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1.
明确高效氯氟氰菊酯在番木瓜上施用后的残留降解情况及可能产生的膳食暴露风险,为制定高效氯氟氰菊酯在番木瓜上的最大残留限量及其科学使用提供依据。本研究通过开展规范的田间残留试验,检测了番木瓜中高效氯氟氰菊酯的残留量,评估了高效氯氟氰菊酯对我国各消费人群的长期和短期膳食摄入风险。研究结果表明,在番木瓜中分别添加0.02、0.05、 0.1 mg/kg 3个浓度水平的高效氯氟氰菊酯,其平均回收率为98.64%～101.05%,相对标准偏差为2.51%～9.63%。25g/L高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油以6.25 mg a.i./kg的剂量在番木瓜上喷雾施用1次,施药后21、 28 d,在番木瓜中高效氯氟氰菊酯的最终残留量分别为7.31、 4.13μg/kg。基于国际和我国膳食消费数据的长期膳食摄入风险评估结果表明,高效氯氟氰菊酯在不同人群中的慢性风险商分别为0.000 3%～0.021 1%和60.25%;短期膳食暴露风险评估结果表明,高效氯氟氰菊酯在不同人群中的急性风险商为1.14%～4.50%。综上,在番木瓜上使用25 g/L高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油,不会对我国不同年龄段消费者的健康产生不可接受的风险。 相似文献
2.
通过对华北某市猪肉中地塞米松兽药的残留监测,分析猪肉中地塞米松的残留水平,并评估其残留风险。试验采集500份猪肉样品,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法对样品中地塞米松进行残留监测,并结合2015年我国居民膳食调查数据,使用专业风险评估软件@Risk,尝试构建非参数概率评估模型,对猪肉中地塞米松进行风险评估。结果显示,检测的猪肉中无超过国家限量标准(0.75g/kg)样品,含量范围为ND^0.38μg/kg(检出限为0.20μg/kg)。地塞米松兽药P99.5的暴露量EDI占ADI风险商HQ范围为0.0224~0.0635,远远<1,处于非常安全水平。结果表明,人群摄食动物性食品猪肉中的地塞米松兽药残留膳食性暴露风险较低,对人群不会产生不良作用。 相似文献
3.
为研究氟吗啉在辣椒中的残留消解情况及对居民的膳食摄入风险,本文采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定氟吗啉在辣椒上的残留量,分析其消解动态规律。结果显示,氟吗啉在辣椒中的消解动态符合一级反应动力学方程,在浙江和湖南2个试验点的半衰期分别为3.4、4.1 d。氟吗啉在辣椒中的长期膳食摄入风险商为0.0138%;在所有登记作物中的总膳食摄入风险商为4.7219%。膳食风险评估结果表明,氟吗啉在辣椒中的残留对人群膳食风险在可接受范围内,按照推荐使用剂量、喷药次数及安全间隔期在辣椒上施用50%锰锌-氟吗啉可湿性粉剂,辣椒中的氟吗啉残留不会影响我国居民身体健康。 相似文献
4.
采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法,研究了矮壮素在茭白、茭白植株中的残留分析及消解动态,并对我国不同人群的急性膳食摄入风险进行了评估。茭白、茭白植株样品采用乙腈提取,乙二胺-N-丙基吸附剂净化,电喷雾正离子反应监测模式监测。结果表明,在0.000 5～0.5 mg/L范围内,矮壮素的质量浓度与对应的峰面积呈良好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.998,方法检出限和定量限分别为0.000 1 mg/kg和0.005 mg/kg。在0.005、 0.05和0.5 mg/kg添加水平下,矮壮素在茭白植株和茭白中的平均回收率为82%～97%,相对标准偏差为3.2%～7.1%。所用方法灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合检测要求。消解动态结果表明,矮壮素在茭白植株上的消解速率符合一级动力学方程,半衰期为2.7 d。根据急性膳食风险评估结果显示,采样间隔期为7、 14、 21d时茭白中矮壮素残留浓度对我国不同人群的急性膳食风险均在可接受范围内。 相似文献
5.
采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱方法研究了戊唑醇在猕猴桃中的消解动态及最终残留水平,并对我国不同人群的长期膳食摄入风险进行了评估。在0.01、0.10、1.00和2.00 mg/kg添加水平下,戊唑醇在猕猴桃中的平均回收率为89%~114%,相对标准偏差范围为0.6%~8.2%,定量限为0.01 mg/kg。消解动态结果表明,戊唑醇在猕猴桃上的消解速率符合一级反应动力学方程,半衰期为2.6~6.3 d。在安全间隔期14 d时,猕猴桃中戊唑醇残留中值为0.510 mg/kg,结合我国戊唑醇登记情况和居民膳食结构,计算得到一般人群戊唑醇的估算日摄入量是0.38748 mg,占ADI的20.5%。不同年龄段人群中长期膳食摄入风险随年龄的升高呈下降趋势。25%戊唑醇可湿性粉剂按有效成分62.5~100 mg/kg剂量,施药2次,安全间隔期为14 d时,戊唑醇在猕猴桃中的残留不会对我国不同年龄段人群健康产生不可接受的风险。 相似文献
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7.
苹果中乙撑硫脲膳食摄入风险的非参数概率评估 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为明确国产苹果中乙撑硫脲残留水平及量化中国居民乙撑硫脲膳食摄入风险。基于渤海湾(辽宁、山东、河北)和西北黄土高原(陕西、山西、河南)两大苹果优势主产区采集的282份苹果样品,运用专业风险评估软件@Risk,尝试构建非参数概率评估模型,对中国居民乙撑硫脲膳食摄入风险进行概率评估。结果表明:参试的282份苹果样品,乙撑硫脲检出率为80.9%,残留量均值为6.1μg/kg,最高残留量为74.1μg/kg,绝大多数苹果样品(占90.4%)乙撑硫脲残留量10.0μg/kg。282份苹果样品中乙撑硫脲残留量的离散程度较大(变异系数达134.6%),不同省份变异系数排序,陕西(150.7%)辽宁(146.8%)河北(91.2%)山东(88.1%)河南(54.9%)山西(51.8%)。不同年龄组人群膳食摄入风险存在明显差异,幼儿(2~6岁)和儿童(7~13岁)乙撑硫脲膳食摄入风险均明显高于青少年(14~17岁)和成年(18~59岁),为重点监控对象。总体而言,不同年龄组人群乙撑硫脲膳食摄入风险均很低,其中慢性膳食摄入风险介于0.35%~13.12%,急性膳食摄入风险介于0.22%~3.94%,均远低于100%;不同省份和不同主产区苹果乙撑硫脲膳食摄入风险虽存在明显差异,但均远低于100%,不同省份和不同主产区苹果乙撑硫脲膳食摄入风险也是可以接受的。基于最大残留限量估计值(estimate maximum residue limit,e MRL),建议中国苹果中乙撑硫脲最大残留限量值设为0.2 mg/kg。本研究可为苹果质量安全监管和今后系统开展果品质量安全风险评估提供有益借鉴和参考。 相似文献
8.
为考察中国花生中镉元素含量水平及地区、品系间的差异,对其膳食暴露风险进行评估,2009、2010年在安徽等13个花生主产省对多个品系抽样检测了2578份花生样品,结合中国居民4个消费人群及其亚群的花生消费量与体重信息,采用非参数概率方法对花生镉的膳食暴露量进行了估计。镉含量采用原子吸收分光光度计TAS-986（G）测定,最低检测限（LOD）为0.0001mg·kg-1,定量限（LOQ）为0.0003mg·kg-1。检测结果表明,花生镉元素的平均含量为0.1634mg·kg-1,仅有2.4%的样品镉含量超出最高限量（ML,0.5mg·kg-1）;各省花生中镉含量的差异不明显,不同年份、品系间及品系内的镉含量存在一定差异。将膳食暴露评估结果比照JECFA推荐的暂定每月耐受摄入量（PTMI）25μg·（kg·bw）-1,花生镉的膳食暴露风险总体轻微。一般消费水平下,人群的暴露量远低于PTMI值;高消费水平下,人群中有5%的个体暴露量接近或超过PTMI值,有一定潜在风险。 相似文献
9.
为评价我国市售富硒大米中硒含量及其膳食暴露风险,于全国各地超市采集43个富硒大米样品,明确其中的硒含量水平及其对膳食安全带来的风险,采用非参数概率型评估方法分别对所研究的富硒大米中硒的摄入量进行估计,计算来自富硒大米的硒膳食暴露风险指数以分析其对消费者的风险水平。结果表明,富硒大米中硒含量范围为0.022~0.880mg/kg,平均值为0.160mg/kg,其中仅有48.6%的样品符合富硒大米国家标准;不同人群经食用富硒大米的硒摄入量呈现出一定的年龄和性别差异;以硒耐受上限为评价标准,硒摄入风险均较低;若以硒适宜膳食摄入量为标准,2~7岁年龄段人群的硒摄入风险极低,而7岁以上人群有过量摄入的风险。因此食用本文所研究的富硒大米对消费者相对安全,但应得到适当监控。 相似文献
10.
《农产品质量与安全》2014,(4):79-79
日本近日发出通报．日本厚生劳动省修订杀虫剂唑螨酯（fenpyroximate）的最大残留限量。在甜菜、洋葱、大蒜、芦笋、胡萝卜等蔬菜中，吡唑螨的最大残留限量为0．02mg／kg：在奇异果、胡桃、杏仁、栗子等坚果中．唑螨酯的最大残留限量为0．05mg／kg：在牛、猪的肌肉、肝、肾等可食用组织中．唑螨酯的最大残留限量为0．01mg／kg。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
15.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
16.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
19.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献