rj-, Rj 2 Rj 3-, and Rj 4-genotypes for the formation of efficient nodules for nitrogen fixation.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract

Caldwell and Vest (1968) planted soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) with various genotypes at Beltsville, USA, without inoculating them with Bradyrhizobium japonicum, and showed that soybeans preferred certain serotypes of rhizobial strains for nodulation. Recently, the authors have reported that soybeans carrying nodulation-conditioning genes preferred appropriate strains showing specific behavior for nodulation (Ishizuka et al. 1991). For instance, nodulation of soybean cv. Hardee which carries the nodulation-conditioning genes, Rj 2 and Rj 3, does not occur with B. japonicum USDA122, USDA33, Is-1, etc. Nodulation of cv. Hill which carries the Rj 4 gene, does not occur with B. japonicum USDA61, Is-21, etc. while A62-2 which carries a recessive gene rj 1, does not nodulate with almost any of the strains of B. japonicum. Therefore, the B. japonicum strains can be classified into three nodulation types based on the compatibility with these Rj-cultivars, that is, type A strains which effectively nodulated both Rj 2 Rj 3-cultivars and Rj 4-ones, type B strains which did not nodulate the Rj 2 Rj 3-cultivars and type C strains which did not nodulate the Rj 4-cultivars. When the nodulation types of the isolates from nodules of field-grown soybeans were examined, it was suggested that the Rj 2 Rj 3-cultivars and Rj 4-cultivars preferred the type C and type B strains, respectively (Ishizuka et al. 1991).  相似文献   

13.
干制黄花菜工业化生产工艺技术   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
为改进干制黄花菜传统生产方法并实现工业化生产,采用带式汽蒸生产线对黄花菜进行前处理,在干制过程中将全自动隧道式干燥生产线与工业微波生产线相结合,利用正交试验设计对干制黄花菜工业化生产工艺技术条件进行了较为详尽的研究。结果表明,在蒸汽温度95℃,汽蒸时间60s;隧道式干燥生产线装载量5.0kg/m2,热风温度85℃,风速1.5m/s;微波干燥生产线铺料厚度15mm、干燥功率16kW、干制时间90s的条件下,所生产的干制黄花菜经农业部食品质量监督检验测试中心检测其感官、理化和微生物指标均达到了《无公害食品—干制金针菜》NY5186-2002所规定的一级品标准。  相似文献   

14.
For examining the probability of increase in the occupation ratio of inoculated rhizobium in nodules, various Rj-soybean cultivars including the Rj 2 Rj 3 Rj 4-lines of soybean were grown in a field of the Kyushu University Farm. Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 that carries uptake hydrogenase (Hup+) was used as an inoculum. The relative efficiency of nitrogen fixation generally increased by the inoculation. However, there were no significant differences in the effects among the genotypes of the host plants. The occupation ratio of serogroup USDA110 in the nodules on the taproot of the inoculated plants was in the range of 77–100%, suggesting that the B. japonicum strain USDA110 infected taproots immediately after inoculation. The occupation ratios in the nodules on the lateral roots were 53–67, 40–86, 63–83, and 62–77% in inoculated plants of the non-Rj-, Rj 2 Rj 3-, Rj 4-, and Rj 2 Rj 3 Rj 4-genotypes, respectively, and they decreased in all the genotypes with the progression of growth. At the time of the first sampling, the occupation ratios on the lateral roots of these Rj 2 Rj 3 Rj 4-genotypes showed values intermediate between those of IAC-2 (Rj 2 Rj 3) and Hill (Rj 4) , which were the parent cultivars of the Rj 2 Rj 3 Rj 4-lines, B340, B349, and C242. The reduction in the occupation ratio of the serogroup USDA110 for about 1 month after the first sampling was the lowest (0.13–0.16) in the Rj 2 Rj 3 Rj 4-genotypes, excluding B349, followed by the non-Rj- and Rj 2 Rj 3-genotypes and highest (0.52–0.69) in the Rj 4-genotypes, excluding Hill. Therefore, it was considered that the population of compatible rhizobia with host soybean plants increased in the rhizosphere with the progression of the development and growth. The results showed that with the expansion of the root area of host plants, the occupation ratio of type A rhizobia including the serogroup USDA110 was high. Therefore, the Rj 2 Rj 3 Rj 4-genotypes were superior to other Rj-genotypes in terms of the inoculation effects of nodulation type A rhizobium, B. japonicum USDA110. However, the preference of the Rj 2 Rj 3 Rj 4-genotype for serogroup USDA110 is not sufficient to rule out the competition with the other serogroups in this study. Therefore, the study should be centered on the isolation of more efficient (Hup+) and highly compatible rhizobial strains with the Rj 2 Rj 3 Rj 4- genotypes.  相似文献   

15.
Preparation of test samples for microbial collaborative studies poses problems not encountered in studies on chemical analytes. For Associate Referees who are considering a collaborative study of a microbiological procedure for food analysis, these problems have not been adequately addressed. Types of contamination (natural or artificial), number of test samples required, analyte selection, proper controls, and container selection are addressed herein. The discussion is a supplement to the guidelines contained in the Handbook for AOAC Members.  相似文献   

16.
There is currently much interest in mapping critical loads for nitrogen deposition as part of a strategy for controlling nitrogen emissions. While nitrogen deposition may cause acidification and excess nutrient effects, the former were considered previously in studies of sulphur deposition. In the UK, work on developing nutrient nitrogen critical loads maps has used several methods and databases. Two approaches are described here, one a steady state calculation using a nitrogen saturation limit for soil systems, the other an empirical estimate of critical loads set to prevent changes to vegetation communities. The empirical method uses national species records and land cover data derived from satellite imagery. Maps drawn from the available data are dependent upon a number of factors which reflect the approach used. To apply the nutrient critical loads to a strategy for future abatement measures, the nutrient nitrogen values for soils have been incorporated within a “critical loads function” which takes into account both acidity and nutrient effects as related to deposition loads for sulphur and nitrogen. This function may be used with deposition data to identify the need for sulphur and nitrogen emission reductions.  相似文献   

17.
The increased recognition of the importance of soil is reflected in the UN Post‐2015 Development Agenda with sustainable development goals that directly and indirectly relate to soil quality and protection. Despite a lack of legally binding legislation for soil protection, the European Commission remains committed to the objective of soil protection. However, the achievement of a legally binding framework for soil protection relies on the implementation of a soil monitoring network (SMN) that can detect changes to soil quality over time. As beneficiaries do not pay for the provision of soil information, the options for soil monitoring are limited. The use of existing data sets should be considered first. Using Ireland as an example, this research explored the opportunities for a SMN for Ireland considering three existing national data sets. The options for a SMN are considered in terms of their spatial and stratified distribution, the parameters to be measured and an economic analysis of the options proposed. This research finds that for Ireland, either a 10 or a 16 km2 grid interval stratified by land use and drainage class offers the best potential in relation to the spatial distribution of existing data sets to reflect local data at a national level. With existing data, the stratified SIS data using the 16 km2 grid offers the best value for money, with baseline costs for analysis, excluding field costs, of between €706 481 and €2.8 million. Acknowledging the impossibility of measuring all parameters with ideal frequency, this study proposes a two‐tier system for optimized monitoring frequency. Parameters must anticipate future policy requirements. Finally, the implementation of a SMN must be accompanied by standardized methods, defined thresholds and action mandates to maintain soil quality within allowable limits.  相似文献   

18.
Adequate evaluation and interpretation of silicon (Si) phytoavailability in soil is a key to fertilizer recommendation. This study was conducted to determine the effect of soil texture on the choice of Si extractant, and provide baseline data on the relationship between extractable Si and sugarcane Si accumulation. The effects of soil texture and extractant solutions of Si were investigated on soil of nine areas of sugarcane cultivation. Si contents in clayey soils were higher than in sandy soils only in the extraction with standard calcium chloride, acetic acid, potassium chloride (KCl), and sodium acetate buffer. Other extractants failed to reveal differences in the Si availability among the three soil textures. The choice of the extractant should consider soil texture for the determination of adequate Si contents in soils planted with sugarcane, and the extractants that proved to be more efficient in the three soil textures was acetic acid and KCl.  相似文献   

19.
The aim of this study was to select a method for preserving bacterial DNA in soil samples in cases where there are no possibilities of using freezing or cooling methods. To overcome this difficulty, we hypothesized that adding absolute ethanol to soil samples could be as successful to preserve bacteria as it is to preserve insect or tissue samples for molecular studies. In an attempt to test this assumption, we compared four conservation conditions. After inoculation of soil samples with Escherichia coli, they were either kept at 28 °C, stored in the cold (4 °C), dried at 60 °C, or treated with absolute ethanol. The relative effectiveness of the methods was evaluated by using both DNA recoveries and bacterial 16S rDNA amplification as criteria. Two kinds of soils, i.e. sandy clay and clayey soil, were used. Soil conservation was tested for seven time periods ranging from 2 d to 1 year after bacterial inoculation. Results showed that cold conservation or addition of absolute ethanol to the samples yielded similar DNA recoveries. For these treatments, successful amplifications are still obtained after one year of conservation. The ethanol conservation of soil samples appears to be the easiest method to preserve the bacterial DNA because of its reliability and field convenience.  相似文献   

20.
The logistic model has proven very useful in relating dry matter yields and plant N uptake of forage grasses to applied N. In the past the model has been treated simply as a regression model. This article provides a more rational mathematical foundation for the model. Differential response of dry matter to applied N was related to the product of filled and unfilled dry matter capacity of the system. Characteristics of the logistic and gaussian distributions were compared and refection symmetry of both noted. Symmetry in the logistic model was related to conservation of potential dry matter yield. At lower yields the logistic model approximates exponential behavior, while at higher yields it approximates the Mitscherlich model. Dry matter was coupled to plant N uptake through a hyperbolic equation. As a consequence, plant N uptake was also shown to follow logistic response to applied N with the same N response coefficient as for dry matter. In addition, plant N concentration exhibited linear dependence on plant N uptake. Field data were used to confirm all of these characteristics of the logistic model and to affirm its continued use to model forage grasses.  相似文献   

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