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组织培养技术在马铃薯良种繁育上的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
<正> 根据中原地区马铃薯生产上对无病毒种薯的需求及二季作地区无毒种薯的就地留种问题,1984～1985年利用组培技术,开展了脱毒种薯的快速繁殖研究,在脱毒苗的茎切段培养、脱毒苗继代一致性观察等方面,进行了摸索。材料与方法(一)材料：1983年12日,从中国农科院蔬菜所引入丰收白、白头翁及国际马玲薯研究中心的大西洋、旺西、中心25、海依洛无病毒试管苗。 相似文献
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1 前 言用脱毒马铃薯做种薯可增产 30 %以上 ,这是实践所证明的。然而 ,目前生产脱毒种薯的成本高 ,脱毒种薯的售价偏高 ,不仅制约了脱毒种薯的推广 ,而且因为种薯的使用年代长 ,导致脱毒种薯的优良性状再度退化。脱毒种薯的繁殖过程大体分为试管苗繁殖阶段 ,温室扦插剪切繁殖假植苗 ,生产微型薯阶段或移栽假植苗生产原原种阶段。在试管苗繁殖阶段 ,由于技术性较高 ,设备投资大 ,因此生产出的试管苗成本较高 ,这是造成脱毒种薯成本高的主要原因。在温室扦插剪切繁殖假植苗阶段 ,如果管理措施得当 ,就可以成倍地提高试管苗的剪切繁殖率。作… 相似文献
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提高马铃薯脱毒苗扦插成活率的关键技术 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
1 前 言脱毒苗扦插是生产马铃薯脱毒小薯的有效方法 ,全国各地马铃薯研究生产单位大多用这一方法生产 ,并取得了很好的效果 ,但是有些地方由于技术不过关 ,导致大量死苗 ,成活率很低 ,增加了脱毒小薯的生产成本 ,影响了推广应用的速度。究其原因是温度、湿度、光照、剪切方法等环节不配套造成的。作者在多年工厂化生产脱毒小薯的工作中 ,总结出一套提高马铃薯脱毒苗扦插成活率的经验 ,介绍如下。2 基质选择脱毒苗扦插对基质的要求不太严格 ,用蛭石、珍珠岩、棉籽皮、锯末、灰渣、森林土等都可以 ,但必须进行高温消毒 ,这样既有利于脱毒苗… 相似文献
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内蒙古西部区马铃薯脱毒种薯快速繁育的研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
内蒙古自治区是我国马铃薯重要的种薯生产基地，从７０年代初期开始研究脱毒种薯生产技术，８０代已在生产上大面积推广应用，增产效果极为显著。内蒙古农科院马铃薯小作物所在原有研究工作的基础上，在ＵＮＤＰ及农业部两项目的资助下，对脱毒小薯快速繁育的一些关键技术措施进行了系统的研究，现已研究出一套快速繁育脱上薯的生产技术；试管苗采用简化培养基切段快繁脱毒苗剪枝扦插快速育苗。基础苗以蛭石为基质采用Ａ２营养液４ｄ 相似文献
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<正> 1978年以来,我场在开展马铃薯脱毒种薯繁殖工作的同时,认真加强种薯的生产管理工作,有效地保证了脱毒种薯韵质量。一、加强基础建设脱毒种薯繁殖生产是一项技术性较强的工作。为实现脱毒种薯投入生产,我场从1978年开始,相继建成脱毒苗培养室、化验 相似文献
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Four commercial biocontrol formulations (Bacillus subtilis GB03, Burkholderia ambifaria type Wisconsin isolate J82, Trichoderma virens Gl-21, and Trichoderma harzianum strain T-22), a chemical seed treatment (thiophanate-methyl, mancozeb, and cymoxanil mixture, TMC), and a combination chemical/biological treatment, were compared with no-pathogen and pathogen-treated controls, and monitored in two field seasons in Maine for their effects on the development of Rhizoctonia disease of potato and soil microbial community characteristics. All treatments reduced the incidence and severity of stem canker (37–75% reduction) relative to the pathogen control over both years, with the best control provided by B. subtilis and the combination chemical/biological treatment (TMC/Bamb). Both bacterial treatments (B. subtilis and Bu. ambifaria) reduced severity of black scurf in both years, and T. virens reduced scurf in one year, with reductions of 11–20% relative to the pathogen control. Over both years, the B. subtilis, T. virens, and TMC/Bamb treatments increased total and marketable yield, and Bu. ambifaria increased marketable yield, by 11–15% relative to the pathogen control. Substantial populations of the added fungal agents, but not the bacteria, were detected in bulk soil at the end of the growing season. Biocontrol treatments also significantly (P < 0.05) affected soil microbial community characteristics, as assessed by single carbon source substrate utilization (SU) and whole soil fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles. Bacterial biocontrol treatments generally resulted in higher microbial activity and substrate utilization. Some effects on soil microbial communities were also observed the following spring (1 yr after application). This research indicates that biocontrol treatments can assist in the control of Rhizoctonia disease of potato, persist in soil to some degree, and have significant effects on soil microbial communities long after application. 相似文献
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Seyed Ali Asghar Fathi 《Crop Protection》2011,30(7):844-848
The psyllid Bactericera nigricornis (Forster) (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is one of the most important pests of potato, Solanum tuberosum L., in the Ardabil region, Iran. The use of host plant resistance is an essential component of the integrated management of B. nigricornis. In this study, we investigated the population density of B. nigricornis on four commercial cultivars of potato under field conditions and its life-history parameters under laboratory conditions. In field experiments, the lowest and highest densities of B. nigricornis were observed on cvs. Agria and Marfona, respectively. Population densities did not differ significantly between cvs. Kaiserkrone and Satina. In experiments on life-history parameters, the longest and shortest developmental times of nymphs were observed on cv. Agria (22.3 days) and cv. Marfona (18.2 days). The developmental time of nymphs on Kaiserkrone did not differ significantly from that on Satina. The lowest number of eggs laid per female (47.2) and the lowest survival rate (50%) were observed on Agria. The survival rate on Agria did not differ significantly from that on Kaiserkrone and Satina. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) and population growth rate (λ) were lowest on Agria and highest on Marfona. The generation time on Agria and Kaiserkrone was significantly longer than on Satina and Marfona. The doubling time (DT) was longest on Agria (15.9 days) and shortest on Marfona (11.8 days). Amongst the cultivars investigated, host plant resistance acted by decreasing the numbers of eggs laid per female, increasing the development time and reducing the survival rate of B. nigricornis, so decreasing population growth. Of the cultivars tested, Agria is the most resistant host and has potential for use in the integrated management of B. nigricornis on potato. 相似文献
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宿根甘蔗套种马铃薯宽窄行栽培技术研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为提高宿根甘蔗套种马铃薯经济效益,通过采用宽窄行种植、多种密度处理的方法,研究宿根甘蔗套种马铃薯中马铃薯密度与甘蔗产量和品质、马铃薯产量和商品率、土地复合产值和新增纯收入之间的关系。结果表明：在播幅为2.0 m的宿根甘蔗套种马铃薯宽窄行栽培中,当马铃薯密度达3.0万粒/hm2时,土地复合产值最高、经济效益最好,其中,马铃薯产量达28 600 kg/hm2,商品率达72.3％;甘蔗产量达168 000 kg/hm2,比纯种增16.2％;甘蔗糖锤度达19.9％,比纯种提高0.3个百分点;复合产值达135 985元/hm2,比甘蔗纯种增119.7％;新增纯收入122 905 元/hm2,比甘蔗纯种增151.8％。 相似文献
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Potato late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans is a devastating disease of potato worldwide. Most of the potato cultivars grown in conventional agriculture are susceptible, or at best moderately resistant, and require frequent applications of fungicides to avoid heavy yield losses.In field trials spanning four years, we have investigated the effect of potassium phosphite, an inorganic salt on potato late blight. Potassium phosphite is known to induce defence responses in potato and to also have direct toxic effects on oomycetes, which in turn counteract late blight and tuber blight development. However, the use of this salt is not yet implemented and approved in European potato cultivation. We compared the effect of phosphite alone with fungicides currently used in Swedish potato cultivation. We also investigated the combined use of potassium phosphite and reduced doses of fungicides. Table potato cultivars and starch potato cultivars with different levels of resistance were used.We found that potassium phosphite in combination with reduced doses of fungicides results in the same level of protection as treatments with the recommended full dose of fungicides. These combined treatments reduce the need of traditional fungicides and may also decrease the selection pressure for fungicide resistance development in the pathogen. In relatively resistant starch potato cultivars using phosphite alone gave sufficient protection against late blight. Furthermore, in starch potato a combination of phosphite and fungicides at two-week intervals provided similar protection to weekly applications of fungicide at the recommended dose. Foliar treatment with phosphite also gave protection against tuber blight at similar levels to that of the best-performing fungicide. Our data suggests that potassium phosphite could be used in potato cultivation in temperate regions such as in Sweden, at least in combinations with reduced rates of fungicides. The implementation of the use of phosphite in practical potato crop protection as part of an IPM strategy is discussed. Doses, intervals and combinations could be adjusted to the level of cultivar resistance. 相似文献
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储藏条件对马铃薯块茎肉质部分α-茄碱含量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究不同储藏条件下马铃薯块茎肉质部分α-茄碱的含量变化.在不同温度、光照、时间条件下储藏马铃薯,用乙醇-乙酸法提取马铃薯块茎肉质部分α-茄碱,用高效液相测定其含量.结果表明,在储藏温度为8、15、25℃条件下,样品中α-茄碱含量分别为0.9556％、3.923％、7.520％;在储藏时间为6、12、18 d条件下,样品中α-茄碱含量分别为3.923％、6.187％、9.257％;在有光照、无光照条件下样品中α-茄碱含量分别为7.520％、4.665％.马铃薯块茎肉质部分α-茄碱含量与储藏温度、时间呈正相关,光照对α-茄碱含量的影响显著.马铃薯应该在避光、低温条件下储藏并要控制储藏时间. 相似文献
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The efficacy of Chaetomium globosum as a biocontrol agent against the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans was evaluated in potato plants. Among eight Chaetomium isolates evaluated C. globosum isolate Cg-6 showed greater inhibition to mycelial growth of P. infestans in vitro. TLC studies showed that isolate Cg-6 produced an antibiotic called ‘Chaetomin’. Isolate Cg-6 showed greater exo- and endo-glucanase enzyme activity when compared to other isolates. PCR amplification of the ITS region and sequencing of the PCR product confirmed that isolate Cg-6 belongs to the C. globosum group. C. globosum Cg-6 was formulated as a liquid and applied as a tuber, soil and foliar treatment either individually or in combination against Phytophthora infection in potato plants. Among different treatments, combined application of C. globosum as a tuber treatment @ 1 ml/kg of tubers, as a soil application @ 1 ml/kg of Farm Yard Manure (FYM) and foliar spray @ 0.7% resulted in significantly less late blight infection (72%) compared to untreated control (100%) under field conditions. The application of C. globosum resulted in greater tuber yield by reducing late blight infection in two field trials when compared to untreated controls. The study clearly demonstrated the potential use of C. globosum as a biocontrol agent in the management of late blight disease in potato plants. 相似文献
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A. Kowalska 《Potato Research》1977,20(1):85-88
Summary Potato virus S produced minute local lesions on Red Kidney bean 5 days after inoculation. The number of lesions depended on
the virus isolate. 相似文献
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William W. Kirk Firas Abu-El Samen Pavani Tumbalam Phillip Wharton David Douches Christian A. Thill Asunta Thompson 《Potato Research》2009,52(2):121-140
Seed pieces of different potato cultivars and advanced breeding lines (ABLs) from north central US breeding programmes were
inoculated with different genotypes of Phytophthora infestans (US-1, US-1.7, US-8, US-11 and US-14). The effect of these genotypes of P. infestans on seed piece rot severity after re-storage was assessed using an image analysis technique. P. infestans genotypes demonstrated variable ability to cause seed piece rot and to reduce plant emergence measured as final plant stand
(%) and the relative area under the plant emergence curve (RAUEPC). The US-8 genotype of P. infestans was the most aggressive genotype, as indicated by tuber rot severity across all cultivars/ABLs tested, followed by US-14
in both years. The US-1, US-1.7 and US-11 genotypes were the least aggressive, causing only moderate seed piece rotting across
cultivars/ABLs tested. Similar trends were observed in two field experiments, where the US-8 and US-14 genotypes delayed or
reduced emergence. Values of final plant stand (%) and RAUEPC demonstrated that the cultivars/ABLs Atlantic, MSJ453-4Y and
Torridon were the least susceptible across all P. infestans genotypes. In both experiments cv. Pike was the most susceptible. Other cultivars/ABLs demonstrated variable responses to
different genotypes of P. infestans. No symptoms of P. infestans were observed on emerged plants up to 60 days after planting. The variability of susceptibility of tubers to different genotypes
of P. infestans has implications for plant breeding efforts in that the major emphasis in the past has been to breed for foliar resistance,
with limited emphasis on the reaction of the tuber. Results from this study suggest that highly aggressive genotypes of P. infestans such as US-8 may lead to severe tuber rotting and deterioration of tubers before emergence, but despite this observation
the US-8 genotype is still predominant in North America. 相似文献
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《Plant Production Science》2013,16(1):104-107
AbstractWe analyzed the yield characters of field-grown transgenic potato plants (Solanum tuberosum) carrying a maize gene for sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS), the key enzyme in sucrose synthesis. The SPS activity in the leaves of transgenic plants (line Ag1203) was 2 times that of the control (cv. May Queen). There was no difference in the photosynthetic CO2 uptake rates between Ag1203 and May Queen plants, and the leaf starch content of Ag1203 was lower. These observations indicate that the introduction of a foreign SPS gene improved the supply of photosynthate from source (leaves) to sink (tubers). Additionally, leaf senescence of the transgenic potato plants was delayed relative to that of May Queen. The average tuber weight and total yield of Ag1203 plants were at least 20% higher, and the tuber sucrose content, which is related to eating quality, was also higher. Increased translocation of photosynthate and longer period of photosynthetic activity in the leaves may have increased the yield of Ag1203. These results suggest that introduction of the SPS gene improved the yield characters and quality of potato tubers under field conditions. 相似文献