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1.
Requirement of heterochromatin for cohesion at centromeres 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Bernard P Maure JF Partridge JF Genier S Javerzat JP Allshire RC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,294(5551):2539-2542
Centromeres are heterochromatic in many organisms, but the mitotic function of this silent chromatin remains unknown. During cell division, newly replicated sister chromatids must cohere until anaphase when Scc1/Rad21-mediated cohesion is destroyed. In metazoans, chromosome arm cohesins dissociate during prophase, leaving centromeres as the only linkage before anaphase. It is not known what distinguishes centromere cohesion from arm cohesion. Fission yeast Swi6 (a Heterochromatin protein 1 counterpart) is a component of silent heterochromatin. Here we show that this heterochromatin is specifically required for cohesion between sister centromeres. Swi6 is required for association of Rad21-cohesin with centromeres but not along chromosome arms and, thus, acts to distinguish centromere from arm cohesion. Therefore, one function of centromeric heterochromatin is to attract cohesin, thereby ensuring sister centromere cohesion and proper chromosome segregation. 相似文献
2.
Cohesins keep sister chromatids associated from the time of their replication in S phase until the onset of anaphase. In vertebrate cells, two distinct pathways dissociate cohesins, one acts on chromosome arms and the other on centromeres. Here, we describe a third pathway that acts on telomeres. Knockdown of tankyrase 1, a telomeric poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase caused mitotic arrest. Chromosomes aligned normally on the metaphase plate but were unable to segregate. Sister chromatids separated at centromeres and arms but remained associated at telomeres, apparently through proteinaceous bridges. Thus, telomeres may require a unique tankyrase 1-dependent mechanism for sister chromatid resolution before anaphase. 相似文献
3.
Cell division depends on the separation of sister chromatids in anaphase. In yeast, sister separation is initiated by cleavage of cohesin by the protease separase. In vertebrates, most cohesin is removed from chromosome arms by a cleavage-independent mechanism. Only residual amounts of cohesin are cleaved at the onset of anaphase, coinciding with its disappearance from centromeres. We have identified two separase cleavage sites in the human cohesin subunit SCC1 and have conditionally expressed noncleavable SCC1 mutants in human cells. Our results indicate that cohesin cleavage by separase is essential for sister chromatid separation and for the completion of cytokinesis. 相似文献
4.
Centromeres are the structural elements of eukaryotic chromosomes that hold sister chromatids together and to which spindle tubules connect during cell division. Centromeres have been shown to suppress meiotic recombination in some systems. In this study yeast strains genetically marked within and flanking a centromere, were used to demonstrate that gene conversion (nonreciprocal recombination) tracts in mitosis can enter into and extend through the centromere. 相似文献
5.
Chromosome alignment on the mitotic spindle is monitored by the spindle checkpoint. We identify Sgo1, a protein involved in meiotic chromosome cohesion, as a spindle checkpoint component. Budding yeast cells with mutations in SGO1 respond normally to microtubule depolymerization but not to lack of tension at the kinetochore, and they have difficulty attaching sister chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle. Sgo1 is thus required for sensing tension between sister chromatids during mitosis, and its degradation when they separate may prevent cell cycle arrest and chromosome loss in anaphase, a time when sister chromatids are no longer under tension. 相似文献
6.
Proper chromosome segregation requires the attachment of sister kinetochores to microtubules from opposite spindle poles to form bi-oriented chromosomes on the metaphase spindle. The chromosome passenger complex containing Survivin and the kinase Aurora B regulates this process from the centromeres. We report that a de-ubiquitinating enzyme, hFAM, regulates chromosome alignment and segregation by controlling both the dynamic association of Survivin with centromeres and the proper targeting of Survivin and Aurora B to centromeres. Survivin is ubiquitinated in mitosis through both Lys(48) and Lys(63) ubiquitin linkages. Lys(63) de-ubiquitination mediated by hFAM is required for the dissociation of Survivin from centromeres, whereas Lys(63) ubiquitination mediated by the ubiquitin binding protein Ufd1 is required for the association of Survivin with centromeres. Thus, ubiquitinaton regulates dynamic protein-protein interactions and chromosome segregation independently of protein degradation. 相似文献
7.
Palframan WJ Meehl JB Jaspersen SL Winey M Murray AW 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,313(5787):680-684
The spindle checkpoint delays cell cycle progression until microtubules attach each pair of sister chromosomes to opposite poles of the mitotic spindle. Following sister chromatid separation, however, the checkpoint ignores chromosomes whose kinetochores are attached to only one spindle pole, a state that activates the checkpoint prior to metaphase. We demonstrate that, in budding yeast, mutual inhibition between the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) and Mps1, an essential component of the checkpoint, leads to sustained inactivation of the spindle checkpoint. Mps1 protein abundance decreases in anaphase, and Mps1 is a target of the APC. Furthermore, expression of Mps1 in anaphase, or repression of the APC in anaphase, reactivates the spindle checkpoint. This APC-Mps1 feedback circuit allows cells to irreversibly inactivate the checkpoint during anaphase. 相似文献
8.
DAS NK 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1963,140(3572):1231-1233
Comparative rates of RNA synthesis in chromatin and nucleolar fractions during mitosis in root-tip cells of Allium and Nigella were studied by pulse-labeling of cells with tritiated cytidine. Although the rate of RNA synthesis decreases in the condensing chromosomes during prophase, it remains normal in the nucleolar fraction as long as nucleoli are maintained. RNA synthesis stops in mitotic cells lacking distinct nucleoli. In the late telophase or very early interphase cells, RNA synthesis resumes at a faster rate in the pronucleolar bodies than in the chromatin. 相似文献
9.
Neurohr G Naegeli A Titos I Theler D Greber B Díez J Gabaldón T Mendoza M Barral Y 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6028):465-468
Partitioning of chromatids during mitosis requires that chromosome compaction and spindle length scale appropriately with each other. However, it is not clear whether chromosome condensation and spindle elongation are linked. Here, we find that yeast cells could cope with a 45% increase in the length of their longest chromosome arm by increasing its condensation. The spindle midzone, aurora/Ipl1 activity, and Ser10 of histone H3 mediated this response. Thus, the anaphase spindle may function as a ruler to adapt the condensation of chromatids, promoting their segregation regardless of chromosome or spindle length. 相似文献
10.
Rosasco-Nitcher SE Lan W Khorasanizadeh S Stukenberg PT 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,319(5862):469-472
The chromosome passenger complex (CPC) controls chromosome congression, kinetochore-microtubule attachments, and spindle checkpoint signaling during mitosis. Aurora-B kinase is the catalytic subunit of the CPC. To understand how a single kinase can regulate such diverse events, we have investigated the activation of Aurora-B and describe two distinct activation mechanisms. First, Aurora-B activation in vitro requires two cofactors, telophase disc-60kD (TD-60) and microtubules. TD-60 is critical to localize both the CPC and Haspin kinase activity to centromeres and thus regulates Aurora-B at several levels. Second, Aurora-B substrates can inhibit kinase activation, and this is relieved by phosphorylation of these substrates by the centromeric kinases Plk1 and Haspin. These regulatory mechanisms suggest models for phosphorylation by Aurora-B of centromeric substrates at unaligned chromosomes and merotelic attachments. 相似文献
11.
The structure of sister minichromosome DNA before anaphase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
The role of DNA topology in holding sister chromatids together before anaphase was investigated by analyzing the structure of a small circular minichromosome in cell cycle (cdc) mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In the majority of cells arrested after S phase but before anaphase, sister minichromosome molecules are not topologically interlocked with each other. The analysis of the ploidy of minichromosomes in cells that are released from arrest demonstrates that the sister molecules are properly segregated when the cell cycle block is removed. Therefore, sister minichromosome molecules need not remain topologically interlocked until anaphase in order to be properly segregated, and topological interlocking of sister DNA molecules apparently is not the primary force holding sister chromatids together. 相似文献
12.
13.
甘蔗茎尖细胞有丝分裂过程中微管骨架的变化（英文） 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
LI Zhi-gang ZHAO Hong-bo LI Su-li YANG Li-tao LI Yang-rui .College of Agriculture Guangxi University Nanning .Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences Nanning 《（《农业科学与技术》）编辑部》2008,(1)
In order to understand the microtubule change of monocotyls stem-tip during mitosis,the arrangement,transformation of microtubule array and its relation with chromosome movement during mitosis were studied with freezing microtome,indirect immunofluorescence,DAPI staining and fluorescence microscopy.The results showed that nucleolus was intact when the cortical microtubules formed;cortical microtubules were changed into phramoplast microtubule bands at mitosis prophase.When phramoplast microtubule came into being,nuclear membrane was ruptured and chromosome was arranged at the position of cell plate;subsequently,phramoplast microtubules were changed into phragmoplast microtubules,phramoplast microtubules were shortening and microtubules on the sides of cell plate were increasing gradually,during this course sister chromatid was separated by microtubules at cell plate and tract to the two poles,forming phragmoplast microtubules.Then the nucleolus of two daughter cells formed and separated in the end with the increase of cells numbers.Therefore,cell division orientation could be judged from the arrangement of cell microtubules in different periods in order to understand its growth status. 相似文献
14.
The spindle checkpoint delays sister chromatid separation until all chromosomes have undergone bipolar spindle attachment. Checkpoint failure may result in chromosome mis-segregation and may contribute to tumorigenesis. We showed that the human protein Hec1 was required for the recruitment of Mps1 kinase and Mad1/Mad2 complexes to kinetochores. Depletion of Hec1 impaired chromosome congression and caused persistent activation of the spindle checkpoint, indicating that high steady-state levels of Mad1/Mad2 complexes at kinetochores were not essential for checkpoint signaling. Simultaneous depletion of Hec1 and Mad2 caused catastrophic mitotic exit, making Hec1 an attractive target for the selective elimination of spindle checkpoint-deficient cells. 相似文献
15.
In eukaryotic cells, sister DNA molecules remain physically connected from their production at S phase until their separation during anaphase. This cohesion is essential for the separation of sister chromatids to opposite poles of the cell at mitosis. It also permits chromosome segregation to take place long after duplication has been completed. Recent work has identified a multisubunit complex called cohesin that is essential for connecting sisters. Proteolytic cleavage of one of cohesin's subunits may trigger sister separation at the onset of anaphase. 相似文献
16.
甘蔗茎尖细胞有丝分裂过程中微管骨架的变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
[目的]研究单子叶植物茎尖有丝分裂细胞的微管动态变化情况。[方法]采用冰冻切片法结合间接免疫荧光技术及DAPI染色,利用荧光显微镜观察甘蔗茎尖细胞有丝分裂时微管列阵的排列、转换及与染色体运动的关系。[结果]当周质微管形成时,细胞核保持完整;有丝分裂前期,周质微管转变为早前期微管带;当纺锤体微管形成时,细胞核膜破裂,染色体排列在细胞板位置;之后纺锤体微管向成膜体微管转换,纺锤体微管逐渐缩短而细胞板两侧微管逐渐增加,在这个过程中姊妹染色体被微管从细胞板处分离并牵引至两极,从而形成成膜体微管;之后两个子细胞的细胞核形成,并最终分裂,细胞数量增加。[结论]从细胞微管各时期的排列就可以判断出细胞分裂方向,了解其生长情况,为甘蔗增粗机理的研究提供例证。 相似文献
17.
Segregation of sister chromatids in mammalian cells 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
Segregation of sister chromatids in embryonic mouse cells in primary tissue culture is not random. In mitosis those chromatids replicated on a DNA template synthesized during the preceding division cycle are separated from those constructed on a template synthesized two division cycles previously. Segregation in cells of the Chinese hamster follows a similar, but less pronounced, pattern. 相似文献
18.
Calpain II involvement in mitosis 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
J E Schollmeyer 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,240(4854):911-913
Mitotic spindle disassembly requires major structural alterations in the associated cytoskeletal proteins and mitosis is known to be associated with Ca2+-sequestering phenomena and calcium transients. To examine the possible involvement of a ubiquitous Ca2+-activated protease, calpain II, in the mitotic process, synchronized PtK1 cells were monitored by immunofluorescence for the relocation of calpain II. The plasma membrane was the predominant location of calpain II in interphase. However, as mitosis progressed, calpain II relocated to (i) an association with mitotic chromosomes, (ii) a perinuclear location in anaphase, and (iii) a mid-body location in telophase. Microinjection of calpain II near the nucleus of a PtK1 cell promoted the onset of metaphase. Injection of calpain II at late metaphase promoted a precocious disassembly of the mitotic spindle and the onset of anaphase. These data suggest that calpain II is involved in mitosis. 相似文献
19.
Solomon DA Kim T Diaz-Martinez LA Fair J Elkahloun AG Harris BT Toretsky JA Rosenberg SA Shukla N Ladanyi M Samuels Y James CD Yu H Kim JS Waldman T 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6045):1039-1043
Most cancer cells are characterized by aneuploidy, an abnormal number of chromosomes. We have identified a clue to the mechanistic origins of aneuploidy through integrative genomic analyses of human tumors. A diverse range of tumor types were found to harbor deletions or inactivating mutations of STAG2, a gene encoding a subunit of the cohesin complex, which regulates the separation of sister chromatids during cell division. Because STAG2 is on the X chromosome, its inactivation requires only a single mutational event. Studying a near-diploid human cell line with a stable karyotype, we found that targeted inactivation of STAG2 led to chromatid cohesion defects and aneuploidy, whereas in two aneuploid human glioblastoma cell lines, targeted correction of the endogenous mutant alleles of STAG2 led to enhanced chromosomal stability. Thus, genetic disruption of cohesin is a cause of aneuploidy in human cancer. 相似文献