共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Staley DO 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1963,140(3567):667-670
The beta-activity of fission products in surface air are analyzed in a diagram, with latitude and time as coordinates. Spring-season maxima and spread of new debris are readily discerned. Debris from 1961 Soviet testing, traveling by way of the upper troposphere or the stratosphere, arrived at 16 degrees to 35 degrees S more than a month before debris transported through the troposphere. A maximum lateral-diffusion coefficient of about 4 x 10(5) m(2) sec(-1) is implied for the tropical troposphere, and a much larger value in middle and high latitudes. Debris in the troposphere from United States testing at 2 degrees N spread mostly into the southern hemisphere. 相似文献
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Reichle HG Beck SM Haynes RE Hesketh WD Holland JA Hypes WD Orr HD Sherrill RT Wallio HA Casas JC Saylor MS Gormsen BB 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1982,218(4576):1024-1026
During the second flight of the space shuttle, the measurement of air pollution from satellites (MAPS) experiment in the OSTA-1 payload acquired approximately 35 hours of radiometric measurements of the carbon monoxide mixing ratio in the middle troposphere, upper troposphere, and lower stratosphere. A gas filter radiometer operating in the 4.67-micrometer band was used to acquire the data over the region from 38 degrees N to 38 degrees S during both daytime and nighttime. The performance of the measurement system was excellent. The data reduced to date indicate the presence of significant gradients in the middle tropospheric carbon monoxide mixing ratio with both latitude and longitude over the North Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Middle East. On the basis of comparisons with directly measured values, the accuracy of the measurements is approximately 15 percent. Comparisons of data taken on successive orbits over the same geographic region indicate that the repeatability of the measurements is approximately 5 percent. 相似文献
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Parrish DD Holloway JS Trainer M Murphy PC Fehsenfeld FC Forbes GL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1993,259(5100):1436-1439
Measurement of the levels of ozone and carbon monoxide (a tracer of anthropogenic pollution) at three surface sites on the Atlantic coast of Canada allow the estimation of the amount of ozone photochemically produced from anthropogenic precursors over North America and transported to the lower troposphere over the temperate North Atlantic Ocean. This amount is greater than that injected from the stratosphere, the primary natural source of ozone. This conclusion supports the contention that ozone derived from anthropogenic pollution has a hemisphere-wide effect at northern temperate latitudes. 相似文献
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Dickerson RR Huffman GJ Luke WT Nunnermacker LJ Pickering KE Leslie AC Lindsey CG Slinn WG Kelly TJ Daum PH Delany AC Greenberg JP Zimmerman PR Boatman JF Ray JD Stedman DH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1987,235(4787):460-465
Acid deposition and photochemical smog are urban air pollution problems, and they remain localized as long as the sulfur, nitrogen, and hydrocarbon pollutants are confined to the lower troposphere (below about 1-kilometer altitude) where they are short-lived. If, however, the contaminants are rapidly transported to the upper troposphere, then their atmospheric residence times grow and their range of influence expands dramatically. Although this vertical transport ameliorates some of the effects of acid rain by diluting atmospheric acids, it exacerbates global tropospheric ozone production by redistributing the necessary nitrogen catalysts. Results of recent computer simulations suggest that thunderstorms are one means of rapid vertical transport. To test this hypothesis, several research aircraft near a midwestern thunderstrom measured carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, ozone, and reactive nitrogen compounds. Their concentrations were much greater in the outflow region of the storm, up to 11 kilometers in altitude, than in surrounding air. Trace gas measurements can thus be used to track the motion of air in and around a cloud. Thunderstorms may transform local air pollution problems into regional or global atmospheric chemistry problems. 相似文献
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PO Wennberg TF Hanisco L Jaegle DJ Jacob EJ Hintsa EJ Lanzendorf JG Anderson R Gao ER Keim SG Donnelly LAD Negro DW Fahey SA McKeen RJ Salawitch CR Webster RD May RL Herman MH Proffitt JJ Margitan EL Atlas SM Schauffler F Flocke CT McElroy TP Bui 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,279(5347):49-53
The concentrations of the hydrogen radicals OH and HO2 in the middle and upper troposphere were measured simultaneously with those of NO, O3, CO, H2O, CH4, non-methane hydrocarbons, and with the ultraviolet and visible radiation field. The data allow a direct examination of the processes that produce O3 in this region of the atmosphere. Comparison of the measured concentrations of OH and HO2 with calculations based on their production from water vapor, ozone, and methane demonstrate that these sources are insufficient to explain the observed radical concentrations in the upper troposphere. The photolysis of carbonyl and peroxide compounds transported to this region from the lower troposphere may provide the source of HOx required to sustain the measured abundances of these radical species. The mechanism by which NO affects the production of O3 is also illustrated by the measurements. In the upper tropospheric air masses sampled, the production rate for ozone (determined from the measured concentrations of HO2 and NO) is calculated to be about 1 part per billion by volume each day. This production rate is faster than previously thought and implies that anthropogenic activities that add NO to the upper troposphere, such as biomass burning and aviation, will lead to production of more O3 than expected. 相似文献
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利用NCEP再分析资料,对2007年4月1日福建省一次致灾天气过程成因进行分析。结果表明,这次强对流天气过程是地面锋前急流暖区内午后对流雷暴单体发展造成的。中高层的冷平流侵入对该次强对流天气的发生起主要触发作用。θse的倾斜锋区容易出现涡度的倾斜发展,使得对流层中层存在大量的潜热释放,同时有利于中层位涡的下传,从而对强对流区低空涡度的发展和维持起了重要贡献,有利于雷暴的发展和维持。在强对流发生区域对流层中低层出现了类似重力波的中尺度的波列分布,同时散度上也反映了上升运动和下沉运动相间的波动特征。对流层中下层西风扰动、低空和对流层中上层的南风扰动,对强对流天气有重要贡献,对流层顶的东风扰动以及辐散作用加强了垂直运动的发展。强的垂直风切变是该次强对流天气发生的有利条件。 相似文献
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2003年长江流域梅雨过程强降水条件分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2003年6月21～29日NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,计算了这一时间段内各层的大尺度大气环流特征以及水汽通量、水汽通量散度等与降水有关的物理量,并对这些物理量对此次降水过程的不同作用进行了分析,探讨此次梅雨异常偏强的原因。结果表明,在2003年梅雨期间,在对流层中低层,长江流域以南地区有一很强的低空西南风急流,低空急流造成的低层辐合上升气流中将有对流发展,导致水汽大量凝结产生暴雨,凝结潜热的释放又使低层气压降低,南高北低的气压梯度更大,偏南气流加速更快,导致低空急流的维持,也使得暴雨长时间维持;在500 hPa气压面图上,中高纬地区呈现出典型的双阻型环流形势,即乌拉尔山地区和鄂霍茨克附近均被强大的阻塞高压所控制,2个阻高之间是一宽广的西风槽;200 hPa,南压高压作为大气对流层高层最重要的系统在这段时期内基本保持稳定,且高压中心基本与暖中心对应;南压高压的位置使得对流层高层的整个长江流域特别是中游和下游地区有明显的辐散气流。对水汽输送和水汽的辐合辐散的状况分析表明,长江流域是该时期全球范围内水汽汇的一个高值中心,且水汽通量大值区和水汽辐合区与降水大值区基本一致;夏季印度风环流和东亚夏季风是向江淮流域输送水汽的主要通道。 相似文献
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Particulate air pollution has been suggested as the cause of the recently observed decreasing trends of 10 to 25% in the ratio between hilly and upwind lowland precipitation, downwind of urban and industrial areas. We quantified the dependence of this ratio of the orographic-precipitation enhancement factor on the amounts of aerosols composed mostly of pollution in the free troposphere, based on measurements at Mt. Hua near Xi'an, in central China. The hilly precipitation can be decreased by 30 to 50% during hazy conditions, with visibility of less than 8 kilometers at the mountaintop. This trend shows the role of air pollution in the loss of significant water resources in hilly areas, which is a major problem in China and many other areas of the world. 相似文献
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利用国家气象中心T213 L31数值预报产品,对东亚范围内2003~2008年对流层各等压面的高度场、温度场、风场、垂直速度场和水汽场预报进行了检验。结果表明：①高度场预报,可信度较高（即气候距平相关系数大于0.6）的时效,对流层中上部6~7 d,对流层中下部5 d;②温度场预报,可信度较高的时效,对流层中上部4 d,对流层中下部5 d;③风场预报,可信度较高的时效,对流层上部5 d,对流层中部4 d,对流层下部3 d;④垂直速度场预报,可信度较高的时效仅为1~2 d;⑤水汽场预报,可信度较高的时效,对流层中部2 d,对流层下部3~4 d。由以上结果可以推论,T213 L31模式,天气形势和天气过程预报可信度较高的时效为5~7 d;近地面天气系统预报可信度较高的时效约为3~5 d;降水预报可信度较高的时效为1~3 d。 相似文献
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The global atmospheric circulation on moist isentropes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The global atmospheric circulation transports energy from the equatorial regions to higher latitudes through a poleward flow of high-energy and -entropy parcels and an equatorward flow of air with lower energy and entropy content. Because of its turbulent nature, this circulation can only be described in some averaged sense. Here, we show that the total mass transport by the circulation is twice as large when averaged on moist isentropes than when averaged on dry isentropes. The additional mass transport on moist isentropes corresponds to a poleward flow of warm moist air near Earth's surface that rises into the upper troposphere within mid-latitudes and accounts for up to half of the air in the upper troposphere in polar regions. 相似文献
12.
利用白银市1957～2009年夏季降水观测资料,采用线性趋势分析、最大熵谱、小波分析等统计诊断方法,分析了白银市夏季降水的变化特征,并利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对比分析了白银多、少雨年夏季大气环流的平均距平场特征。结果表明：白银市夏季降水量空间分布极为不均,降水量南多北少,中部降水变率高于南部和北部。近53年来,降水量总体呈下降趋势,近10年下降最为明显,降幅由北向南依次递增。降水变化存在3和8年左右的周期,且周期性不很稳定,目前无论在大、小尺度仍处在降水偏少的周期。白银市夏季多、少雨年,欧亚范围内200、500、700 hPa平均位势高度距平场存在明显的差异。多雨年在对流层高层辐散、中低层辐合加强;少雨年在对流层上层辐合增强,中下层辐散加强。在多雨年对流层中上层为强的上升运动,且对流层整层大气均为上升运动,有利于降水形成;而少雨年对流层上层上升运动偏弱,且在中层为下沉运动,不利于降水形成。 相似文献
13.
利用天气雷达、自动站及常规资料,对2005年6月21日夜间经过滨州市的一次东北路飑线天气过程进行分析。结果表明,诊断影响系统时要注意对流层高层的系统;横槽切变线,高层冷空气,低层暖空气,地面剧烈增温,都有利于促进对流不稳定;卫星云图上云团呈密实的椭圆形预示着对流非常强,可能会有飑线产生;在雷达回波图上呈人字形或弧形,有＂牛眼＂结构,主回波前缘有细长带状弱回波是出现大风的征兆;垂直风廓线上的低层水平风向的逆时针变化与地面自动站风的辐散相对应,地面自动站风的辐散处为下击暴流发生处。 相似文献
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山西农业大学校园大气环境质量现状评价 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为加强山西农业大学“绿色校园”建设, 对校园大气环境现状进行定量评价。在2002年秋季至2003年春季对环境气体中的SO2、NOX、TSP三项污染因子进行了监测, 采用单项污染指数和综合污染指数法进行评价, 结果表明空气污染水平属中污染, TSP是主要污染物。并从区域和学校内部两方面提出校园大气环境质量保护对策。 相似文献
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为了找到霾污染天气的特征和成因,笔者利用地面和高空气象要素、污染物成分观测资料,以及后向轨迹的方法,分析了黑龙江省2016 年11 月一次罕见的霾天气。结果表明：地面弱的气压场、中低空弱的低压槽、对流层中低层湿度和温度的增加、逆温条件、近地层弱的涡度平流,这些气象条件有利于大气污染聚集,浓度上升,能见度下降,引起严重的霾天气,而冷高压前部的偏北气流有利于霾天气消散。因此,比较弱的气象条件是造成霾天气的重要原因,而预报弱的天气条件是预报霾天气的关键。 相似文献
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利用MM5中尺度暴雨模式较成功地模拟了2007年7月7～9日发生在江淮流域的暴雨过程,结合地面加密和常规观测资料对暴雨中尺度天气系统进行了较为详细的分析。结果表明:梅雨带上强烈发展并东移的多个中β尺度对流系统是造成这次江淮暴雨最直接的影响系统;在切变线附近正涡度平流的作用下,对流层中低层降压产生变压风辐合造成上升运动,低层暖湿气流抬升促使对流不稳定能量暴发形成局地对流产生暴雨。 相似文献
19.
利用中国气象局MICAPS资料,对长江中下游2008年1月19日降水增幅过程进行了天气动力学方面的成因分析。结果表明,冷暖空气交汇是降水增幅的基本条件;地面倒槽、850～700 hPa暖切变和850～500 hPa低槽是降水增幅的影响系统;西南、东南低空急流是降水增幅的重要动力机制;西南低空急流为降水增幅输送了充沛的水汽。 相似文献
20.
天津地区表层土壤中菲系列化合物的分布特征和污染源分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
通过野外采样法,分析了天津地区表层土壤中菲系列化合物中能反映污染物来源的地球化学参数(菲/蒽、甲基菲指数及甲基菲/菲)的空间分布特征,初步讨论了不同环境功能区多环芳烃污染物的来源。结果表明,天津市区、近郊区和汉沽、塘沽的污染物主要是汽车尾气、工业和生活燃煤等不完全燃烧产物的近源沉降;蓟县北部、宝坻西南部、武清西北部的污染物主要为北京地区的大气输入,此外由于当地工业和民用燃料以燃煤和木材燃烧为主,所以当地的煤烟型污染也有一定的贡献;三大排污河污灌区及其附近土壤中的主要污染物为工业油类;大港区的主要污染物是随风迁移来的煤燃烧的产物,而大港油田在开发储运过程中的原油泄露造成的污染贡献并不显著。静海县土壤中的主要污染物为远距离迁移而来的化石燃料的燃烧产物。 相似文献