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1.
Objective To determine the amounts of organophosphorous and synthetic pyrethroid residues on Queensland wool sampled between 1995 and 1997, and to study if pesticide use changed during the period.
Design Estimated amounts of residues were obtained from a survey of Queensland wool clips, and information on pesticide use was obtained from a trace-back postal survey of flock managers.
Procedure Trends in amounts of residues over time were assessed using analysis of variance and simple linear regression models, and changes in pesticide use was assessed using x2 tests.
Results Significant linear reductions in organophosphorous (P = 0.0012), synthetic pyrethroid (P = 0.0044) and total (P = 0.0002) residues were detected. The proportion of woolgrowers treating for louse infestation (P = 0.0046) treating twice or more (P = 0.0006) and treating more than 4 months after shearing (P = 0.0001) decreased between 1994 and 1997. However, the proportion of growers who treated for blowfly strike (P = 0.0124) and used insect growth regulator pesticides increased (P < 0.0001). The use of handjetting to apply pesticides for blowfly strike control increased and the use of dips decreased (P < 0.0001).
Conclusion Residues of organophosphorous compounds and synthetic pyrethroids reduced in Queensland wool between 1994 and 1997. Although woolgrowers treated for louse infestation less, pesticide use to control blowfly strike increased. The increasing use of insect growth regulators in the industry needs to be monitored. 相似文献
Design Estimated amounts of residues were obtained from a survey of Queensland wool clips, and information on pesticide use was obtained from a trace-back postal survey of flock managers.
Procedure Trends in amounts of residues over time were assessed using analysis of variance and simple linear regression models, and changes in pesticide use was assessed using x
Results Significant linear reductions in organophosphorous (P = 0.0012), synthetic pyrethroid (P = 0.0044) and total (P = 0.0002) residues were detected. The proportion of woolgrowers treating for louse infestation (P = 0.0046) treating twice or more (P = 0.0006) and treating more than 4 months after shearing (P = 0.0001) decreased between 1994 and 1997. However, the proportion of growers who treated for blowfly strike (P = 0.0124) and used insect growth regulator pesticides increased (P < 0.0001). The use of handjetting to apply pesticides for blowfly strike control increased and the use of dips decreased (P < 0.0001).
Conclusion Residues of organophosphorous compounds and synthetic pyrethroids reduced in Queensland wool between 1994 and 1997. Although woolgrowers treated for louse infestation less, pesticide use to control blowfly strike increased. The increasing use of insect growth regulators in the industry needs to be monitored. 相似文献
2.
OBJECTIVE: To measure the amounts of pesticide residue in wool grown in Queensland between 1997 and 1999, and to describe the use of pesticides for the control of lice infestations and blowfly strike in Queensland sheep flocks. DESIGN: Pesticide residues were measured in a random sample of wool from Queensland clips offered for sale during 1998 and 1999. Information on pesticide use was obtained from a trace-back postal survey. PROCEDURE: Samples taken from wool lots were tested for the presence and amount of organophosphorus (OP), synthetic pyrethroid (SP) and insect growth regulator pesticides. A questionnaire seeking information on flock characteristics and pesticide use was sent to the manager of each flock from which a wool sample was tested. RESULTS: The mean amount of OP and SP residue was 2.0 and 0.8 mg/kg, respectively. Ninety-five and 98% of wool samples contained < 9 mg/kg and 7 mg/kg of OP and SP residues, respectively. The mean amount of cyromazine, diflubenzuron and triflumuron was 12.7, 5.8 and 13.0 mg/kg, respectively. The amounts of OP, cyromazine and triflumuron residues were greater in wool from flocks located in southern Queensland. CONCLUSION: Most (95%; 95% CI, 92-97%) Queensland wool clips grown between 1997 and 1999 meet the suggested Australian maximum acceptable residue amounts for OP and SP pesticides. 相似文献
3.
The accuracy of visual inspection of wool lots for lice as a test for louse infestation was estimated using information provided by 178 woolgrowers in Queensland, Australia. The estimated sensitivity of inspection was 36% (95% confidence interval, 19-58%) and the specificity was 95% (95% CI, 88-98%). Accuracy was influenced by timing, after shearing, of pesticide application for louse control and by class of pesticide last applied after shearing. Visual inspection was less sensitive (29%) if pesticides were applied >3 months after shearing and less sensitive (21%) if an insect growth regulator was the class of pesticide last used after shearing. Based on 36% sensitivity, it was estimated that 16 inspections would have to be conducted to reduce the false negative test rate to <20% in the study population. We suggest that visual inspection of wool lots could be used to efficiently monitor the prevalence of louse infestations in Queensland sheep flocks. Positive inspection results are more likely to represent real louse infestations, rather than a false test result, in flocks grazed in the more extensive regions of Queensland. 相似文献
4.
Objective To investigate wool organophosphorus concentrations resulting from a range of farm pesticide application methods.
Design Random sampling of wool for pesticide residues and on-farm interviews to determine associated treatments.
Procedure Tasmanian fleece wool lots were sampled at random and tested for organophosphorus residues. The grower was identified and the pesticide treatments applied to the sheep were ascertained by on-farm interview.
Results The residue concentrations showed a large variation that was not accounted for by differences in treatments by growers. Organophosphorus concentrations were proportional to the number of treatments applied, and inversely related to the time between pesticide application and the subsequent shearing, and were significantly influenced by the method of application. After allowing for the time of application, plunge dipping resulted in pesticide residue concentrations 2 to 2.5 times greater than shower dipping, using spray races or hand jetting, and the use of these methods caused larger residues than the use of jetting races.
Conclusions We recommend that plunge or shower dipping should not be used more than 7 weeks after shearing, nor at higher concentration than the standard dose rate used for lice control, whereas jetting may be satisfactory for up to 7 months after shearing, provided only one application is administered. 相似文献
Design Random sampling of wool for pesticide residues and on-farm interviews to determine associated treatments.
Procedure Tasmanian fleece wool lots were sampled at random and tested for organophosphorus residues. The grower was identified and the pesticide treatments applied to the sheep were ascertained by on-farm interview.
Results The residue concentrations showed a large variation that was not accounted for by differences in treatments by growers. Organophosphorus concentrations were proportional to the number of treatments applied, and inversely related to the time between pesticide application and the subsequent shearing, and were significantly influenced by the method of application. After allowing for the time of application, plunge dipping resulted in pesticide residue concentrations 2 to 2.5 times greater than shower dipping, using spray races or hand jetting, and the use of these methods caused larger residues than the use of jetting races.
Conclusions We recommend that plunge or shower dipping should not be used more than 7 weeks after shearing, nor at higher concentration than the standard dose rate used for lice control, whereas jetting may be satisfactory for up to 7 months after shearing, provided only one application is administered. 相似文献
5.
Information provided by wool growers in Queensland, Australia between 1995 and 1997 was used to assess the prevalence and spatial distribution of louse (Bovicola ovis) infestation in sheep flocks. The estimated prevalence of louse-infested flocks was 40% (95% confidence interval, 35-46%). Although the prevalence of infestation was higher in western regions (41-50%) compared to the south region of Queensland (31%), the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Significant (P = 0.02) clustering of infested flocks was detected in the south region where two foci were apparent. We conclude that Queensland sheep flocks have a moderate prevalence of louse infestation, and that clustering of infestation is not strong. The control of lice is an industry-wide issue that needs to be addressed by most wool growers in Queensland. 相似文献
6.
Pruritic behaviour and deranged fleece are often used as indicators of sheep louse infestation but the exact relationship between infestation and the observation of signs of pruritis was unclear. Two studies were conducted to examine this association. In the first, 24 castrate Merino sheep were randomly assigned to six pens in groups of four and the sheep in three pens infested with 10 lice each on the right mid-side. Louse numbers were counted, fleece derangement scored and pruritic behaviour assessed periodically on each sheep until 38 weeks after infestation. In the second study a single moderately infested sheep was paddocked for 15 weeks with 32 uninfested sheep and louse numbers and fleece derangement monitored for 41 weeks. In the pen studies, differences between infested and non-infested sheep in fleece derangement and pruritic behaviour first became significant (p<0.05) at 8 and 14 weeks, respectively and at louse densities of 0.06 and 0.27 per 10 cm wool part. Some sheep showed definite signs of deranged fleece as early as 5 weeks after initial infestation. In the paddock studies, it took 37 weeks until lice were detected on all sheep in the flock. The correlation between louse numbers and fleece derangement score first became significant (r=0.44 and p<0.05) at 9 weeks after introduction of the lousy sheep, reached a maximum of r=0.79 (p<0.001) at 22 weeks when 84% of sheep had lice detected and the mean louse density was 0.29 per part, and then declined to r=0.12 (n.s.) at 41 weeks when all sheep were infested and the mean louse density was 3.04 per part. It is concluded that fleece derangement is a powerful early indicator of the presence of lice and that sheep may exhibit signs of pruritis well before lice can be readily found by direct inspection. Fleece derangement may be useful as a basis for establishing economic thresholds for the application of long wool treatments in developing louse infestations but appears to be a poor indicator of louse numbers once the infestation is advanced. 相似文献
7.
Objective To compare the wettability and efficacy of diazinon dip wash made with and without the addition of zinc sulphate.
Design Field experiments using a shower and a plunge dip complemented by in-vitro wettability experiments.
Procedure A flock of infested sheep was divided into groups and treated in a shower dip with clear or cloudy dam water plus up to 1.5% zinc sulphate. Another infested line of sheep was treated using a plunge dip with nil or 1% zinc sulphate. In both experiments, wetting was assessed after dipping and louse counts were conducted for 9 months after treatment. Five in-vitro experiments compared the wettability of dip wash containing diazinon with up to 1.5% zinc sulphate added.
Results In the shower dipping experiment, live lice were found at 1 month after dipping in the cloudy water groups with 0.75%, 1.0% and 1.5% zinc sulphate and at 2 months in the 0.75% zinc sulphate group. No lice were found at subsequent inspections or at any time in the groups that were plunge dipped. Zinc sulphate decreased the amount of dip wash retained by wool staples in all in-vitro experiments (P < 0.05).
Conclusion Zinc sulphate should be considered as a risk factor that could cause failure to eradicate a lice infestation. The risk can be overcome by ensuring that all sheep are saturated at dipping and that the dip wash, and any holding tanks, are agitated throughout the dipping event. 相似文献
Design Field experiments using a shower and a plunge dip complemented by in-vitro wettability experiments.
Procedure A flock of infested sheep was divided into groups and treated in a shower dip with clear or cloudy dam water plus up to 1.5% zinc sulphate. Another infested line of sheep was treated using a plunge dip with nil or 1% zinc sulphate. In both experiments, wetting was assessed after dipping and louse counts were conducted for 9 months after treatment. Five in-vitro experiments compared the wettability of dip wash containing diazinon with up to 1.5% zinc sulphate added.
Results In the shower dipping experiment, live lice were found at 1 month after dipping in the cloudy water groups with 0.75%, 1.0% and 1.5% zinc sulphate and at 2 months in the 0.75% zinc sulphate group. No lice were found at subsequent inspections or at any time in the groups that were plunge dipped. Zinc sulphate decreased the amount of dip wash retained by wool staples in all in-vitro experiments (P < 0.05).
Conclusion Zinc sulphate should be considered as a risk factor that could cause failure to eradicate a lice infestation. The risk can be overcome by ensuring that all sheep are saturated at dipping and that the dip wash, and any holding tanks, are agitated throughout the dipping event. 相似文献
8.
基于为蚕区桑园及周围农田安全合理选择和使用农药提供科学依据的目的,采用浸叶法测定了部分常用有机磷和拟除虫菊酯类农药对家蚕的急性毒性,比较了同一类型不同有效成分或有效成分相同但由不同生产商生产的农药对家蚕的毒性,并根据其毒性强弱进行分级。结果表明:蛀迪(20%三唑磷EC)等5种有机磷类农药和比奇(4.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC)等16种拟除虫菊酯类农药对家蚕高毒性(0.1 mg/L≤LC50<10 mg/L),农斯特(48%毒死蜱EC)等5种有机磷类农药和甲功(2.5%高效氯氰菊酯EC)等3种拟除虫菊酯类农药为中等毒性(10 mg/L≤LC50<1 000 mg/L);同一类型农药不同有效成分或有效成分相同但由不同生产商生产的农药对家蚕的毒性不同。因此,在桑园及周围农田用药时应仔细分辨药剂生产商和有效成分种类,尽可能避免使用对家蚕高毒性的农药。 相似文献
9.
JT ROTHWELL KC HACKET M. FRIEND WR FARNSWORTH LB LOWE 《Australian veterinary journal》1998,76(9):610-612
Objective To determine the efficacy of zeta-cypermethrin in controlling buffalo fly ( Haematobia irritans exigua ).
Design Five field trials in northern and central Queensland.
Procedure Zeta-cypermethrin pour-on at 2.5 mg/kg, spray at 62.5 ppm, deltamethrin pour-on and pour-on vehicle were applied to groups of 20 cattle. Buffalo fly counts were conducted three times before treatment and 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after treatment.
Results In central Queensland where synthetic pyrethroid resistance in buffalo fly populations was rare, 2.5 mg/kg of zeta-cypermethrin pour-on gave good control of buffalo fly for 4 weeks and was better than a deltamethrin product. A zeta-cypermethrin spray used at 62.5 ppm gave 14 days control. In far-north Queensland where resistance to synthetic pyrethroids and heavy rain was common, the maximum period of efficacy of zeta-cypermethrin pour-on was reduced to 2 weeks.
Conclusion In areas where there is low resistance to synthetic pyrethroids among buffalo flies, zeta-cypermethrin pour-on can be expected to give good control for 4 weeks. 相似文献
Design Five field trials in northern and central Queensland.
Procedure Zeta-cypermethrin pour-on at 2.5 mg/kg, spray at 62.5 ppm, deltamethrin pour-on and pour-on vehicle were applied to groups of 20 cattle. Buffalo fly counts were conducted three times before treatment and 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after treatment.
Results In central Queensland where synthetic pyrethroid resistance in buffalo fly populations was rare, 2.5 mg/kg of zeta-cypermethrin pour-on gave good control of buffalo fly for 4 weeks and was better than a deltamethrin product. A zeta-cypermethrin spray used at 62.5 ppm gave 14 days control. In far-north Queensland where resistance to synthetic pyrethroids and heavy rain was common, the maximum period of efficacy of zeta-cypermethrin pour-on was reduced to 2 weeks.
Conclusion In areas where there is low resistance to synthetic pyrethroids among buffalo flies, zeta-cypermethrin pour-on can be expected to give good control for 4 weeks. 相似文献
10.
Thirteen acaricides used for control of cattle tick in Queensland were evaluated for their potential in the chemical control of the screw-worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana. Laboratory evaluations and in vivo tests using artificially infested cattle were made in Papua New Guinea. Most of the acaricides caused some mortality of screw-worm larvae in infested cattle and in laboratory tests. Acaricides of the organophosphorous, carbamate and organophosphorous/synthetic pyrethroid groups showed reasonable activity against screw-worm fly, but the amidines were less effective. 相似文献
11.
12.
目的 了解南方三省杨梅农药残留和甜蜜素添加状况,维护杨梅鲜果质量安全,应对舆论关切,促进产业良性发展。方法 通过线上和线下购买杨梅主要产区浙江、福建、云南的市售新鲜杨梅作为检测样本,采用气相色谱法对杨梅中甜蜜素进行检测分析,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法对杨梅中43项农药残留进行检测分析。对检出农药作急性膳食摄入风险评估和慢性膳食摄入风险评估,并采用相对强度系数法 (RPF)对检出率较高的拟除虫菊酯类农药进行累积急性膳食评估。结果 213批次杨梅中,甜蜜素均未检出,171批次样品检出农药残留,样品农药残留检出率为80.3%,其中66.7%样品检出两项及以上农药。检测的43项农药中,9项农药有检出,其急性膳食摄入风险评估最高值为60%,慢性膳食摄入风险评估最高值为0.024%;拟除虫菊酯类农药累积急性膳食评估值为93%。结论 未发现南方三省杨梅违规添加甜蜜素。对成年人而言,农药残留的各项膳食摄入风险评估值均＜100%,在安全范围内,风险可接受。 相似文献
13.
OBJECTIVE: To measure the production and amount of oxidation of wool grease secreted immediately after shearing. To identify components of wool grease that might act as a carrier to facilitate lateral diffusion of topically applied insecticides. DESIGN: Fine-wool Merino sheep were shorn and residual greasy wool was collected from the sheep's flank. The quantity of grease produced, and the amount of oxidation was measured during 18 days after shearing. Wool grease was fractionated into five component groups based on their polarity and the degree of oxidation in these fractions determined. RESULTS: There was a 24% increase in grease production within 2 days after shearing but secretions returned to pre-shearing amounts after 4 days. During this period wool grease oxidized rapidly. Of the grease fractions examined, sterol and wax esters remained essentially unoxidized whereas free sterols such as cholesterol and lanosterol, fatty acids and polar lipids, aldehydes and alcohols were extensively oxidized within 7 days after shearing. CONCLUSION: The transient increase in grease production after shearing may facilitate diffusion of topically applied synthetic pyrethroid insecticides. Oxidation of grease components may then contain the insecticide and limit further diffusion. Incorporating the insecticide in non-oxidising fractions of wool grease may make insecticide dispersion more efficient. 相似文献
14.
The comparative efficacy of 13 of the sheep dips currently registered in New Zealand was investigated using sheep infested with the louse Bovicola ovis and carrying wool which was about 10 cm long at the shoulder. With the exception of one synthetic pyrethroid pour-on formulation, all products were able to effect a significant reduction in louse populations, relative to untreated controls, for 37 days after treatment. Only four products proved capable of eradicating lice and preventing their re-establishment up to 37 days after treatment. Variations in manufacturers' recommendations relating to the length of wool at dipping, and mode of application of dips are discussed in relation to the results. 相似文献
15.
The sampling distribution of Bovicola ovis (Schrank) on sheep was examined in two flocks, one with a light and one with a heavy infestation of lice. The derived distributions were used to calculate the sensitivity of detecting lice on individual sheep and in flocks by fleece parting regimes that varied in number of parts per animal and number of sheep per flock, different scenarios of flock sizes, proportion infested and louse density were examined. Lice were aggregated among fleece partings in the heavily infested flock and described by a negative binomial distribution with k values between 0.3 and 1.92. The distribution was indistinguishable from Poisson in the lightly infested flock. The assumed distribution had little effect on sensitivity, except when only one fleece part per animal was examined. On individual sheep where louse density was 0.5 per 10 cm part or greater, there were only marginal gains from inspecting more than 10 parts per animal. Increasing the number of sheep inspected always increased sensitivity more than increasing number of parts per sheep by an equivalent amount. This advantage was greatest in situations where a low proportion of sheep in the flock were infested with a high density of lice, and less where a low proportion of sheep were infested with a low density of lice, or a high proportion of sheep were infested with a high density of lice. 相似文献
16.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of infestations of lice in sheep flocks and to survey control practices for lice in South Australia DESIGN: A total of 201 managers of sheep flocks, 75 chosen randomly from the high rainfall zone (HR), 76 from the cereal sheep zone (CS) and 50 from the pastoral zone (PA), were surveyed by telephone interview. PROCEDURE: Interviews were conducted between May 19 and May 25, 1999, according to a set questionnaire. Information was collected on presence of lice at last shearing, control practices for lice, factors important for gaining good effect from chemical treatments, sources of information on control practices and property details. Survey results were analysed by agricultural region. RESULTS: The apparent state prevalence of flocks infested with lice was 21%, with 13% infested in the HR, 21% in the CS and 25% in the PA. Ninety one percent of managers claimed to take precautions to prevent the introduction of lice and 91% routinely checked their flocks for lice. Seventy eight percent treated their sheep for lice annually and 85% had treated within the last 12 months. Of those treating in the last year, 69% had used a backline application, 16% had used a shower dip and 17% had used plunge dipping. Only 4% of producers used a long wool treatment. Synthetic pyrethroid (SP) based products were used by 50% of producers who used backline treatments in the preceding 12 months, compared to 42% and 8% for insect growth regulator and organophosphorous (OP) based products, respectively. Only 34% of managers identified SP-based products as having potential resistance problems. Of those producers who used shower or plunge dips in the last 12 months, 75% used an OP based product. Rural newspapers and magazines were by far the most commonly noted source of information for the control of lice on sheep. 相似文献
17.
The comparative efficacy of 13 of the sheep dips currently registered in New Zealand was investigated using sheep infested with the louse Bovicola ovis and carrying wool which was about 10 cm long at the shoulder. With the exception of one synthetic pyrethroid “pour-on” formulation, all products were able to effect a significant reduction in louse populations, relative to untreated controls, for 37 days after treatment. Only four products proved capable of “eradicating” lice and preventing their re-establishment up to 37 days after treatment. Variations in manufacturers' recommendations relating to the length of wool at dipping, and mode of application of dips are discussed in relation to the results. 相似文献
18.
Chlorpyrifos for control of the short-nosed cattle louse, Haematopinus eurysternus (Nitzsch) (Anoplura, Haematopinidae) during winter. 
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下载免费PDF全文 Two groups (A and C) of range cows were treated in February with chlorpyrifos (16 mL Dursban 44/cow) for the control of heavy infestations of the short-nosed cattle louse. Group A was treated in 1977 and group C in 1979 and each treated group was compared with a separate untreated group. Some of the treated cows were identified as carriers of louse infestation (subgroups A1 and C1), while others were noncarriers (subgroups A2 and C2). The maximum level of reduction in louse populations was 99% at week 4 posttreatment in subgroup A1, 99% from weeks 2-16 posttreatment in subgroup A2, 92% at week 3 posttreatment in subgroup C1 and 100% at weeks 15-17 in subgroup C2. Clinically, the treated cows, which were anemic at the time of treatment, recovered from anemia during the posttreatment period of 25 weeks for group A and 17 weeks for group C. Remission of anemia also occurred in the two untreated groups, possibly because of natural summer decline in louse population. The treatment had no effect on the whole blood cholinesterase of the cows and the treated cows showed no signs of organophosphorous toxicity. 相似文献
19.
Analytical methods were introduced for the determination of residues of ectoparasiticides containing pyrethroid and organophosphate active ingredients in foods. Milk and edible tissues of cows treated with three experimental ectoparasiticides (containing cypermethrin + diazinon, deltamethrin + diazinon and alphamethrin + diazinon, respectively) were assayed for the presence of active ingredient residues. Synthetic pyrethroid residues were not detected in any of the samples processed. Diazinon residues could only be detected in milk samples taken on the first day after treatment (0.005-0.025 mg/kg) and in liver and fat tissue samples taken on the day of slaughtering (0.12 and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively). Permethrin and propetamphos residues were determined in the skin, meat and liver of chickens kept on 'Blotic-B' treated litter and in eggs collected at different times after the treatment of layer houses. Permethrin residues could not be detected in any of the samples (< 0.01 mg/kg). Meat and fat tissues of chickens slaughtered on the day after treatment contained small amounts of propetamphos (0.003 and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively). In the case of chickens kept on the treated litter and slaughtered after one week, active ingredient was not detected in meat, but 0.006 mg/kg propetamphos was present in the fat. The residue content of other samples (liver, egg) was below the detection limit of the applied method at all sampling times. From the food toxicological point of view these pesticide combinations can be used safely if the recommended withdrawal period is observed between ectoparasiticide administration and slaughter. 相似文献
20.
The contents of the residues of chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were investigated in 682 samples of ham and 926 samples of pork that were collected in the export meat plants. The investigation, based on the gas chromatography method with an EC detector, was performed in 1986. The tolerance of the residues of chlorinated pesticides was exceeded in 0.4% of the hams and 0.3% of the pork samples in that year. The PCB limit, proposed for pork (1.0 mg per kg of fat) was exceeded in 0.7% of the hams and 0.8% of pork samples; it can be seen from these data that the residue contents were considerably reduced in comparison with the year 1983 when this limit was exceeded in 7.0% of the hams and 6.2% of the pork samples. This decrease is due to the fact that the production of PCB was stopped, their use has been restricted, and the persons working with preparations containing PCB have been better informed about the chemical persistence, problems of residues and the like. The meat of wild boars is more contaminated than is the meat of the domestic pigs reared in large herds; this applies, first of all, to the residues of the DDT series (12.7% of the meat samples of the wild boars exceeded the limit of 2.0 mg per kg of fat) and also to the residues of HCB, lindane, and PCB. As for the PCB residues, the maximum tolerated residue content was never exceeded. A decrease in the contents of chlorinated pesticide and PCB residues resulting from the limited use of these chemicals is faster in the meat of the domestic pigs than in that of the wild boars. 相似文献