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1.
B. L. Ma S. Leibovitch W. E. Maloba D. L. Smith 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1992,169(3):151-160
Aspects of intensive management practices such as high N fertilization inputs and plant growth regulator use could potentially increase cereal yields in regions with a short crop-growing season and occasionally dry and hot weather. A field experiment was carried out for four years (1987 to 1990) at Agronomy Research Centre of McGill University, Canada to evaluate the response of spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) cv. Cadette, Laurier and Leger to N rates (0, 70 and 140 kg N ha−1 ) and ethephon (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) growth regulator treatment. The application of higher than conventional N level (70 kg N ha−1 ) did not increase barley yields under dry weather conditions and when the soil N resources were high. The high levels of N did increase the grain crude protein concentration by 2 to 10 g kg−1 , as did ethephon treatment. The feed quality of spring barley was improved. Ethephon treatment reduced grain yield due to a severe reduction in the number of grains spike−1 , and/or 1000-grain weight, although the number of spikes m−2 was increased. Thus, the overall effect of ethephon treatment on yield was inconsistent and was influenced to a large extent by the prevailing weather conditions. 相似文献
2.
Effects of chlormequat chloride (CCC), ethephon and mixtures of CCC and ethephon, applied at Zadoks growth stage (ZGS) 30 (the beginning of stem elongation) on the number of spike-bearing shoots and their contribution to grain yields of four spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars were studied in 1987 and 1988 at McGill University, Quebec, Canada. The results varied between years and among cultivars. The mixtures of CCC and ethephon or ethephon alone, produced significant increases in the number of spikes m−2 in cultivars Joly and Laurier , in both years, and in Leger only in 1988. Ethephon and ethephon containing mixtures reduced the yields of Joly and Leger in 1988. In both years CCC had no effect on spikes m−2 for all cultivars. Increases in spikes m−2 were accompanied by decreases in 1000-grain weight, and/or grains per spike, which offset or more than offset potential benefits from increased spikes m−2 . These results indicate that under continental climatic conditions such as those prevalent in Quebec, Canada, application of PGRs to spring barley at ZGS 30 does not increase grain yield through an increased number of spikes m−2 . 相似文献
3.
Plant growth regulators (PGR) have potential to increase grain yield and may also alter grain protein levels of cereal crops. A 3-yr field experiment with spring barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars was conducted to determine whether ethephon treatment increased protein concentration, protein yield, and grain yield. A greenhouse experiment was also conducted to evaluate the response of barley grain protein concentration to gradual addition of ethephon (2.2 × 10-3 mM) or chlormequat (5.8 × 10-3 mM) solution after an thesis. Under field conditions, ethephon treatment increased barley and wheat grain protein concentrations by as much as 16 % but decreased grain yield so that protein yield increases were small or did not occur. For Laurier barley, total gram N content was increased by up to 20 % in one year of this study. However, over the 3 years, an inverse relation existed between grain protein and yield. Greenhouse data showed that i) the gradient in grain size and protein concentration among spikelets of a spike, which is established before anthesis, was not affected by either chlormequat or ethephon; and ii) chlormequat increased grain protein by 7 to 11 % whereas ethephon increased protein concentration by up to 13 % in one of the two experiments. Our data indicate that PGR can alter protein accumulation in the grain, and thus, the quality of bread wheat and feed barley crops can be increased m regions with a short crop-growing season. However, a portion of the increase in gram protein concentration is due to decreased starch deposition, which is associated with yield reductions. The greenhouse data confirmed that a portion of the increase in grain protein concentration due to PGR application is caused by increased protein accumulation in the barley grain. 相似文献
4.
Gong Huihui Zhang Yujuan Zhao Junsheng Li Zhenhuai Lu Hequan Xu Shizhen Zhao Fengtao Meng Qinghua Dong Hezhong 《棉花学报》2019,31(2):147-155
[Objective] Intercropping as an intensive planting method, could increase the utilization ratio of land and resources. The study aimed to explore the advantages and disadvantages of cotton/sesame intercropping, and then find out the best planting pattern of cotton/sesame intercropping. [Method] Equidistant row monocropping cotton (Tc1), wide narrow row monocropping cotton (Tc2) and monocropping sesame (Ts) were used as control. We designed three intercropping patterns as follows: 1-1 pattern (cotton row spacing was 80 cm, one row of sesame was planted in the two row spacing), 2-1 pattern (cotton grown in wide-narrow-row, one row of sesame was planted in the wide row spacing), and 2-2 pattern (cotton grown in wide-narrow-row, two rows of sesame were planted in the wide row spacing). The effects of different intercropping patterns on cotton/sesame yield, yield components, leaf area index dynamic change and dry matter accumulation were investigated. The land equivalent ratio was used as an index to assess the land use efficiency. [Result] The results showed that cotton/sesame yield were significantiy affected by different intercropping patterns. However, the seed cotton yield decreased only slightly in 2-1 intercropping pattern. Two years average showed that, the seed cotton yield, plant height, boll number of per plant and boll weight in 1-1 pattern were reduced by 17.3%, 7.9%, 19.7% and 7.9% compared with Tc1, respectively. In the treatment of 2-2 model, which reduced by 16.4%, 5.81%, 14.8% and 6.2% in comparison with Tc2. But in the intercropping systems, the mixed yield and comprehensive economic benefit of cotton and sesame were higher than those of cotton and sesame monoculture. The leaf area index of the group and the total amount of dry matter accumulation in unit area increased significantly under cotton/sesame intercropping systems. The land equivalent ratios in 2015 and 2016 were from 1 to 1.24 and 0.91 to 1.16, respectively. [Conclusion] Under different cotton/sesame intercropping systems, the mixed yield and total economic benefit were higher than that of monocropping cotton or sesame. The 2-1 cotton/sesame intercropping pattern occupied the most optimal production performance and easy to cultivate, which was the practicable intercropping patterns in sustainable development. 相似文献
5.
种植密度和行距配置对超高产夏玉米群体光合特性的影响 总被引：70，自引：1，他引：69
在67 500株 hm-2、90 000株hm-2和112 500株hm-2等3个种植密度条件下,研究了密度和行距配置对超高产夏玉米品种登海701产量和群体光合特性的影响。结果表明,随密度增加,籽粒产量、叶面积指数(LAI)、光合有效辐射(PAR)上层截获率、群体光合(CAP)和群体呼吸(CR)、干物质积累量均提高;而叶绿素含量、穗位叶层和下层PAR截获率则降低。在67 500株 hm-2下,宽窄行与等行距处理相比无显著优势。但在90 000株 hm-2和112 500株 hm-2密度下,80 cm+40 cm行距处理的产量、叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素含量、穗位叶层的PAR截获率、花后群体光合速率(CAP)平均值均显著高于其他行距处理(等行距、70 cm+50 cm和90 cm+30 cm);而群体呼吸速率与光合速率的比值(CR/TCAP)则显著低于其他行距处理。说明在较高密度条件下,80 cm+40 cm的宽窄行配置有助于扩大光合面积、增加穗位叶层的光合有效辐射、提高群体光合速率、减少群体呼吸消耗,从而提高籽粒产量。 相似文献
6.
Soybean is little grown in the semi-arid zone of the northern fringes of the Sudan savannah belt of Nigeria despite a seemingly good potential for the early maturing varieties. To explore the potential of the crop in this region a determinate soybean line was sown at 2 sites in 1986 at four planting densities of 7.5, 10.0, 12.5 and 15.0 plants/m2 in three row spacings of 40, 60 and 75 cm. Both the above-ground biological and grain yields increased with planting density. Row spacing had significant effect on yield only at the early planted Site 1, where 40 cm row spacing outyielded other rows. The increase in yield at high densities and narrow row was mainly due to increased pod and grain numbers/m2
Onset of competition began to manifest as from flowering and intensified thereafter. However, the post anthesis competition did not affect grain filling and so mean grain weight and harvest index were similar in all treatments. Late planting at Site 2 reduced yield by between 20 and 30 % particularly at high densities and in narrow rows. The results indicate a fairly good potential for soybean in this region, and yield advantage due to moderately high planting densities and narrow spacing. 相似文献
Onset of competition began to manifest as from flowering and intensified thereafter. However, the post anthesis competition did not affect grain filling and so mean grain weight and harvest index were similar in all treatments. Late planting at Site 2 reduced yield by between 20 and 30 % particularly at high densities and in narrow rows. The results indicate a fairly good potential for soybean in this region, and yield advantage due to moderately high planting densities and narrow spacing. 相似文献
7.
玉米–大豆带状套作行距配置对作物生物量、根系形态及产量的影响 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
空间配置是影响间作套种作物生长和产量构成的关键因素之一。本研究固定玉米–大豆套作带宽200 cm,玉米采用宽窄行种植,设置4个玉米窄行行距为20 cm(A1)、40 cm(A2)、60 cm(A3)和80 cm(A4)套作处理,2个玉米和大豆净作对照处理,研究行距配置对套作系统中玉米和大豆生物量、根系及产量的影响。结果表明,套作大豆冠层光合有效辐射和红光/远红光比值均低于净作,且随着玉米窄行的增加而降低。套作系统中大豆地上地下生物量、总根长、根表面积和根体积从第三节龄期(V3)到盛花期(R2)逐渐增加,但随着玉米窄行的增加而降低。套作玉米地上地下生物量从抽雄期到成熟期逐渐增加,根体积却逐渐降低,但这些参数随玉米窄行的变宽而增加。玉米和大豆在带状套作系统中产量均低于净作,且随玉米窄行的变宽,玉米产量逐渐增加,2012和2013两年最大值平均为6181 kg hm–2,而大豆产量逐渐降低,两年最大值平均为1434 kg hm–2,产量变化与有效株数和粒数变化密切相关。此外,玉米–大豆带状套作群体土地当量比(LER)大于1.3,最大值出现在A2处理,分别为1.59(2012年)和1.61(2013年),且最大经济收益也出现在A2处理(2年每公顷平均收益为1.93万元)。因此,合理的行距配置对玉米–大豆带状套作系统中作物的生长、产量构成和群体效益具有重要的作用。 相似文献
8.
不同行距对冬小麦产量及构成因素的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了寻求高产小麦所需的最佳播种方式和行距,实现冬小麦高产和稳产。2011—2013年在河北省藁城市进行了不同播种方式对小麦产量影响的大田试验。试验处理包括冬小麦三密一稀(A)、四密一稀(B)和六密一稀(C)三种种植方式,其中三密一稀(A)种植方式为目前生产上大面积采用的种植方式,三种种植方式的平均行距分别为17.6 cm、15.0 cm和11.7 cm。2年的试验结果表明,冬小麦四密一稀(B)种植产量最高,其次为六密一稀,三密一稀产量最低,四密一稀和六密一稀种植的冬小麦产量分别比三密一稀种植的产量2年平均提高12.2%和9.0%(P＜0.05)。四密一稀(B)处理与三密一稀(A)处理相比具有增产效应,与六密一稀(C)处理相比农业生产中的可操作性强。因此,建议生产上可大面积推广小麦四密一稀的播种方式。7).。 相似文献
9.
为了确定西北旱区膜下滴灌条件下灌水下限(W)、纯氮施用量(N)和种植密度(D)对制种玉米产量等指标的影响次序及各因素水平的最佳搭配,在甘肃省中国农业大学石羊河实验站设置了三因素三水平的大田正交试验(W：苗期和成熟期灌水下限为60%田持,其他生育期灌水下限W1为60%田持,W2为70%田持,W3为80%田持;N:整个生育期纯氮施用量,N1、N2和N3分别表示120、240和360 kg/hm2;D：种植密度,D1、D2和D3分别表示85500、100500和120000株/hm2)。结果表明：(1)灌水下限、纯氮施用量和种植密度对制种玉米的产量、穗粒数和千粒重的交互作用不明显;(2)在种植密度85500-12000株/hm2范围内,制种玉米产量和穗粒数影响因素次序均为W>D>N(主→次),千粒重影响因素次序D>N>W(主→次);(3)宽行70cm,窄行40cm膜下滴灌种植制种玉米的方式下,玉米种植最佳的因素水平为W2N2D2,即灌水下限设为田持的70%(W2),纯氮施用量为240kg/hm2(N2),种植密度为100500株/hm2(D2)。 相似文献
10.
Twenty homozygous barley lines were grown in row and hill plots at two locations in Ontario in 1973. The hill plots were of two spacings –30×30 cm and 45×45 cm between hills. Within each spacing, three seeding rates were used i.e. 15, 25 and 35 seeds per hill. Grain yield and three of its components, namely; number of seeds per spike (NSS), number of spikes per plot (NSP) and seed weight (SW) were studied. It was concluded that both NSS and SW could be evaluated in hill plots. NSS was found to be an important component of grain yield and its relationship with grain yield was unaffected by plot types and locations. SW also remained unaffected by plot types and seeding rates but as a component of grain yield it was the least important of the three components measured. The correlation between SW and grain yield could be changed by locations. NSP was as important as NSS as a component of grain yield, and was highly correlated with grain yield. Unlike NSS, NSP could not be efficiently evaluated in hill plots since its correlation between row and hill plots was generally lower. 相似文献
11.
R. Prasad S. Singh S. N. Sharma C. P. Singh 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》1988,160(5):335-338
Grain yield and yield components were studied in wheat and barley grown in pure and 2:1,1 : 1 and 1 : 2 mixed stands (Wheat : barley row ratio) as well as a 1 : 1 seed blend mixture under dryland agriculture conditions of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. Wheat as well as barley produced significantly longer and more ears/m and higher grain yield in mixed stands than in their pure stands. The 2 : 1 wheat : barley mixed stand gave the highest grain yield; 35 % relative yield advantage over mid-monoculture yield. The 1 : 1 seed blend mixture was inferior to 1 : 1 (Wheat : barley row ratio) mixed stand. 相似文献
12.
高密度条件下行距配置对春玉米光合特性及产量的影响 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
为探明在9.0万株/hm2高密度种植条件下旱地春玉米最佳的株行距配置,采用随机区组设计,12个处理(DH1.等行距40.0 cm,DH2.等行距50.0 cm,DH3.等行距60.0 cm,DH4.等行距70.0 cm,DH5.等行距80.0 cm,DH6.等行距90.0 cm,KH1.宽窄行(53.3 cm+26.7 cm),KH2.宽窄行(66.7 cm+33.3 cm),KH3.宽窄行(80.0 cm+40.0 cm),KH4.宽窄行(93.3 cm+46.7 cm),KH5.宽窄行(106.7 cm+53.3 cm),KH6.宽窄行(120.0 cm+60.0 cm))。3次重复,研究了行距配置对郑单958在旱地春播情况下产量和群体光合特性的影响。结果表明,随着行距的缩小,穗位叶SPAD值、穗位叶净光合速率、叶面积指数(LAI)、PAR截获率、单株干物质积累量、籽粒产量均提高;其中,50.0 cm+50.0 cm和66.7 cm+33.3 cm配置2年平均籽粒产量较90.0 cm+90.0 cm和120.0 cm+60.0 cm配置的平均产量提高24.3%,除2013年DH6处理产量显著高于KH6处理外,其余等行距处理和宽窄行处理之间产量无显著性差异。高密度条件下山西省春玉米最佳行距配置为50.0 cm+50.0 cm和66.7 cm+33.3 cm。 相似文献
13.
为了探究膜下滴灌条件下西北旱区制种玉米高产节水最佳种植模式。通过田间小区试验,设置了9种宽窄行种植模式处理。窄行间距为30 cm(N30)和40 cm(N40),宽行间距分别为60 cm(W60)、70 cm(W70)、80 cm(W80)、90 cm(W90)和100 cm(W100),其中对于N40处理,没有设置宽行间距为100cm的处理,株距统一为15 cm。结果表明,窄行间距相同时,随着宽行间距增大,株高呈减小趋势、茎粗及叶面积指数呈增大趋势;相同种植密度下,窄行行间距为30cm时,其植株茎粗小、株高高;各处理生育期累计耗水量ET范围约为525.10~545.18 mm;从群体总体产量水平来看,在相同种植密度情况下,N30处理的总体产量水平高于N40处理。[结论]从稳定高产角度考虑,推荐当地膜下滴灌制种玉米种植模式为：窄行和宽行种植间距分别为30和70 cm。 相似文献
14.
冀中南夏玉米进一步高产核心技术研究 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
针对河北省中南部夏玉米区光热资源特点,提出了夏玉米"一小二高三晚"高产栽培思路,并进行了相关研究.其中"一小"指缩小种植行距;"二高"系选种高耐密、高经济系数品种;"三晚"即适当晚定苗保整齐度,晚追肥保穗粒数和千粒重,晚收获提高籽粒饱满度.研究结果表明,选种耐密性好、经济系数>0.53的品种;高密度50 cm左右小行距等行种植;5～6展叶期定苗;在一般施肥水平下,重施底N肥,大喇叭口期再追施N肥30%;宜于高产.延迟夏玉米收获期至10月初,可增产5%～10%;晚收不失为一项增加产量、提高光热水肥土资源利用率的有效措施. 相似文献
15.
The effects of four row spacings (17.5, 35.0, 52.5 and 70.0 cm) and five seeding rates (50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 viable seeds m?2) on seed yield and some yield components of forage turnip (Brassica rapa L.) were evaluated under rainfed conditions in Bursa, Turkey in the 1998–1999 and 1999–2000 growing seasons. Plant height, stem diameter, pods/terminal raceme, total pods/plant, seeds/pod and primary branches/plant were measured individually. The number of plants per unit area was counted and the lodging rate of the plots was scored. The seed yield and 1000‐seed weight were also determined. Row spacing and seeding rate significantly affected most yield components measured. The number of plants per unit area increased with increasing seeding rate and decreasing row spacing. Plant height was not greatly influenced by row spacing and seeding rate, but higher seeding rates reduced the number of primary branches and the stem diameter. The number of pods/main stem was affected by row spacing and but not by the seeding rate. Also, the number of seeds per pod was not affected by either the row spacing or the seeding rate. In contrast, the number of pods per plant clearly increased with increasing row spacing, but decreased with increasing seeding rate. The plots seeded at narrow row spacings and at high seeding rates were more sensitive to lodging. Seeding rate had no significant effect on seed yield in both years. Seed yield was similar at all seeding rates, averaging 1151 kg ha?1. However, row spacing was associated with seed yield. The highest seed yield (1409 kg ha?1) was obtained for the 35.0‐cm row spacing and 200 seeds m?2 seeding rate combination without serious lodging problems. 相似文献
16.
Three barley cultivars, Shyri, Clipper and Terán, with different levels of partial resistance to barley leaf rust, caused
by Puccinia hordei, were exposed to six levels of the pathogen. These levels were obtained by 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 and 0 fungicide (Propiconazol) applications
respectively and occurred every 15 days starting at 66 days after sowing. No application served as the control treatment.
There were three replicates. The six-row plots were surrounded by a row of a highly susceptible barley cultivar in which the
barley leaf rust arrived naturally in a fairly early plant stage. The disease severity was assessed five times with 15 days
intervals starting at 66 days after sowing. The yields were determined by harvesting the inner four rows of the plots.
An analysis of variance was carried out on the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) data and on the yield data. ‘Shyri’
was the least susceptible cultivar, ‘Terán’ the most. The percentage yield losses varied with the six levels of pathogen from
0 to 31.5% (‘Shyri’), from 0 to 46% (‘Clipper’) and from 0 to 63.5% (‘Terán’). The yield losses correlated strongly with the
AUDPC, the linear correlation coefficient being 0.97. The yield losses indicate the importance of the pathogen in Ecuador.
It also means that high levels of partial resistance are needed to prevent significant yield damage. 相似文献
17.
Nitrogen (N) fertilization with foliar urea and fungicide treatment at flag leaf emergence (GS 47) are common strategies to improve both grain yield and quality in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Mixing of urea and a fungicide, together, would save time in farm operations. In some cases, the effect of foliar sprayings of urea either alone or in combination with a fungicide may, however, give unexpected low response to grain yield and quality when compared to separate application of foliar urea and fungicide. This study was designated to provide more detailed information about the effects of late-season spraying of urea (15 kg N ha−1 as an aqueous solution of 110 g l−1 ) alone or mixed with fungicide (propiconazole, 125 g ha−1 ) on the grain yield and grain protein content of spring wheat. To avoid foliar injury or phytotoxic effect of foliar spray of urea, mixing of urea with propiconazole in warm growing conditions should be avoided. In turn, during cool and rainy growing season, a mixture of these two chemicals is recommended in order to improve rapid absorbtion of both propiconazole and foliar urea. However, the genotypic differences were recorded in response to propiconazole and urea sprayings. The positive effects on cultivars of these chemicals were attributed to high leaf photosynthesis rate after propiconazole and foliar urea treatment and high leaf urease enzyme activity after foliar urea application. 相似文献
18.
Effects of row spacing and liquid manure on directly drilled winter wheat in organic farming 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jürg Hiltbrunner Markus Liedgens Peter Stamp Bernhard Streit 《European Journal of Agronomy》2005,22(4):441-447
In the optimisation of grain yield and quality of wheat, plant distribution is a key factor. In contrast to high yield levels, at moderate levels, widening the row space did not decrease grain yield. To gain information about changes in the quality and yield with changing in row spacings in organic farming systems, experiments were conducted at two locations in the Swiss midlands in 2001/2002. Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Titlis) was directly drilled in rows 0.1875 and 0.3750 m apart at the same seeding rate per area. An unfertilised treatment and the usual application of 60 m3 ha−1 liquid farmyard manure were compared. While the grain yield was not decreased by the wider row spacing, the thousand kernel weight (TKW), and grain protein content were increased from 42.6 to 43.5 g and from 11.7 to 12.7%, respectively, compared to the narrow row spacing. Liquid manure, on average of both experimental sites, increased the yield (from 3.725 to 4.765 Mg ha−1) and the grain protein content (from 12.0 to 12.5%). Doubling the space between the rows from 0.1875 to 0.3750 m seemed to be a suitable strategy for managing directly drilled winter wheat in organic farming systems. 相似文献
19.
行距对棉花生长发育、产量及早熟性指数的影响的研究(英文) 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
棉花窄行密植生产是缩短棉花生长季节实现棉花早熟的主要举措,并且窄行密植对棉花的产量无显著影响。田间试验于2006年6月到2007年1月在巴基斯坦费萨拉巴德农业大学试验田进行,以确定行距对不同品系棉花的生长、生产和早熟性指数的影响。试验选取NIAB-111,CIM-496和FH-901 3个棉花品种,设置了60、75和90 cm 3种行距进行试验研究。结果表明:行距对棉花生长发育、产量和早熟性指数具有极显著影响;行距75 cm的处理产量最高达到2603 kg·hm-2,其次是行距60 cm的处理,产量为2541 kg·hm-2,但二者间差异不显著;行距60 cm的处理早熟性指数达到50.92%,显著大于其它处理;行距75 cm的处理次之。子棉产量最高的品种是FH-901,同时其早熟性指数也最高,达到54.34%。 相似文献
20.
The effect of fungicides and their combination on yield of barley under different nitrogen, slurry and tillage treatments was investigated at Hohenschulen Experimental Station near Kiel, Germany in 1991–97. Various fungicide treatments (no fungicide, and treatment with stem, leaf and ear fungicides and combinations of these), two nitrogen levels (120 and 240 kg N ha−1 ), two tillage systems (minimum and conventional tillage) and four slurry applications (no application, and autumn, spring and autumn plus spring applications) were used. On average, fungicide application increased barley yield by 1.1 t ha−1 . The fungicide treatments could be classified into four types: (1) fungicides against stem diseases, which slightly increased yield by 0.25 t ha−1 , very similar to the results for the untreated control; (2) leaf fungicides and ear fungicides applied separately, and fungicides against a combination of stem and leaf diseases, which increased yield by 1.0 t ha−1 on average; (3) fungicides against a combination of ear and stem diseases, which increased the yield by 1.22 t ha−1 , and (4) fungicides against a combination of leaf and ear diseases and a combination of stem, leaf and ear diseases, which increased yield by 1.59 t ha−1 on average. The effects of fungicide on the yield were modified by crop husbandry. It can be concluded that application of fungicides against a combination of leaf and ear diseases could increase barley yield and reduce yield variation. 相似文献