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1.
Derived features of a new boreosphenidan mammal from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China suggest that it has a closer relationship to metatherians (including extant marsupials) than to eutherians (including extant placentals). This fossil dates to 125 million years ago and extends the record of marsupial relatives with skeletal remains by 50 million years. It also has many foot structures known only from climbing and tree-living extant mammals, suggesting that early crown therians exploited diverse niches. New data from this fossil support the view that Asia was likely the center for the diversification of the earliest metatherians and eutherians during the Early Cretaceous. 相似文献
2.
A major question in Mesozoic biogeography is how the land-based dinosaurian radiation responded to fragmentation of Pangaea. A rich fossil record has been uncovered on northern continents that spans the Cretaceous, when continental isolation reached its peak. In contrast, dinosaur remains on southern continents are scarce. The discovery of dinosaurian skeletons from Lower Cretaceous beds in the southern Sahara shows that several lineages of tetanuran theropods and broad-toothed sauropods had a cosmopolitan distribution across Pangaea before the onset of continental fragmentation. The distinct dinosaurian faunas of Africa, South America, and Asiamerica arose during the Cretaceous by differential survival of once widespread lineages on land masses that were becoming increasingly isolated from one another. 相似文献
3.
Beds of the Rio Chico Formation containing the earliest known land mammals in Patagonia, southern Argentina, were calibrated by potassium-argon age determinations and paleomagnetic polarity data. The Riochican land mammal age encompasses the middle and late Paleocene and corresponds in time with Torrejonian and Tiffanian land mammal faunas in North America. 相似文献
4.
Mammal faunas collected from the Uquía Formation at Chucalezna and Esquina Blanca in Jujuy Province, northwest Argentina, are calibrated by potassium-argon age determinations and paleomagnetic polarity data. The sediments range in age from 2.5 million years old to perhaps as young as 1.5 million years, from late Pliocene through early Pleistocene, and correspond in time to late Blancan and early Irvingtonian land mammal age faunas in North America. 相似文献
5.
Predatory dinosaur remains from madagascar: implications for the cretaceous biogeography of gondwana 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
SD Sampson LM Witmer CA Forster DW Krause PM O'Connor P Dodson F Ravoavy 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,280(5366):1048-1051
Recent discoveries of fossil vertebrates from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar include several specimens of a large theropod dinosaur. One specimen includes a nearly complete and exquisitely preserved skull with thickened pneumatic nasals, a median frontal horn, and a dorsal projection on the parietals. The new materials are assigned to the enigmatic theropod group Abelisauridae on the basis of a number of unique features. Fossil remains attributable to abelisaurids are restricted to three Gondwanan landmasses: South America, Madagascar, and the Indian subcontinent. This distribution is consistent with a revised paleogeographic reconstruction that posits prolonged links between these landmasses (via Antarctica), perhaps until late in the Late Cretaceous. 相似文献
6.
大风子科的地理分布及其起源 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文以属为单位,将大风子科84个属划分为27个分布亚型,隶属于11个分布类型。在此基础上对本科植物的地理分布进行了分析,认为大风子科是一个典型的热带性质的且富于岛屿区系成分和与各地区联系广泛的类群;其现代分布中心在旧世界热带地区,特别是热带非洲。根据其地理分布分析,结合板块及大陆漂移学说理论,可推断大风子科起源于古南大陆,特别是热带非洲地区;其起源时间至少不迟于白垩纪末期或第三纪初期,这一点已得到了古植物学资料的证实。 相似文献
7.
Ｓａｃｃｈａｒｕｍｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｒｕｍ在世界上已形成几个多样性中心，如新几内亚、印尼东部和南太平洋群岛等。但多样性中心并不一定就是起源中心。Ｓ．ｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｒｕｍ的起源中心是印尼东部－新几内亚地区。此外，还有其他一些地区被认为是起源中心，如中国、印度、东南亚，但证据还不够充分，有待于进一步证实。Ｓ．ｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｒｕｍ是通过Ｓ．ｓｐｏｎｔａｎｅｕｍ与其他属的植物（包括Ｅｒｉａｎｔｈｕｓａｒｕｎｄｉｎａｃｅｕｓ、Ｍｉｓｃａｎｔｈｕｓｓｐ．等）的种质渗透而进化来的，进化的中间阶段是Ｓ．ｒｏｂｕｓｔｕｍ。种质渗透的第一步可能是在印尼东部，然后一些材料被传到新几内亚，通过漫长的自然和人工选择而进化成Ｓ．ｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｒｕｍ。Ｓ．ｓｉｎｅｎｓｅ和Ｓ．ｂａｒｂｅｒｉ可能是Ｓ．ｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｒｕｍ传到中国和印度后，分别与Ｓ．ｓｐｏｎｔａｎｅｕｍ及近缘植物发生种质渗透而形成的。但也有一些学者认为，一些Ｓ．ｂａｒｂｅｒｉ无性系独立于Ｓ．ｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｒｕｍ。 相似文献
8.
Newton CR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1988,242(4877):385-391
Equatorial faunas of the ancient Tethyan seaway, which extended from western Europe to southeastern Asia, comprise some of the most diverse marine taxa in the fossil record. Comparable or identical "Tethyan" species that occur far from the Tethyan seaway in Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks of the North and South American Cordillera have long been considered as a major biogeographic anomaly. Two leading theories to account for the occurrence of these anomalous "Tethyan" faunas in the Cordillera are that they were transported long distances to the east on tectonic blocks(suspect terranes that originated near the Tethys) or that they migrated westward via undiscovered marine corridors through continental areas of Pangea. An alternative model is that these "Tethyan" fauna were pantropic species that extended with attenuated diversities into the eastern proto-Pacific Ocean. This pantropic model can better account for the distribution patterns of many Paleozoic and early Mesozoic "Tethyan" species in the American Cordillera and provides a steady state hypothesis against which the other models can be tested. The distribution of pre-Cretaceous "Tethyan" faunas is similar to the known pantropic distribution of many Cretaceous and Cenozoic tropical biotas. During the Cenozoic, taxa were most diverse in the Tethys and Indo-West Pacific regions but extended with attenuated diversity to many parts of the equatorial Pacific Ocean, including the west coasts of North and South America. The eastern Pacific occurrence of many Indo-West Pacific species provides a modern analog for the occurrence of many anomalous "Tethyan" fossils in the American Cordillera. 相似文献
9.
Sahni A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1984,226(4673):441-443
Recent paleontological investigations of six sections fringing the Deccan volcanic outcrops of the Indian peninsula indicate that terrestrial faunas during the Cretaceous-Paleocene transition lacked the endemism predicted by geophysical models of an oceanically isolated Indian subcontinent. At the generic and familial level there is a close correspondence between the Cretaceous vertebrates of peninsular India, Africa, and Madagascar. This suggests that a dispersal corridor, consisting of presently submerged aseismic elements (the Mascarene Plateau and the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge), existed between these landmasses about 80 million years ago as India drifted close to eastern Africa. 相似文献
10.
Marshall LG Butler RF Drake RE Curtis GH Tedford RH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1979,204(4390):272-279
From radioisotopic (potassium-argon) age determinations of tuffs and magnetostratigraphy of Late Tertiary mammal-bearing beds in Catamarca Province, northwest Argentina, refined estimates have been obtained for the durations and boundaries of beds of Chasicoan (Middle Miocene) through Chapadmalalan (Pliocene) age. An age of 9.0 million years is tentatively accepted for the Chasicoan-Huayquerian boundary, 5.0 million years for the Huayquerian-Montehermosan boundary, and 3.0 million years for the Montehermosan-Chapadmalalan boundary. Procyonids (raccoons and their allies), a group of North American origin, are first recorded in South America in a level immediately below a unit dated at 6.0 million years. Cricetine rodents of the tribe Sigmodontini are first recorded in South America in beds of Montehermosan age in Argentina. Ground sloths, a group of South American origin, first appear in North America in Early Hemphillian time in beds dated between 9.5 and 9.0 million years. The Panamanian land bridge was established by 3.0 million years ago, and an interchange of the terrestrial faunas was well under way by Late Blancan time (around 2.5 million years before present) in North America and by Chapadmalalan time in South America. 相似文献
11.
Mares MA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,233(4765):734-739
Lack of solid data on rates of habitat conversion and on the basic biology of Neotropical organisms makes predictions of massive waves of extinction in South America premature. South America's problems regarding the use of natural resources are a result of historical, sociological, economic, and scientific factors. Most countries in South America have done a great deal to encourage conservation efforts, but the magnitude of the problem is well beyond their limited economic means to solve. The problems of species disappearance in South America are of global importance. A successful solution will involve a coordinated and massive effort of governments and specialists in all aspects of conservation biology from throughout the world. There is still time to resolve these problems. Unnecessarily dire predictions of species extinction may be counterproductive to the development of a long-term conservation strategy that is needed to manage Neotropical conservation problems. 相似文献
12.
Thangaraj K Chaubey G Kivisild T Reddy AG Singh VK Rasalkar AA Singh L 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,308(5724):996
The origin of the Andaman "Negrito" and Nicobar "Mongoloid" populations has been ambiguous. Our analyses of complete mitochondrial DNA sequences from Onges and Great Andaman populations revealed two deeply branching clades that share their most recent common ancestor in founder haplogroup M, with lineages spread among India, Africa, East Asia, New Guinea, and Australia. This distribution suggests that these two clades have likely survived in genetic isolation since the initial settlement of the islands during an out-of-Africa migration by anatomically modern humans. In contrast, Nicobarese sequences illustrate a close genetic relationship with populations from Southeast Asia. 相似文献
13.
Alternating hard and soft layers characterize the Gull Rock and Tuit Members of the late Eocene Blanche Point Formation, South Australia. Originally the formation was mainly a mixture of volcanic ash, sponge spicules, and calcareous fossil remains, with hard layers produced later by selective silicification. It resembles Cretaceous sediments from western Europe and the eastern coast of the United States, and in each case it appears that alteration of volcanic ash produced smectite and clinoptilolite with release of silica that subsequently crystallized as opal-CT. The occurrence of similar deposits from New Zealand to as far west as Albany, Western Australia, indicates extensive volcanic activity south of Australia in the late Eocene resulting from rifting and separation from Antarctica. 相似文献
14.
Renne PR Ernesto M Pacca IG Coe RS Glen JM Prévot M Perrin M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1992,258(5084):975-979
The Paraná-Etendeka flood volcanic event produced approximately 1.5 x 10(6) cubic kilometers of volcanic rocks, ranging from basalts to rhyolites, before the separation of South America and Africa during the Cretaceous period. New (40)Ar/(39)Ar data combined with earlier paleomagnetic results indicate that Paraná flood volcanism in southern Brazil began at 133 +/- 1 million years ago and lasted less than 1 million years. The implied mean eruption rate on the order of 1.5 cubic kilometers per year is consistent with a mantle plume origin for the event and is comparable to eruption rates determined for other well-documented continental flood volcanic events. Paraná flood volcanism occurred before the initiation of sea floor spreading in the South Atlantic and was probably precipitated by uplift and weakening of the lithosphere by the Tristan da Cunha plume. The Parana event postdates most current estimates for the age of the faunal mass extinction associated with the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary. 相似文献
15.
Predicting the potential geographic distribution of Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis(Diptera: Tephritidae) in China using MaxEnt ecological niche modeling 
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下载免费PDF全文 Bactrocera bryoniae and Bactrocera neohumeralis are highly destructive and major biosecurity/quarantine pests of fruit and vegetable in the tropical and subtropical regions in the South Pacific and Australia. Although these pests have not established in China, precautions must be taken due to their highly destructive nature. Thus, we predicted the potential geographic distribution of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis across the world and in particular China by ecological niche modeling of the Maximum Entropy(Max Ent) model with the occurrence records of these two species. Bactrocera bryoniae and B. neohumeralis exhibit similar potential geographic distribution ranges across the world and in China, and each species was predicted to be able to distribute to over 20% of the globe. Globally, the potential geographic distribution ranges for these two fruit fly species included southern Asia, the central and the southeast coast of Africa, southern North America, northern and central South America, and Australia. While within China, most of the southern Yangtze River area was found suitable for these species. Notably, southern China was considered to have the highest risk of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis invasions. Our study identifies the regions at high risk for potential establishment of B. bryoniae and B. neohumeralis in the world and in particular China, and informs the development of inspection and biosecurity/quarantine measures to prevent and control their invasions. 相似文献
16.
A fossil land mammal, apparently the first found in Antarctica, belongs to the extinct marsupial family Polydolopidae. The fossils were recovered from rocks about 40 million years old on Seymour Island, in the northern Antarctic Peninsula. The newly discovered marsupials support theories that predicted their former presence in Antarctica and strengthen proposals that Australian marsupials perhaps originated from South American species that dispersed across Antarctica when Australia still was attached to it, prior to 56 million years ago. 相似文献
17.
Irmis RB Nesbitt SJ Padian K Smith ND Turner AH Woody D Downs A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5836):358-361
It has generally been thought that the first dinosaurs quickly replaced more archaic Late Triassic faunas, either by outcompeting them or when the more archaic faunas suddenly became extinct. Fossils from the Hayden Quarry, in the Upper Triassic Chinle Formation of New Mexico, and an analysis of other regional Upper Triassic assemblages instead imply that the transition was gradual. Some dinosaur relatives preserved in this Chinle assemblage belong to groups previously known only from the Middle and lowermost Upper Triassic outside North America. Thus, the transition may have extended for 15 to 20 million years and was probably diachronous at different paleolatitudes. 相似文献
18.
PC Sereno DB Dutheil M Iarochene HCE Larsson GH Lyon PM Magwene CA Sidor DJ Varricchio JA Wilson 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1996,272(5264):986-991
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) fossils discovered in the Kem Kem region of Morocco include large predatory dinosaurs that inhabited Africa as it drifted into geographic isolation. One, represented by a skull approximately 1.6 meters in length, is an advanced allosauroid referable to the African genus Carcharodontosaurus. Another, represented by a partial skeleton with slender proportions, is a new basal coelurosaur closely resembling the Egyptian genus Bahariasaurus. Comparisons with Cretaceous theropods from other continents reveal a previously unrecognized global radiation of carcharodontosaurid predators. Substantial geographic differentiation of dinosaurian faunas in response to continental drift appears to have arisen abruptly at the beginning of the Late Cretaceous. 相似文献
19.
基于GlobeLand30的大洋洲耕地利用格局变化分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】大洋洲区域气候差异明显,地表覆盖和土地利用类型多样,耕地变化较为剧烈。分析大洋洲耕地利用格局的时空变化,科学把握其特征及规律,为耕地集约利用和粮食政策制定提供参考。【方法】采用最新研制的2000年和2010年全球30 m地表覆盖遥感数据产品（GlobeLand30）,建立耕地面积数量、利用强度和转换特征3个指标群,在国家尺度、10 km网格和30 m像元尺度综合分析大洋洲2000-2010年耕地利用格局变化特征。【结果】（1）2000-2010年大洋洲耕地面积总体增加约3.79%,耕地面积增幅最大的国家为澳大利亚,增幅5.39%。新增耕地主要集中在澳大利亚大分水岭山脉以东墨累-达令河流域上游。耕地面积减少的区域主要在新西兰北部岛屿,澳大利亚东部沿海和巴布亚新几内亚东部岛屿。主要国家人均耕地平均减少21.47%,人均耕地减少幅度最大国家为新喀里多尼亚。（2）从耕地利用强度格局变化来看,主要国家复种指数平均增加20.63%,耕地破碎度平均减少22.83%。耕地面积-复种指数协调度弹性较大。新西兰与澳大利亚两国耕地破碎度变化驱动机制差异明显。（3）从耕地类型转换特征来看,2000年耕地转出和2010年耕地转入面积最大的国家均为澳大利亚,2000年共计转出630.25×104 hm2,其中转为草地占比所有其他转出地类的74.77%,2010年共计从草地转入544.95×104 hm2,占所有转入地类面积的59.72%;全大洲耕地与草地之间转换面积最大,但对净增加耕地贡献最大的是灌木地,转入耕地165.03×104 hm2。【结论】10年间大洋洲耕地面积变化较为剧烈,耕地利用强度整体提高,耕地与草地相互转换最为频繁。 相似文献
20.
A reciprocal and apparently symmetrical interchange of land mammals between North and South America began about 3 million years ago, after the appearance of the Panamanian land bridge. The number of families of land mammals in South America rose from 32 before the interchange to 39 after it began, and then back to 35 at present. An equivalent number of families experienced a comparable rise and decline in North America during the same interval. These changes in diversity are predicted by the MacArthur-Wilson species equilibrium theory. The greater number of North American genera (24) initially entering South America than the reverse (12) is predicted by the proportions of reservoir genera on the two continents. However, a later imbalance caused by secondary immigrants (those which evolved from initial immigrants) is not expected from equilibrium theory. 相似文献