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1.
Minimizing losses to pests and diseases is essential for producing sufficient food to feed the world's rapidly growing population. The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea triggers devastating pre‐ and post‐harvest yield losses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Current control methods are based on the pre‐harvest use of fungicides, which are limited by strict legislation. This investigation tested whether induction of resistance by β‐aminobutyric acid (BABA) at different developmental stages provides an alternative strategy to protect post‐harvest tomato fruit against B. cinerea. Soil‐drenching plants with BABA once fruit had already formed had no impact on tomato susceptibility to B. cinerea. However, BABA application to seedlings significantly reduced post‐harvest infection of fruit. This resistance response was not associated with a yield reduction; however, there was a delay in fruit ripening. Untargeted metabolomics revealed differences between fruit from water‐ and BABA‐treated plants, demonstrating that BABA triggered a defence‐associated metabolomics profile that was long lasting. Targeted analysis of defence hormones suggested a role of abscisic acid (ABA) in the resistance phenotype. Post‐harvest application of ABA to the fruit of water‐treated plants induced susceptibility to B. cinerea. This phenotype was absent from the ABA‐exposed fruit of BABA‐treated plants, suggesting a complex role of ABA in BABA‐induced resistance. A final targeted metabolomic analysis detected trace residues of BABA accumulated in the red fruit. Overall, it was demonstrated that BABA induces post‐harvest resistance in tomato fruit against B. cinerea with no penalties in yield.  相似文献   

2.
The effect of hot water treatment (HWT) to control peach brown rot was investigated. Peaches were dipped in water at 60°C for 60 s and artificially inoculated with Monilinia fructicola conidia. HWT failed to control brown rot if applied before inoculation and microscopic observations revealed a stimulatory effect on germ tube elongation of M. fructicola conidia placed immediately after HWT on the fruit surface, compared to the control. The influence of fruit volatile emission due to HWT was performed on the pathogen conidia exposed to the headspace surrounding peaches. The results showed an increase of M. fructicola conidial germination ranging from 33 to 64% for cultivars Lucie Tardibelle and Red Haven heat‐treated peaches, respectively, compared to the control. The volatile blend emitted from heat‐treated fruit was analysed by solid‐phase microextraction/gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (SPME/GC‐MS) and proton transfer reaction‐time of flight‐mass spectrometry (PTR‐ToF‐MS). Fifty compounds were detected by SPME/GC‐MS in volatile blends of cv. Lucie Tardibelle peaches and significant differences in volatile emission were observed among heated and control fruit. Using PTR‐ToF‐MS analysis, acetaldehyde and ethanol were detected at levels 15‐ and 28‐fold higher in heated fruit compared to unheated ones, respectively. In vitro assays confirmed the stimulatory effect (60 and 15%) of acetaldehyde (0·6 μL L?1) and ethanol (0·2 μL L?1) on M. fructicola conidial germination and mycelial growth, respectively. The results showed that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from heat‐treated peaches could stimulate M. fructicola conidial germination, increasing brown rot incidence in treated peaches when the inoculation occurs immediately after HWT.  相似文献   

3.
The grey mould disease caused by Botrytis cinerea leads to substantial economic losses in strawberry production all over the world. Control of the disease requires an extensive amount of fungicide that is applied in varying complexes because the pathogen easily develops resistance against the active compounds. Planting of resistant cultivars seems to be a promising alternative for fruit growers, but there are currently no cultivars available combining resistance to B. cinerea with attractive horticultural traits. Breeding of new cultivars requires the effective identification of resistant strawberry genotypes; therefore the current study was aimed at the evaluation of strawberry genetic resources under controlled conditions by establishing an artificial inoculation assay. The method presented in this study is an artificial inoculation of ripe fruits with a defined spore suspension under laboratory conditions. The results show that this assay is fast and simple and leads to reproducible results that correlate with field observations. Over 3 years a total of 107 strawberry genotypes of the German National Fruit Genebank at the JKI in Dresden‐Pillnitz were evaluated. Five partly resistant genotypes, cultivars Diana, Joerica and Kimberly, and Fragaria virginiana ‘Wildmare Creek’ and F. vesca subsp. bracteata, were identified with mean disease levels of <20% at 6 days post‐inoculation. The obtained results are discussed with regard to future breeding activities.  相似文献   

4.
Atmospheric concentrations of Botrytis cinerea conidia were monitored for two seasons in a strawberry crop in Moguer (Huelva, southwestern Spain). Concentrations of conidia were estimated using a Burkard volumetric spore sampler. A diurnal pattern of conidial release was observed. Airborne conidial concentration was significantly and positively correlated with the average solar radiation and mean temperature, and negatively with rainfall and relative humidity. Among the weather variables considered, solar radiation showed the most consistent results in the regression analysis, explaining over 40% of airborne conidial concentration variability. Correlation between Botrytis fruit rot incidence and accumulated number of conidia over seven days was significant and positive. Two regression models containing three variables explained over 62 and 52% of the fruit rot incidence variability. A positive but non-significant correlation was established between B. cinerea incidence in flowers and airborne conidial concentration. It was not possible to fit a consistent regression model to relate flower infection incidence to conidial concentration or weather variables.  相似文献   

5.
Neofabraea vagabunda, causing bull’s eye rot, produces notable loss during cold storage of apples growing in cool humid regions. The infection initiates in the orchard, but the pathogen lives quiescently in fruit for some months before causing the symptoms of the disease. In vivo and in vitro assays were carried out to gain knowledge on the influence of fruit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in N. vagabunda development and define volatile markers for pathogen detection, using SPME/GC-MS, PTR-ToF-MS analysis and light microscopic observations. This study reports that: (i) the main VOCs of Cripps Pink apple (highly susceptible to bull’s eye rot) are degraded during the conidial germination of N. vagabunda, stimulating pathogen hyphal growth towards the host; (ii) first disease symptoms appear when fruit releases VOCs related to senescence, which also stimulate pathogen hyphal growth; (iii) VOCs typical of ripe-senescent fruit are also emitted by infected fruit during N. vagabunda quiescence, and methanol and ethanol are the earliest markers of bull’s eye rot; and (iv) the in vitro volatile metabolism of Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum and Colletotrichum fioriniae has similarities with that of N. vagabunda, but the volatile profile of each pathogen is distinguishable. Overall, this study provides novel knowledge on fruit–fungus interaction and insights for the development of tools for early disease detection in packing houses.  相似文献   

6.
Species‐ and population‐specific differences in fungicide resistance and aggressiveness within Botrytis makes basic data on genetic diversity important for understanding disease caused by this fungus. Genetic diversity of Botrytis was surveyed between 2008 and 2012 from grapes from five New Zealand wine‐growing regions. A total of 1226 isolates were gathered from symptomless flower buds at the start of the growing season and 1331 isolates from diseased fruit at harvest. Two species were found, B. cinerea and B. pseudocinerea. Botrytis pseudocinerea was common in both Auckland vineyards sampled, and infrequent elsewhere. However, even in Auckland, it was rarely isolated from diseased fruit. The presence of the Boty and Flipper transposons was assessed. Isolates with all four transposon states (Boty only, Flipper only, both Boty and Flipper, no transposons) were found for both species. Both vineyards in the Auckland region had high numbers of Flipper‐only isolates at flowering; both vineyards from the Waipara region had high numbers of Boty‐only isolates at flowering. Most isolates from diseased fruit at harvest contained both transposons. These observations suggest that B. pseudocinerea, and isolates with one or both of the transposons missing, may be less aggressive than B. cinerea, or than isolates with both transposons present. Two clades were resolved within B. pseudocinerea, only one of which has been reported from European vineyards. Phylogenetic diversity within B. cinerea in New Zealand was similar to that known from Europe, including isolates that appear to match Botrytis ‘Group S’. The taxonomic implications of this genetic diversity are discussed.  相似文献   

7.
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8.
Huang R  Li GQ  Zhang J  Yang L  Che HJ  Jiang DH  Huang HC 《Phytopathology》2011,101(7):859-869
A study was conducted to identify volatile organic compounds or volatiles produced by Candida intermedia strain C410 using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and to determine efficacy of the volatiles of C. intermedia in suppression of conidial germination and mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea and control of Botrytis fruit rot of strawberry. Results showed that, among 49 volatiles (esters, alcohols, alkenes, alkanes, alkynes, organic acids, ketones, and aldehydes) identified from C. intermedia cultures on yeast extract peptone dextrose agar, two compounds, 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene and 3-methyl-1-butanol, were the most abundant. Synthetic chemicals of 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene; 3-methyl-1-butanol; 2-nonanone; pentanoic acid, 4-methyl-, ethyl ester; 3-methyl-1-butanol, acetate; acetic acid, pentyl ester; and hexanoic acid, ethyl ester were highly inhibitory to conidial germination and mycelial growth of B. cinerea. Inhibition of conidial germination and mycelial growth of B. cinerea by volatiles of C. intermedia was also observed. Meanwhile, results showed that incidence and severity of Botrytis fruit rot of strawberry was significantly (P < 0.01) reduced by exposure of the strawberry fruit to the volatiles from C. intermedia cultures or C. intermedia-infested strawberry fruit. These results suggest that the volatiles of C. intermedia C410 are promising biofumigants for control of Botrytis fruit rot of strawberry.  相似文献   

9.
This study tested the hypothesis that aggressive, localized infections and asymptomatic systemic infections were caused by distinct specialized groups of Botrytis cinerea, using microsatellite genotypes at nine loci of 243 isolates of B. cinerea obtained from four hosts (strawberry (Fragaria×ananassa), blackberry (Rubus fruticosus agg.), dandelion, (Taraxacum officinale agg.) and primrose (Primula vulgaris)) in three regions in southern England (in the vicinities of Brighton, Reading and Bath). The populations were extremely variable, with up to 20 alleles per locus and high genic diversity. Each host in each region had a population of B. cinerea with distinctive genetic features, and there were also consistent host and regional distinctions. The B. cinerea population from strawberry was distinguished from that on other hosts, including blackberry, most notably by a common 154‐bp amplicon at locus 5 (present in 35 of 77 samples) that was rare in isolates from other hosts (9/166), and by the rarity (3/77) of a 112‐bp allele at locus 7 that was common (58/166) in isolates from other hosts. There was significant linkage disequilibrium overall within the B. cinerea populations on blackberry and strawberry, but with quite different patterns of association among isolates from the two hosts. No evidence was found for differentiation between populations of B. cinerea from systemically infected hosts and those from locally infected fruits.  相似文献   

10.
The effect of soil solarization and Trichoderma harzianum on induced resistance to grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) and powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) was studied. Plants were grown in soils pretreated by solarization, T. harzianum T39 amendment or both, and then their leaves were inoculated with the pathogens. There was a significant reduction in grey mould in cucumber, strawberry, bean and tomato, and of powdery mildew in cucumber, with a stronger reduction when treatments were combined. Bacillus, pseudomonad and actinobacterial communities in the strawberry rhizosphere were affected by the treatments, as revealed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fingerprinting. In tomato, treatments affected the expression of salicylic acid (SA)‐, ethylene (ET)‐ and jasmonic acid (JA)‐responsive genes. With both soil treatments, genes related to SA and ET – PR1a, GluB, CHI9 and Erf1 – were downregulated whereas the JA marker PI2 was upregulated. Following soil treatments and B. cinerea infection, SA‐, ET‐, and JA‐related genes were globally upregulated, except for the LOX genes which were downregulated. Upregulation of the PR genes PR1a, GluB and CHI9 in plants grown in solarized soil revealed a priming effect of this treatment on these genes' expression. The present study demonstrates the capacity of solarization and T. harzianum to systemically induce resistance to foliar diseases in various plants. This may be due to either a direct effect on the plant or an indirect one, via stimulation of beneficial microorganisms in the rhizosphere.  相似文献   

11.
BACKGROUND: With the objective of exploring the fungicidal activity of 2‐oxocyclohexylsulfonamides (2), a series of novel 2‐amino‐6‐oxocyclohexenylsulfonamides (6 to 23) were synthesised, and their fungicidal activities against Botrytis cinerea Pers. were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: The compounds were characterised by IR, 1H NMR and elemental analysis. Bioassay results of mycelial growth showed that compounds 6 to 23 had a moderate antifungal activity against B. cinerea. N‐(2‐methylphenyl)‐2‐(2‐methylphenylamino)‐4,4‐dimethyl‐6‐oxocyclohexenylsulfonamide (13) and N‐(2‐chlorophenyl)‐2‐(2‐chlorophenylamino)‐6‐oxocyclohexenylsulfonamide (21) showed best antifungal activities, with EC50 values of 8.05 and 10.56 µg mL?1 respectively. Commercial fungicide procymidone provided an EC50 value of 0.63 µg mL?1. The conidial germination assay showed that most of compounds 6 to 23 possessed excellent inhibition of spore germination and germ‐tube elongation of conidia of B. cinerea. For in vivo control of B. cinerea colonising cucumber leaves, the compound N‐cyclohexyl‐2‐(cyclohexylamino)‐4,4‐dimethyl‐6‐oxocyclohexenylsulfonamide (19) showed a better control effect than the commercial fungicide procymidone. CONCLUSION: The present work demonstrated that 2‐amino‐6‐oxocyclohexenylsulfonamides can be used as possible new lead compounds for further developing novel fungicides against B. cinerea. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

12.
The management of weeds and diseases that are caused by phytopathogenic fungi is important for preventing the loss of agricultural products. The aim of the present study was to identify phytotoxic and antiphytopathogenic agents from the Thai Alpinia galanga rhizome. Extracts of the dried rhizomes of A. galanga (Zingiberaceae) were separated and tested for phytotoxic activity against lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Great Lakes) and Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. Wasefudou) and for antiphytopathogenic activity against Alternaria porri, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora nicotianae. 1′‐Acetoxychavicol acetate ( 1 ) was identified as one of the main components, together with trans‐p‐coumaryl acetate ( 3 ) and trans‐p‐acetoxycinnamyl acetate ( 2 ). 1′‐Acetoxychavicol acetate ( 1 ) was solvolyzed with 2% EtOH to yield trans‐p‐coumaryl ethyl ether ( 6 ), trans‐p‐coumaryl acetate ( 3 ) and trans‐p‐coumaryl alcohol ( 5 ). 1′‐Acetoxychavicol acetate ( 1 ) completely inhibited the root growth of the lettuce seedlings at 50 μg mL–1, but had a weaker inhibitory effect on the growth of Italian ryegrass. 1′‐Acetoxychavicol acetate also inhibited the growth of P. nicotianae and A. porri, with minimum inhibition concentration values of 15.6 and 31.5 μg mL–1, respectively. The plant growth‐inhibitory activity and fungal growth‐inhibitory activity of trans‐p‐coumaryl acetate ( 3 ), trans‐p‐coumaryl ethyl ether, trans‐p‐coumaryl alcohol ( 5 ) and trans‐p‐acetoxycinnamyl acetate ( 2 ) were lower than those of 1′‐acetoxychavicol acetate. A structure–activity relationship suggested that the strong phytotoxic and antiphytopathogenic activity of 1′‐acetoxychavicol acetate relied on the 1′‐acetoxyl group.  相似文献   

13.
为鉴定产香真菌GS-1菌株物种分类和评价其挥发性物质对番茄灰霉病的生防效果,通过形态学和ITS(internal transcribed spacer)序列分析对菌株GS-1进行物种鉴定,以对扣法测定其挥发物对番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea、水稻胡麻斑病菌Bipolaris oryzae、小麦赤霉病菌Fusarium graminearum、白菜黑斑病菌Alternaria brassicae和莴苣菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum共5种植物病原真菌的熏蒸抑制活性,以果实针刺法测定挥发物对番茄灰霉病的抑制作用,并观察对其菌丝生长的影响。结果显示,菌株GS-1为普通瘤座孢Tubercularia vulgaris;其挥发物对5种植物病原真菌均有明显的熏蒸抑制作用,72 h的抑制率为58.05%~75.81%;其挥发物可造成番茄灰霉病菌菌丝畸形、分枝增多、原生质外渗等,对番茄果实灰霉病的防效72 h后达53.62%。表明产香真菌普通瘤座孢GS-1菌株挥发物对番茄灰霉病有良好的生防效果。  相似文献   

14.
Botrytis cinerea isolates from pear blossoms (Pyrus communis) in South Africa were collected from four orchards in two production areas in the Western Cape. The cryptic species status based on vegetative‐incompatibility alleles of the Bc‐hch gene indicated that all the isolates belonged to B. cinerea. A microsatellite analysis of B. cinerea populations was performed to assess the genetic population structure. Total gene diversity (H) was high, with a mean of 0.69 across all populations. Some genotype flow was evident between orchards as indicated by the spread of microsatellite multilocus genotypes, in agreement with the moderate, but significant population differentiation among orchards (mean φPT = 0.118, P = 0.001). Index of association analyses (IA and r?d) suggest that the populations reproduce mostly asexually, even though mating type distribution did not differ significantly from a 1:1 ratio, suggesting frequency‐dependent selection. Isolates resistant to benomyl were evident in one orchard only. This orchard was also significantly differentiated from all other populations, suggesting infrequent localized selection for benomyl resistance. Overall, the findings of this study highlight the dangers of a mixed reproduction system, and stress the importance of regularly monitoring fungicide resistance levels towards developing more efficient management practices.  相似文献   

15.
为探究2,6-二叔丁基-4-甲基苯酚(2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol,BHT)对苹果采后灰霉病的防效和防病机制,采用平板法和刺伤接种法测定了BHT对灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea的抑制作用及果实内防御酶活性和丙二醛含量的影响。结果表明,0.1 mmol/L BHT对苹果灰霉病的防效最佳,处理苹果后间隔48～96 h接种灰霉病菌,其防效可达68.59%～73.55%,其次为0.2、1.0 mmol/L BHT处理,但防效均低于52.94%。0.1 mmol/L BHT处理对灰霉病菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发无显著抑制作用,但可显著增强果实内超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶的活性以及总抗氧化能力,其峰值是对照的1.82～5.28倍,且均显著高于单独接种灰霉病菌的处理。此外,单独接种灰霉病菌的苹果果实内丙二醛含量快速升高,最大增幅达251.49%,而BHT处理后丙二醛含量变幅较小,最大增幅仅为83.95%。表明BHT可通过增强苹果果实内防御酶活性水平和总抗氧化能力来降低丙二醛的积累,从而提高果实对灰霉病的抗性。  相似文献   

16.
This study tested the hypothesis that Botyrtis cinerea shows host specialization on tomato and lettuce, using phenotypic and genotypic tools. Strains were isolated from tomato and lettuce grown together in the same greenhouse. Forty‐four lettuce strains and 42 tomato strains were investigated for their genetic diversity and their aggressiveness. Both gene diversity and allelic richness were significantly higher in lettuce strains than in tomato strains (P = 0·01). Cluster analysis revealed a clear division of the strains under study into two clusters. However, this structure did not separate the strains according to their host of origin. Tomato strains were significantly more aggressive than lettuce strains when inoculated on tomatoes (P = 0·001), but no significant differences in aggressiveness were observed when the strains were inoculated on lettuce (P = 0·17) or on apple (P = 0·87). The results suggest an absence of clear host specialization of B. cinerea on tomato and lettuce.  相似文献   

17.
In high‐tech, heated tomato glasshouses, stem infections caused by Botrytis cinerea usually end up girdling the stem, resulting in plant death and consequently high economic losses. Such infections originate primarily from wounds created during leaf pruning, a common cultural practice in which it is intended to remove leaves completely, resulting in smooth stem wounds. However, hasty leaf pruning often results in numerous petiole stubs accidentally left behind. In this study analysis of disease incidences clearly proved that pruning leaves flush to the stem resulted in absolute resistance of the stem wounds, whereas petiole stubs displayed a high level of susceptibility to B. cinerea. Postponing inoculation of wounds after pruning indicated that development of nearly complete resistance occurs within 48 h after deleafing. Monitoring of the wound wetness period showed that drying of the wound surface is not the cause of the decreased susceptibility, contrary to what was commonly believed. Tomato mutants deficient in disease signalling showed altered phenotypes for susceptibility to B. cinerea, indicating that defences against this pathogen in petiole stubs depend on ethylene signalling. Additionally, the decreased susceptibility of mutants deficient in the biosynthesis of jasmonates and abscisic acid suggest an antagonistic effect of these signal molecules. On the other hand, resistance of smooth stem wounds could not be altered by disruption of salicylic acid, ethylene, jasmonate or abscisic acid signalling. This indicates that this remarkable absolute resistance to B. cinerea does not depend on the major disease signalling pathways.  相似文献   

18.
The epidemiology of Botrytis cinerea was studied in five annual strawberry crops using waiting-bed transplants, a system widely adopted in the Netherlands. On dead leaves of transplants the incidence of B. cinerea varied from 26.7% to 52.6%, but the leaf area with potential sporulation was low (3.5–15.6%). During each crop cycle, the availability of necrotic leaf substrate for spore production of B. cinerea was generally low and varied between seasons and with the quality of transplants. B. cinerea sporulated on a maximum of 15.5 cm2 of leaf area per plant, measured as potential sporulation. The aerial concentration of B. cinerea conidia in untreated plots did not differ from the concentration in plots where all dead leaves had been removed, nor from the concentration at 25–50 m distance from the strawberry plots. B. cinerea incidence on flowers ranged from 5% to 96%, but no correlation was found with the potential spore production on necrotic leaves. Grey mould at harvest varied from 1.4% to 11.3% and was correlated with the average precipitation during the harvesting period but not with B. cinerea incidence on flowers. Post-harvest grey mould ranged from 2.1% to 32.6% and was correlated with petal colonisation by B. cinerea. The results suggest that in the annual cropping system with waiting-bed transplants, necrotic leaves are not a significant source of B. cinerea inoculum, unlike in other strawberry production systems. Therefore, control measures of grey mould in this annual system should focus on protection of flowers and young developing fruits, and not on the reduction of inoculum production on leaf debris.  相似文献   

19.
BACKGROUND: Grey mould caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. is one of the major diseases in grapes. The use of fungicides is a simple strategy to protect grapes against B. cinerea disease. However, phenotypes exhibiting resistance to fungicides have been detected in B. cinerea populations. The variation of fungicide‐resistant B. cinerea isolates renders B. cinerea disease control difficult in grapevine fields. RESULTS: The authors have developed a nested polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) method to detect fungicide‐resistant B. cinerea isolates at an early growth stage of grapes in grapevine fields. The nested PCR‐RFLP method was carried out to detect benzimidazole‐, phenylcarbamate‐ and/or dicarboximide‐resistant B. cinerea isolates from grape berries and leaves at Eichorn–Lorenz growth stage 25 to 29. This method successfully detected fungicide‐resistant B. cinerea isolates at an early growth stage of grapes. In addition, only 8 h was required from tissue sampling to phenotyping of fungicide resistance of the isolates. CONCLUSION: It is proposed that the early diagnosis of fungicide‐resistant B. cinerea isolates would contribute to further improvement of integrated pest management against B. cinerea in grapevine fields, and that the nested PCR‐RFLP method is a high‐speed, sensitive and reliable tool for this purpose. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

20.
Molecular sequencing (rpoB) and standard pathological and microbiological methods identified Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae (Pss) as the causal agent of bacterial inflorescence rot of grapevines (Vitis vinifera) in three vineyards in Tumbarumba, NSW, Australia in 2006 and 2007. Pss strains from shrivelled berries and necrotic inflorescences of diseased grapevines were used to inoculate leaves and inflorescences of potted cv. Semillon grapevines. Pss caused disease symptoms similar to those experienced in the field, including angular leaf lesions, longitudinal lesions in shoot tissues and rotting of inflorescences from before flowering until shortly after fruit set. High humidity promoted symptom severity. The necrotic bunch stem and leaf lesions were susceptible to the development of Botrytis cinerea infections. Cryo‐scanning electron microscopy (cryoSEM) indicated that Pss entered leaves and inflorescence tissues via distorted, open, raised stomata surrounded by folds of tissue that appeared as ‘star‐shaped’ callose‐rich complexes when viewed by UV light microscopy. In necrotic tissues, cryoSEM revealed Pss within petiole parenchyma cells and air‐filled rachis xylem vessels. This is the first report of inflorescence and hence fruit loss caused by Pss in grapevines. The disease is described as ‘bacterial inflorescence rot’ and regarded as one that expands the previously reported pathology of grapevines caused by P. syringae. This study also indicated that infection by Pss might promote destructive B. cinerea infections when the fungus is already present but latent, although further experimentation is needed to prove such an interaction.  相似文献   

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