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1.
为了研究耕作措施对双序列轮作农田土壤温室气体的排放及影响, 采用CO2分析仪、静态箱 气相色谱法在陇中黄土高原半干旱区对传统耕作不覆盖、免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖和传统耕作+秸秆还田4种耕作措施下豆麦双序列轮作农田土壤温室气体(CO2、N2O和CH4)的排放及影响因素进行了连续测定和分析。结果表明: 测定期内4种耕作措施下农田土壤均表现为CO2源、N2O源和CH4净吸收汇; 除传统耕作不覆盖措施, 其他3种耕作措施不同程度地减少了2种轮作序列土壤的N2O排放通量, 并显著增加了土壤对CH4的吸收。CO2和N2O的排放通量分别与地表、地下5 cm处、地下10 cm处的土壤温度呈极显著和显著正相关关系, 相关系数分别为0.92**和0.89**、0.95**和0.91**、0.77*和0.62*; 而CH4吸收通量与不同地层的温度之间无明显的相关关系; CO2和CH4的通量与0~5 cm、5~10 cm的土壤含水量均呈显著正相关关系, 相关系数分别为0.69*和0.72*、0.77*和0.64*, 而与10~30 cm土壤含水量无明显相关关系; N2O排放通量与各层次的土壤含水量之间均呈不显著负相关关系。对2种轮作序列各处理下土壤中排放的3种温室气体的增温潜势计算综合得出: 4种耕作措施中, 免耕不覆盖处理可相对减少土壤温室气体的排放量, 进而降低温室效应。  相似文献   

2.
为了研究生物炭及秸秆还田对干旱区玉米农田温室气体通量的影响,以内蒙古科尔沁地区玉米农田为试验对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对分别施入生物炭0 t·hm-2（CK）、15 t·hm-2（C15）、30 t·hm-2（C30）、45 t·hm-2（C45）及秸秆还田（SNPK）的土壤进行温室气体（CO2、CH4和N2O）通量的原位观测,并估算生长季CH4和N2O的综合增温潜势（GWP）与排放强度（GHGI）。结果表明：添加生物炭能够显著减少土壤CO2和N2O的排放量,并促进土壤对CH4的吸收作用。其中处理C15对CO2的减排效果最好,与对照相比CO2排放量降低21.16%。随着施入生物炭量的增加,生物炭对N2O排放的抑制作用不断增强,处理C45对减排效果最好,与对照相比N2O排放量降低86.25%。处理C15对土壤吸收CH4的促进效果最好,CH4吸收量增加56.62%;处理C45对CH4的排放有促进作用,使生长季土壤吸收CH4减少81.36%。SNPK对温室气体的减排作用接近处理C15。添加生物炭和秸秆还田对提高玉米产量和降低农田GWP与GHGI均有显著效果,施用生物炭及秸秆还田均有效提高了科尔沁地区的玉米产量,且玉米产量随着施入生物炭含量的增大而提升。从GWP上来看,施用15 t·hm-2生物炭对温室气体减排的整体效果最好。从GHGI上来看,施用生物炭及秸秆还田均具有一定的经济效益和减排意义,其中施用15 t·hm-2生物炭的综合效益最高。因此综合经济效益与环境因素,建议科尔沁地区农田在种植玉米时添加15 t·hm-2生物炭,如不具备购买生物炭条件,可以考虑秸秆还田来实现玉米增产与温室气体减排。  相似文献   

3.
气候变化是当今全球面临的重大挑战, 人类社会生产生活引起的温室气体排放是全球气候变暖的主要原因。大气中CO2、CH4 和N2O 是最重要的温室气体, 对温室效应的贡献率占了近80%。据估计, 大气中每年有5%~20%的CO2、15%~30%的CH4、80%~90%的N2O 来源于土壤, 而农田土壤是温室气体的重要排放源。本文重点阐述了农田土壤温室气体产生、排放或吸收机理及其影响因素, 指出土地利用方式和农业生产力水平等人为控制因素通过影响土壤和作物生长条件来影响农田土壤温室气体产生与排放或吸收。所以, 我们可以从人类活动对农田生态系统的影响着手, 通过改善农业生产方式和作物生长条件来探索温室气体减排措施, 达到固碳/氮增汇的目的。对国内外关于农田温室气体排放的源/汇强度及其综合温室效应评估的最新研究进展进行了综述, 指出正确估算与评价农田土壤温室气体的源/汇强度及其对大气中主要温室气体浓度变化的贡献, 有助于为温室气体减排以及减少气候变化预测的不确定性提供理论依据。  相似文献   

4.
探讨有机物料还田对冬小麦田温室气体排放特性的影响,对提高经济效应和环境效应有积极意义。本研究应用静态箱-气相色谱法对秸秆还田（J）、秸秆还田+牛粪（JF）和秸秆还田+菌渣（JZ）3种有机物料还田下分别施氮肥243 kg （N）·hm-2（减氮10%,N1）、216 kg （N）·hm-2（减氮20%,N2）对冬小麦农田N2O、CO2和CH4的排放通量进行监测,探讨了不同施肥措施对麦田温室气体累积排放量、增温潜势的影响。试验期间同步记录每项农事活动机械燃油量、施肥量和灌溉量,测定产量,地上部生物量,估算农田碳截留。结果表明,冬小麦农田土壤N2O和CO2是排放源,是CH4的吸收汇,氮肥施入、灌溉以及强降水促进了土壤N2O和CO2的生成,却弱化了CH4作为大气吸收汇的特征。牛粪+秸秆（JF）处理N2O和CO2排放总量最高,分别为3.5 kg （N2O-N）·hm-2和19 689.67 kg （CO2-C）·hm-2,但CH4的吸收值最大,为5.33 kg （CH4-C）·hm-2,均显著高于菌渣+秸秆（JZ）和秸秆（J）处理（P<0.05）;各处理N2O和CO2的总量随施氮量的增加呈升高趋势,CH4的总量随施氮量的增加而呈降低趋势。JFN2、JN2和JZN2处理农田综合增温潜势（GWP）均为负值,表明有机物料还田且减氮20%条件下农田生态系统为大气的碳汇,麦季净截留碳1 038~2 024 kg·hm-2,其他处理GWP值均为正。JZN2处理小麦产量为8 061 kg·hm-2,显著高于JFN2处理（P<0.05）。综上所述,JZN2处理不仅能够保证小麦产量,且对环境效应最有利,为本区域冬小麦较优的施肥管理模式。  相似文献   

5.
淡水湿地不同围垦土壤非耕季节呼吸速率差异   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
选择何种湿地利用方式,使得土壤固碳能力及CO2气体排放受到的影响最小,是合理利用湿地、减少温室气体排放的关键所在,湿地土壤呼吸不仅受环境条件的影响,还受土壤本身性状的影响。以皖江地区为研究区域,利用定位试验对天然湿地及不同围垦利用方式下土壤在非耕季节CO2排放通量、大气温度及表层土壤温度进行测定,并对其土壤TOC含量进行分析。结果表明,CO2排放通量:水稻田[700.70 mg/(m2·h)]> 旱地[433.80 mg/(m2·h)]> 天然湿地[302.66 mg/(m2·h)],天然湿地土壤TOC含量明显高于围垦旱地及水稻田(0-30 cm),说明天然湿地较围垦旱地和水稻田对大气中CO2浓度贡献最小,能存储更多的碳。探讨了CO2排放通量与温度的相关性,得出3种土壤类型CO2排放通量与大气温度和表层土壤温度均呈正相关关系。  相似文献   

6.
减量施氮与大豆间作对蔗田土壤温室气体排放的影响   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
采用静态箱 气相色谱法对常规施氮(N2, 525 kg·hm-2)y和减量施氮(N1, 300 kg·hm-2)处理下甘蔗与大豆按行数比1∶1(SB1)和1∶2(SB2)间作、甘蔗单作(MS)、大豆单作(MB)种植模式下蔗田土壤CO2、N2O、CH4排放通量及土地当量比(LER)进行观测和对比分析, 以探讨不同间作模式及施氮水平下甘蔗//大豆间作农田土壤温室气体排放的动态变化规律及对作物产量的影响, 为制定农田温室气体减排措施提供合理的依据。研究结果表明, 减量施氮处理甘蔗//大豆(1∶2)间作模式(SB2-N1)农田土壤CO2排放总量较甘蔗单作(MS)显著降低35.58%, N2O累积排放总量较甘蔗单作降低56.36%, CH4累积排放总量较甘蔗单作升高7.02%; 不同种植模式和施氮处理蔗田土壤均表现为CO2和N2O的排放源, CH4吸收汇, 追施氮肥后土壤对CH4的吸收速率降低, 但CO2和N2O的排放速率增加。MS-N1、SB1-N1、SB2-N1、MS-N2、SB1-N2、SB2-N2和MB处理土壤CO2年累积排放总量(kg·hm-2·a-1)分别为5 096.89、6 422.69、3 283.20、4 103.29、4 475.84、4 775.31和4 780.35, 土壤N2O年累积排放总量(kg·hm-2·a-1)分别为4.61、5.11、2.15、3.13、3.72、5.60和3.11, 土壤CH4年累积排放总量(kg·hm-2·a-1)分别为 13.68、 21.78、 12.72、 5.53、 11.36、 4.77和 9.97。甘蔗//大豆间作系统2009-2012年土地当量比(LER)均大于1, 且减量施氮水平下, 甘蔗//大豆(1∶2)间作模式优势最明显。  相似文献   

7.
通过设置在甘肃省定西市李家堡镇的不同耕作措施试验, 利用CO2分析仪、静态箱-气相色谱法对双序列轮作次序下春小麦地、豌豆地生育期内CO2、CH4和N2O通量进行了测定。试验结果表明: 4种耕作措施下春小麦地和豌豆地在生育期内均表现为CO2源、N2O源和CH4汇的功能。传统耕作不覆盖、免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖和传统耕作结合秸秆还田下, 春小麦生育期内平均土壤CO2通量(μmol·m-2·s-1)分别为0.203 6、0.221 2、0.241 8、0.224 9, CH4通量(mg·m-2·h-1)分别为-0.041 6、-0.078 0、-0.081 8、-0.053 7, N2O通量(mg·m-2·h-1)分别为0.089 1、0.069 2、0.046 1、0.065 6; 豌豆生育期内平均土壤CO2通量(μmol·m-2·s-1)分别为0.273 6、0.261 6、0.218 1、0.236 0, CH4通量(mg·m-2·h-1)分别为-0.055 0、-0.073 7、-0.066 2、-0.054 5, N2O通量(mg·m-2·h-1)分别为0.123 4、0.084 7、0.080 6、0.035 0。少免耕及小麦秸秆覆盖有利于减少土壤CO2排放通量, 免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖及传统耕作结合秸秆还田均能不同程度地增加CH4吸收通量、减少N2O排放通量。综合来看, 免耕不覆盖、免耕秸秆覆盖和传统耕作结合秸秆还田3种保护性耕作措施有助于减少土壤温室气体的排放量。春小麦地CO2通量随着土壤温度、土壤含水量的逐渐升高而增大; CH4吸收通量随着土壤含水量的逐渐升高而增大, 而随着土壤温度的逐渐升高而减小。豌豆地CO2通量的变化与土壤含水量存在极显著正相关关系; 而春小麦地N2O通量则与平均土壤温度呈显著正相关, 豌豆地则为极显著正相关。  相似文献   

8.
王强盛  刘欣  许国春  余坤龙  张慧 《土壤》2023,55(6):1279-1288
稻田是大气温室气体甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)的重要排放源, 稻田温室气体减排一直是生态农业研究的热点。目前, 采用水稻品种选择利用、水分控制管理、肥料运筹管理、耕作制度调整以及种养结合模式等方法来减少稻田温室气体排放有较好实践效应, 但不同稻田栽培环境(露地、网室)基础上的稻鸭共作对麦秸全量还田的稻田温室气体排放特征及相关土壤理化特性关联性的影响尚为少见。本研究采用裂区设计, 在两种栽培环境条件下, 以无鸭子放养的常规稻作和麦秸不还田为对照, 在等养分条件下分析麦秸全量还田与稻鸭共作模式对稻田土壤氧化还原电位、CH4排放量、产CH4潜力及CH4氧化能力、N2O排放量及N2O排放高峰期土壤反硝化酶活性、全球增温潜势、水稻产量的影响, 为稻田可持续生产和温室气体减排提供参考。结果表明, 麦秆还田增加了稻田产CH4潜力、提高了CH4排放量, 降低了稻田土壤反硝化酶活性、土壤氧化还原电位和N2O排放量, 整体上导致全球增温潜势上升96.89%~123.02%; 稻鸭共作模式, 由于鸭子的不间断活动提高了稻田土壤氧化还原电位, 降低了稻田产CH4潜力, 增强了稻田CH4氧化能力, 从而降低稻田CH4排放量, N2O排放量虽有提高, 整体上稻鸭共作模式的全球增温潜势较无鸭常规稻田下降8.72%~14.18%; 网室栽培模式显著提高了稻田土壤氧化还原电位, 降低稻田产CH4潜力、CH4氧化能力和土壤反硝化酶活性, 减少了稻田CH4和N2O排放量, 全球增温潜势降低6.35%~13.14%。本试验条件下, 稻田土壤的CH4氧化能力是产CH4潜力的2.21~3.81倍; 相同环境条件下, 稻鸭共作和麦秸还田均能增加水稻实际产量, 网室栽培的所有处理较相应的露地栽培减少了水稻实际产量1.19%~5.48%。本试验表明, 稻鸭共作和网室栽培可减缓全球增温潜势, 稻鸭共作和麦秸还田能够增加水稻实际产量。  相似文献   

9.
开展大气CO2 浓度升高对华北夏玉米地温室气体排放的影响可为未来气候变化下农业温室气体减排提供依据。研究基于已稳定运行10 年的华北典型一年两季自由大气CO2 富集平台进行,于 2017 年设置2 个处理,即常规浓度CO2(aCO2,平均400 μmol·mol-1)和高浓度CO2(eCO2,550 μmol·mol-1),2018 年在不同CO2 浓度下增设低氮(LN)和高氮(HN)水平下的不同CO2 浓度处理(即aCO2-LN、aCO2-HN、eCO2-LN、eCO2-HN)开展试验,监测和分析不同处理下土壤CO2 及N2O 排放通量特征,结合土壤硝化潜势和反硝化潜势测定解析N2O排放量变化的可能原因。结果表明,eCO2 下夏玉米生育期农田N2O 和CO2 累积排放量分别比aCO2 下显著增加45.5% ～ 65.9% 和16.7% ～ 19.2%;N2O 排放增加主要发生在施肥、灌溉和降雨后,而土壤CO2 在玉米营养生长期排放量较高。eCO2 条件下土壤硝化潜势和反硝化潜势分别比aCO2 下提高了36.4% 和59.0%,对土壤N2O 排放有贡献潜力。eCO2 下,N2O 减排需结合排放机理采取合理的田间管理和水肥调控措施。  相似文献   

10.
温室气体及其生态效应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
研竞分析了CO2、CH4、N2O、SO2、CFCs等主要温室气体的生态效应,结果表明其生态效应与其性质及浓度有关,提出了缓解温室气体释放的有效对策。  相似文献   

11.
The absorption and transport of Na and Cl from 0.1 mM and 10 mM 22Na labelled NaCl or 36Cl labelled KCl were examined in 15 days old seedlings of 3 cultivars of rice differing in their tolerance to salinity. Furthermore, the effects of 10, 100 and 1000 ppm (N)2S on their uptake were studied. It was found that in general, the salt‐tolerant cultivars BR and PNL‐1 absorbed more Na and translocated a lesser proportion of it to the shoot, compared to the salt‐sensitive IR‐8, from 0.1 mM NaCl. The presence of (N)2S reduced the uptake of Na in all the cultivars. It was also found that the presence of 100 ppm K, KN or NNreduced Na absorption from 0.1 mM NaCl significantly in all the cultivars, and the translocation to shoot in BR‐ Chloride transport from 0.1 mM NaCl was reduced by (N)2S in all the cultivars. The 3 cultivars differed significantly in the rates of absorption and transport of Na and Cl. The results indicate that PNL‐1 which is a cross of IR‐8 X BR, has inherited the salt tolerance trait from BR. Lower rates of Na translocation to the shoot can be used as an index of salt tolerance in rice.  相似文献   

12.
我国酸性硫酸盐土壤中铁锰形态转化及迁移   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
刘兆辉  王遵亲 《土壤学报》1994,31(4):376-384
酸性硫酸盐土壤酸性很强，有机质含量高，造成了这种土壤所特有的铁锰淋洗、转化和迁移规律。研究结果表明：在酸性硫酸盐土壤中全铁含量较低，一般在３５－５０ｇ／ｋｇ（以Ｆｅ２Ｏ３计），全锰含量也低，一般在０．２５－０．５５ｇ／ｋｇ（以ＭｎＯ计），一般滩涂中全铁大于６０ｇ／ｋｇ，全锰大于１ｇ／ｋｇ。酸性硫酸盐土壤中，铁的游离度较小，一般在３７－７０％，铁的活化度较大，一般在８－２０％，而滩涂中铁的游离度一般  相似文献   

13.
Recently conventional chemical analyses were mostly replaced by instrumental analysis. Although results from both methods were examined in details after the samples had been solubilized or extracted by appropriate techniques, the solubilization method was considerably altered so as to be convenient for the following analysis. In atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), for example, fusion technique was mostly inadequate because of the higher salts concentration in the obtained solution. The use of H2SO4 must also be avoided in acid digestion for SO4 2- precipitates with Sr2+ or La3+ which must be added to eliminate interferences in the succeeding procedure. Therefore, it is essential to consider the whole scheme including sample treatments to evaluate the suitability of instrumental analysis. In this experiment, the suitability of the methods which have been employed in our laboratory was examined by analyzing 9 rock standards.  相似文献   

14.
We examined the potential of a subsoil to denitrify nitrate under optimal anaerobic conditions in a laboratory-based incubation when supplied with a range of C substrates of increasing recalcitrance. Both topsoil and its associated subsoil were supplied with nitrate and either glucose, starch or cellulose. Microbial respiration and the evolution of N2O and N2 were measured. The subsoil supported low amounts of microbial activity and responded only to the glucose treatment; with less than one-fifth of the N2O production measured in the top soil. Overall, our findings demonstrated that the denitrification potential of this particular subsoil is relatively low and that only simple carbohydrates could be utilised readily by the resident microorganisms.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

The availability of soil Mn to corn in relation to extractability of soil Mn by EDTA, Mg(NO3)2, CH3COONH4, hydroquinone, H3PO4, and NH4H2PO4 as affected by liming was evaluated under field conditions on a single soil type. EDTA, Mg(NO3)2 and CH3COONH4‐extractable Mn were related inversely to available Mn. No useful relationships were found between hydroquinone, H3PO4, and NH4H2PO4‐extractable soil Mn and Mn uptake by sweet corn.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

Forest fires can change the greenhouse gase (GHG) flux of borea forest soils. We measured carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes with different burn histories in black spruce (Picea mariana) stands in interior Alaska. The control forest (CF) burned in 1920; partially burned (PB) in 1999; and severely burned (SB1 and SB2) in 2004. The thickness of the organic layer was 22 ± 6 cm at CF, 28 ± 10 cm at PB, 12 ± 6 cm at SB1 and 4 ± 2 cm at SB2. The mean soil temperature during CO2 flux measurement was 8.9 ± 3.1, 6.4 ± 2.1, 5.9 ± 3.4 and 5.0 ± 2.4°C at SB2, SB1, PB and CF, respectively, and differed significantly among the sites (P < 0.01). The mean CO2 flux was highest at PB (128 ± 85 mg CO2-C m?2 h?1) and lowest at SB1 (47 ± 19 mg CO2-C m?2 h?1) (P < 0.01), and within each site it was positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.01). The CO2 flux at SB2 was lower than that at CF when the soil temperature was high. We attributed the low CO2 flux at SB1 and SB2 to low root respiration and organic matter decomposition rates due to the 2004 fire. The CH4 uptake rate was highest at SB1 [–91 ± 21 μg CH4-C m?2 h?1] (P < 0.01) and positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.01) but not soil moisture. The CH4 uptake rate increased with increasing soil temperature because methanotroph activity increased. The N2O flux was highest [3.6 ± 4.7 μg N2O-N m?2 h?1] at PB (P < 0.01). Our findings suggest that the soil temperature and moisture are important factors of GHG dynamics in forest soils with different fire history.  相似文献   

17.
The emission of acidifying compounds to air in the Netherlands, expressed as acidifying equivalents, consisted in 1992 mainly of NOX (45%), NH3 (35%) and SO2 (20%). Transportation, agriculture and large combustion plants each contributed about 30% to the national total emission of acidifying compounds. The emissions from transportation activities mainly consisted of NOX, while in agriculture NH3 emission strongly dominated. Combustion processes in large combustion plants resulted both in SO2 emissions (especially from refineries) and NOX emissions (especially from public power plants). The total emission of acidifying substances decreases steadily in the Netherlands. The emission in 1992 was 24% lower than in 1985. It is expected to decrease further in future. The emission levels in 1992 and 1993 still are more than twice as high as the emission objective for the year 2000, set by Dutch environmental policy.  相似文献   

18.
The mechanism of SO2 inhibition of photosynthesis in intact leaves of tomato and maze was studied to evaluate SO2 inhibition of photorespiration. Leaf tissues were fumigated with SO2 under photorespiratory (low CO, and/or high O, concentrations) and non-photo-respiratory conditions. When tomato leaf disks were fumigated with 10 ppm SO2 at 2, 21 and 100° o O., SO2 inhibited photosynthesis at 2% O2 in the same degrees as at 21% O2. SO2 inhibition of photosynthesis was depressed at higher CO2 concentrations when the disks were fumigated with SO2 at different CO2 concentrations. High CO2 concentrations also reduced the photosynthesis inhibition of maize leaf disks. These results suggest that SO2 inhibits photosynthesis through other mechanisms than photorespiration inhibition and confirm the view that SO2 competes with CO2 for the carboxylating enzymes in photosynthesis  相似文献   

19.
本文研究水热条件渐变的地带性土壤中Ｇ１、Ｇ２组胶散复合体有机、无机物的化学组成及其结合特点。结果表明：Ｇ２组中铁有积累现象，游离态铁、铝氧化物含量为Ｇ２＞Ｇ１，但均随土壤类型变化。松结态腐殖质（Ｈ１）为Ｇ１＞Ｇ２，紧结态腐殖质（Ｈ３）则为Ｇ１＜Ｇ２。可提取腐殖质中，松、稳结态腐殖质之比值Ｈ１／Ｈ２和胡敏酸、富里酸之比值ＨＡ／ＦＡ，除个别土壤之外，都相关不大。Ｇ１、Ｇ２两组复合体中都含有一定数量的络  相似文献   

20.
In the C2H2-C2H4 assay for measurement of heterotrophic N2 fixation in water-logged soils, the diffusion of C2H2 into the soil and the recovery of C2H4 from it are critical factors regulating the assay result. To establish an C2H2-C2H4 assay technique suitable for waterlogged soils, the C2H2-reducing activities (ARA), assayed by varying the method of assay gas filling, the pC2H2 of the assay gas, the duration of assay incubation and of soil vibration before the gas sampling, were compared.

A maximum ARA was measured when the following set of procedures were applied to the soil sample in assay flasks: 1) a 4-fold repetition of I-min evacuation under 0.01 atmospheric pressure and the subsequent I-min filling under 1 atmospheric pressure with assay gas at pC2H2 of 0.1 atm, 2) an assay incubation for 3 hr, and 3) a sampling of an aliquot of the headspace gas after strongly vibrating the flask for 1 min.

The ARA measured by this technique was several times larger than those measured by the techniques hitherto applied, and corresponded to an almost 80% of the V max of the sample. This technique was, therefore, proposed for the assay of heterotrophic N2 fixation in waterlogged soils.

A striking depression of ARA in the soil sample prepared with agitation indicated that a microbial ecosystem established in the soil should be kept as undisturbed as possible throughout the C2H2-C2H4 assay.  相似文献   

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