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1.
A field experiment was conducted during 2008 and 2009 at the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India, to study the effect of organic sources of nutrient on yield, nutrient uptake, fertility status of soil, and quality of stevia crop in the western Himalayan region. The experiment comprised eight different combinations of organic manure [farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost (VC), and apple pomace manure (AP)]. Total leaf dry biomass increased by 149% over the control with application of VC 1.5 t ha?1 + AP 5 t ha?1. Application of organic manures enhanced organic carbon and available nutrient status of soil more than the control. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) content in stem were significantly affected by the application of organic manures over the control. Stevia plants supplied with FYM 10 t ha?1 + AP 2.5 t ha?1 recorded more total glycoside than other treatments. Stevioside yield (kg ha?1) was greater with application of FYM 10 t ha?1 + AP 2.5 t ha?1.  相似文献   

2.
Effect of integrated use of mycorrhiza, lime, inorganic fertilizers, and organic manures on microbial activities and yield performance of yam bean (Pachyrhizus erosus L.) was studied for two consecutive kharif (rainy) seasons during 2013–14 and 2014–15 in an acid Alfisol. The experiment was laid out with 16 treatments consisting of graded doses of soil test–based nitrogen, phosphors, and potassium (NPK); lime; mycorrhiza; organic sources, that is, farmyard manure (FYM), vermicompost, and green manure; secondary magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and micronutrients zinc sulfate (ZnSO4 and borax). Significantly highest mean tuber yield (29.61 t ha?1) was recorded due to integrated application of lime + FYM + NPK + ZnSO4. Graded doses of NPK showed a mean yield response of 65%, 134%, and 191% due to addition of 50%, 100%, and 150% of NPK over control, respectively. Inoculation of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) combined with NPK and FYM recorded a mean tuber yield of 25.14 t ha?1. Highest mean dry matter (18.85%) was recorded due to application of 150% NPK, whereas highest starch content on fresh weight basis was recorded due to integrated use of lime + FYM + NPK + MgSO4 (11.11%). Application of 150% NPK has recorded highest dehydrogenase activity (2.018 µg TPF h?1 g?1) and fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis assay (2.012 µg g?1 h?1). Fungal inoculation of VAM in combination with lime + FYM + NPK recorded highest acid and alkaline phosphatase activities (82.20 and 67.02 µg PNP g?1 soil h?1, respectively). Soil biological activities and phosphatase activities had highly significant relationship with tuber yield and biochemical constituents of yam bean. The study emphasized the conjunctive use of soil test–based inorganic fertilizers, lime, and organic manures to enhance the enzymatic activities and to realize higher crop yields of yam bean in acid Alfisols.  相似文献   

3.
Information on the combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity is lacking under moisture stress conditions of Northwest Pakistan. The present experiment was designed to ascertain the combined effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer management on rainfed wheat. Four levels of farm yard manure, FYM, (0, 10, 20, and 30 Mg FYM ha?1) and nitrogen (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg N ha?1) were used. The experiment was conducted at the Agriculture Research Farm of NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar, Pakistan during crop season of 2003–04. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with four replications. Plant height, productive tillers m?2, grains spike?1, grain yield, straw yield, and harvest index were significantly higher in plots which received 30 Mg FYM ha?1. In the case of nitrogen (N) no distinctive differences between the effect of 90 and 120 kg ha?1 was observed for most of the parameters. Nitrogen application at 90 kg ha?1 had significantly higher; plant height, grains spike?1, grain yield, straw yield, and harvest index as compared with the lower levels, i.e., 0, 30, and 60 kg N ha?1 but were at par with 120 N kg ha?1. Significantly higher numbers of productive tillers m?2, grains spike?1, grain yield, straw yield and harvest index were recorded with application of 30 Mg FYM ha?1 + 90 kg N ha?1. The present study suggested that application of 30 Mg FYM ha?1 + 90 kg N ha?1 are promising levels for higher production of wheat under moisture stress conditions. Further research work is needed to ascertain the effect of N above 90 kg ha?1 under different moisture regimes.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

During the last century, concerns about nitrate presence in the groundwater have tremendously increased worldwide, mainly because of its detrimental consequences on environment and human health. There are different factors contributing their past in nitrate pollution, farm manure is given due consideration. Knowing above facts, a field study was performed to check the effect of different farm yard manure (FYM) levels with urea on nitrate distribution in the soil profile and yield of wheat crop. The experiment was set out in a randomized complete block design, consisted of application of nitrogen at 125?kg ha?1 from urea, 80?kg ha?1 of N from urea +10 tons FYM ha?1 and 20 tons FYM ha?1 with three replications. Wheat (cultivar S7ehar-2006) was sown as test crop. Soil samples were examined to measure the nitrate concentration from four different depths (0–25, 25–50, 50–75, and 75–100?cm) after harvesting. Results showed that the straw yield, total biomass, spike length, and number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight were significantly influenced by fertilizer strategies. All manure treatments significantly affected the infiltration rate and concentration of nitrate at different depths of the soil profile. Farm yard manure showed greater nitrate concentration up to 50?cm depth as compared to alone urea and combined application, while at the depth of 100?cm, combined application of urea and FYM showed a minimum concentration of nitrates than alone application of either urea or FYM.  相似文献   

5.
Effects of continuous cropping and addition of organic manures (farmyard manure, FYM, and groundnut shells, GNS) along with inorganic fertilizers on nonexchangeable potassium (K) release kinetics in a K-deficient Alfisol were studied in a 20-year manurial experiment under arid conditions. There was a depletion in available K under continuous cropping without K input (control) as compared to other treatments such as 100% nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK), 50% NPK + 4 metric tons (MT) groundnut shells ha?1, 50% NPK + 4 MT FYM ha?1, and 100% organic (i.e., 5 MT FYM ha?1). Over 20 years of cropping without K input, available K was reduced from 155 kg ha?1 (in 1985) to 82 kg ha?1 (in 2005), showing a negative balance of 73 kg ha?1. Soil in control plots showed available K in the deficient range (<50 mg kg?1), whereas four other fertilizer and manurial treatments were greater than the critical limit. Considerable improvements in nonexchangeable K-release parameters such as step K and cumulative K release were observed in manured plots over control. Parabolic diffusion and first-order kinetic equations explained K release from soils. Potassium-release rates were drastically reduced in control plots, and there were increased release rates with continuous addition of manures. Results suggest that soils with groundnut shells or FYM (4 MT ha?1) along with 50% inorganic fertilizer additions could maintain greater K release rates after 20 years of cropping as compared to cropping without K input.  相似文献   

6.
A field experiment was conducted during the summer season of 2009 and 2010 at Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan, Hawalbagh, Almora, Uttarakhand, under the mid-hills of north-western Himalaya, to study the effect of farmyard manure and fertilizers on fruit yield, economics, energetics of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and on soil chemical properties. The highest level of farmyard manure (20 t ha?1) along with 125% of recommended NPK (125, 27.5, and 52.1 kg N, P and K ha?1) resulted in significantly higher fruit yield (33.9 t ha?1) over other combinations. Both farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers significantly increased fruits/plant, average fruit weight, plant height, fruit length, and fruit diameter. The maximum net returns (4520 $ ha?1) was achieved at 20 t of FYM along with 125% of recommended NPK. Energy ratio of 1.29 and 1.13 was the highest under 20 t FYM ha?1 and 125% of recommended NPK, respectively. Available nutrients (N, P, and K) improved the status of the soil significantly due to 20 t ha?1 of FYM and 125% of recommended NPK over other treatments.  相似文献   

7.
Based on experiments conducted during 1988–2009 on rainfed pearl millet/sorghum with 9 treatments in Vertisols, an efficient treatment for sustainable productivity is identified. Twenty kg of nitrogen (N) from farmyard manure (FYM) + 20 kg N (urea) + 10 kg phosphorus (P) ha?1 in pearl millet and 40 kg N (urea) + 20 kg P + 25 kg zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) ha?1 in sorghum gave maximum yield and rainwater-use efficiency, whereas 20 kg N (FYM) + 20 kg (urea) + 10 kg P ha?1 in pearl millet and 40 kg (urea) + 20 kg P ha?1 in sorghum and gave maximum soil N, P, and potassium (K) over years. The regression model of 20 kg N (crop residue) + 20 kg N (urea) + 10 kg P ha?1 gave maximum R2 for predicting sorghum equivalent yield separately through precipitation and soil variables, whereas 20 kg N (FYM) + 20 kg N (urea) + 10 kg P ha?1 gave maximum R2 under combined model of both variables. Treatment of 20 kg N (FYM) + 20 kg N (urea) + 10 kg P ha?1 was superior for attaining maximum sorghum equivalent yield of 1062 kg ha?1, net returns of Rs. 4805 ha?1, benefit/cost (BC) ratio of 1.50, and 127 kg ha?1 of soil N, 10.3 kg ha?1 of soil P, and 386 kg ha?1 of soil K over years.  相似文献   

8.
Field experiments were conducted to assess the effect of nutrients management practices on yield and rainwater use efficiency of green gram (Vigna radiata), and soil fertility under moist sub-humid Alfisols at Phulbani, India, during 2005–2008. Ten treatment combinations of lime @ 10% and 20% of lime requirement (LR) @ 8.3 t ha?1, farmyard manure (FYM) @ 5 t ha?1, green leaf manure @ 5 t ha?1, and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (N–P–K) (20–40–20 kg ha?1) were tested. The analysis of variance indicated that treatments differed significantly from each other in influencing yield and rainwater use efficiency. Application of lime @ 20% LR + FYM @ 5 t/ha + 40 kg P + 20 kg K ha?1 was superior with maximum mean yield of 531 kg ha?1, while lime @ 10% LR + FYM @ 5 t ha?1 + 40 kg P + 20 kg K ha?1 was the second best with 405 kg ha?1 and maintained maximum soil fertility of nutrients. The superior treatment gave maximum sustainability yield index of 67.5%, rainwater use efficiency of 0.49 kg ha?1 mm?1, improved soil pH, electrical conductivity, and soil nutrients over years.  相似文献   

9.
The effects of integrated nutrient management, cultivation method, and variety on root and shoot growth, grain yield and its components of lowland rice under alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation were evaluated. Treatments included were three varieties (Pathumthani 1, RD57, and RD41), three cultivation methods [dry direct seeding, wet direct seeding, and transplanting], and three nutrient combinations [100% NPK (160?kg ha?1), 50% NPK (80?kg ha?1) + 50% FYM (5 t ha?1), and 100% FYM (10 t ha?1)] under AWD. Root dry matter of RD41 and RD57 was reduced by 12–25% at the 100% NPK and 100% FYM compared with the 50% NPK + 50% FYM. Panicle number, panicle length, and 1000-grain weight were higher at the 50% NPK + 50% FYM. Application of the 50% NPK + 50% FYM could be a feasible option under AWD irrigation; however, benefits may vary with varieties and cultivation methods.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

Contribution of sesbania green manure, rice straw, and FYM (farm yard manure) was studied along with that of urea and A/SO4 (ammonium sulphate) for the cultivation of lowland rice and for the residual soil fertility. The results revealed that A/SO4 application resulted in a larger number of productive tillers, higher straw production, and higher grain yield compared to urea. Among the organic manures, sesbania green manure and FYM exerted almost similar effects on the number of productive tillers and paddy yield while the yield increase compared to the incorporation of rice straw. A similar affect of these organic manures on nitrogen uptake by rice straw, grain, and straw + grain was observed. Additional uptake of N due to the application of sesbania green manure, FYM and rice straw amounted to 15, 13, and 2.85 kg ha?1, respectively. Residual N fertility was the highest when of sesbania green manure was applied followed by FYM and rice straw. Residual P fertility was higher in the case of FYM than other treatments whereas the residual K fertility was the highest in the case of rice straw incorporation.  相似文献   

11.
Management of nutrients, especially nitrogen (N), is one of the most important factors in potato production. Cattle manure and mineral fertilizers are two sources of N that can affect the quality and quantity of potato yield. The effects of the use of cattle manure (5, 10, 15, and 20 ton ha?1), N fertilizer (50, 100, and 150 kg ha?1), and their interaction on tuber yield, chlorophyll content, and glycoalkaloid concentration were evaluated during field experiments in Iran in 2008 with a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement of three experimental replications. At the time of flowering, chlorophyll a, b, and total (chlorophyll) were recorded by spectrophotometry. Furthermore, at the end of the growth season, tuber yield was calculated and tuber glycoalkaloids were measured by the colorimetric method for the assessment of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of potato. Chlorophyll a, b, and total content increased linearly and very significantly in response to the application of manure and N fertilizer. The interaction between manure and N fertilizer was also significant; somehow the maximum content of total chlorophyll [1.448 mg g?1 fresh weight (FW)] was obtained by using 150 kg N + 20 ton of manure per hectare. Cattle manure, N fertilizer, and their combination had a highly significant effect on tuber yield. Maximum tuber yield (36.8 ton ha?1) was obtained by the utilization of 20 ton manure + 150 kg N per hectare. Total glycoalkaloid content was affected by the N application only. It showed a linear increase in the presence of increased concentration of N fertilizer.  相似文献   

12.
The effects of integrated nitrogen management (INM) on saffron yield, corm production, nutrient concentration, crocin content, and soil health were studied in field experiments at the Dryland (Karewa) Agriculture Research Station, Budgam District of Kashmir Himalayas, India, during 2006–2010. The levels of fertilizers applied were 0, 45, and 90 kg ha?1 of nitrogen; 0, 30, and 60 t ha?1 of farm yard manure (FYM), and 0 and 5 kg ha ?1 of Azotobacter in solid form. The greatest yields of 3.64 and 3.51 kg ha?1 were observed when nitrogen was applied at 90 kg ha?1 and FYM was applied at 60 t ha?1. The increases over the controls (2.31 and 2.45 kg ha?1) were 57.57% and 43.26%, respectively. The maximum corm productions (10.26 and 13.10 t ha?1) were observed with the application of nitrogen at 90 kg ha?1 and FYM at 60 t ha?1 respectively, with the corresponding increases of 79.62% and 260.97% over their respective controls. Biofertilizer application in the form of viable strain of Azotobacter significantly increased the corm production only. The influence of INM on nutrient and crocin content of saffron and soil health was also found to be sustainable over nonapplication of organic and inorganic fertilizers.  相似文献   

13.
Productivity of rainfed finger millet in semiarid tropical Alfisols is predominantly constrained by erratic rainfall, limited soil moisture, low soil fertility, and less fertilizer use by the poor farmers. In order to identify the efficient nutrient use treatment for ensuring higher yield, higher sustainability, and improved soil fertility, long term field experiments were conducted during 1984 to 2008 in a permanent site under rainfed semi-arid tropical Alfisol at Bangalore in Southern India. The experiment had two blocks—Farm Yard Manure (FYM) and Maize Residue (MR) with 5 fertilizer treatments, namely: control, FYM at 10 t ha?1, FYM at 10 t ha?1 + 50% NPK [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)], FYM at 10 t ha?1 + 100% NPK (50 kg N + 50 kg P + 25 kg K ha?1) and 100% NPK in FYM block; and control, MR at 5 t ha?1, MR at 5 t ha?1 + 50% NPK, MR at 5 t ha?1 + 100% NPK and 100% NPK in MR block. The treatments differed significantly from each other at p < 0.01 level of probability in influencing finger millet grain yield, soil N, P, and K in different years. Application of FYM at 10 t ha?1 + 100% NPK gave a significantly higher yield ranging from 1821 to 4552 kg ha?1 with a mean of 3167 kg ha?1 and variation of 22.7%, while application of maize residue at 5 t ha?1 + 100% NPK gave a yield of 593 to 4591 kg ha?1 with a mean of 2518 kg ha?1 and variation of 39.3% over years. In FYM block, FYM at 10 t ha?1 + 100% NPK gave a significantly higher organic carbon (0.45%), available N (204 kg ha?1), available P (68.6 kg ha?1), and available K (107 kg ha?1) over years. In maize residue block, application of MR at 5 t ha?1 + 100% NPK gave a significantly higher organic carbon (0.39%), available soil N (190 kg ha?1), available soil P (47.5 kg ha?1), and available soil K (86 kg ha?1). The regression model (1) of yield as a function of seasonal rainfall, organic carbon, and soil P and K nutrients gave a predictability in the range of 0.19 under FYM at 10 t ha?1 to 0.51 under 100% NPK in FYM block compared to 0.30 under 100% NPK to 0.67 under MR at 5 t ha?1 application in MR block. The regression model (2) of yield as a function of seasonal rainfall, soil N, P, and K nutrients gave a predictability in the range of 0.11 under FYM at 10 t ha?1 to 0.52 under 100% NPK in FYM block compared to 0.18 under MR at 5 t ha?1 + 50% NPK to 0.60 under MR at 5 t ha?1 application in MR block. An assessment of yield sustainability under different crop seasonal rainfall situations indicated that FYM at 10 t ha?1 + 100% NPK was efficient in FYM block with a maximum Sustainability Yield Index (SYI) of 41.4% in <500 mm, 64.7% in 500–750 mm, 60.2% in 750–1000 mm and 60.4% in 1000–1250 mm rainfall, while MR at 5 t ha?1 + 100% NPK was efficient with SYI of 29.6% in <500 mm, 50.2% in 500–750 mm, 40.6% in 750–1000 mm, and 39.7% in 1000–1250 mm rainfall in semi-arid Alfisols. Thus, the results obtained from these long term studies incurring huge expenditure provide very good conjunctive nutrient use options with good conformity for different rainfall situations of rainfed semiarid tropical Alfisol soils for ensuring higher finger millet yield, maintaining higher SYI, and maintaining improved soil fertility.  相似文献   

14.
A study was conducted to assess fertilizer effect on pearl millet–wheat yield and plant-soil nutrients with the following treatments: T1, control; T2, 100% nitrogen (N); T3, 100% nitrogen and phosphorus (NP); T4, 100% nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK); T5, 100% NPK + zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) at 25 kg ha?1; T6, 100% NPK + farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 t ha?1; T7, 100% NPK+ verimcompost (VC) at 2.5 tha?1; T8, 100% NPK + sulfur (S) at 25 kg ha?1; T9, FYM at 10 t ha?1; T10, VC at 2.5 t ha?1; T11, 100% NPK + FYM at 10 t ha?1 + 25 kg S ha?1 + ZnSO4 at 25 kg ha?1; and T12, 150% NPK treatments. Treatments differed significantly in influencing soil-plant nutrients and grain and straw yields of both crops. Grain yield had significant correlation with soil-plant N, P, K, S, and zinc (Zn) nutrients. The study indicated superiority of T11 for attaining maximum pearl millet grain yield (2885 kg ha?1) and straw yield (7185 kg ha?1); amounts of N (48.9 kg ha?1), P (8.8 kg ha?1), K (26.3 kg ha?1), S (20.6 kg ha?1), and Zn (0.09 kg ha?1) taken up; and amounts of soil N (187.7 kg ha?1), P (13.7 kg ha?1), K (242.5 kg ha?1), S (10.1 kg ha?1), and Zn (0.70 kg ha?1). It was superior for wheat with grain yield (5215 kg ha?1) and straw yield (7220 kg ha?1); amounts of N (120.7 kg ha?1), P (13.8 kg ha?1), K (30 kg ha?1), S (14.6 kg ha?1), and Zn (0.18 kg ha?1) taken up; and maintaining soil N (185.7 kg ha?1), P (14.5 kg ha?1), K (250.5 kg ha?1), S (10.6 kg ha?1), and Zn (0.73 kg ha?1). Based on the study, 100% NPK + FYM at 10 tha?1 + Zn at 25 kg ha?1 + S at 25 kg ha?1 could be recommended for attaining maximum returns of pearl millet–wheat under semi-arid Inceptisols.  相似文献   

15.
A long‐term fertilizer experiment, over 27 years, studied the effect of mineral fertilizers and organic manures on potassium (K) balances and K release properties in maize‐wheat‐cowpea (fodder) cropping system on a Typic Ustochrept. The treatments consisted of control, 100% nitrogen (100% N), 100% nitrogen and phosphorus (100% NP), 50% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (50% NPK), 100% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (100% NPK), 150% nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (150% NPK), and 100% NPK+farmyard manure (100% NPK+FYM). Nutrients N, P, and K in 100% NPK treatment were applied at N: 120 kg ha—1, P: 26 kg ha—1, and K: 33 kg ha—1 each to maize and wheat crops and N: 20 kg ha—1, P: 17 kg ha—1, and K: 17 kg ha—1 to cowpea (fodder). In all the fertilizer and manure treatments removal of K in the crop exceeded K additions and the total soil K balance was negative. The neutral 1 N ammonium acetate‐extractable K in the surface soil (0—15 cm) ranged from 0.19 to 0.39 cmol kg—1 in various treatments after 27 crop cycles. The highest and lowest values were obtained in 100% NPK+FYM and 100% NP treatments, respectively. Non‐exchangeable K was also depleted more in the treatments without K fertilization (control, 100% N, and 100% NP). Parabolic diffusion equation could describe the reaction rates in CaCl2 solutions. Release rate constants (b) of non‐exchangeable K for different depth of soil profile showed the variations among the treatments indicating that long‐term cropping with different rates of fertilizers and manures influenced the rate of K release from non‐exchangeable fraction of soil. The b values were lowest in 100% NP and highest in 100% NPK+FYM treatment in the surface soil. In the sub‐surface soil layers (15—30 and 30—45 cm) also the higher release rates were obtained in the treatments supplied with K than without K fertilization indicating that the sub‐soils were also stressed for K in these treatments.  相似文献   

16.
Alarming climate change, rainfed upland farming, and low resource-use efficiency of conventional fertilizer management practices are major production constraints detrimental to rice productivity in the northwestern (NW) Himalayas. Recent agronomic intervention of direct-seeded rice (DSR) coupled with suitable rice germplasm well suited to rainfed upland ecosystems in combination with appropriate integrated nutrient-management (INM) technology can enhance the rice productivity in the region. Thus, a field experiment with seven treatments replicated three times in a randomized block design was conducted on INM technology in rainfed upland rice cv. HPR-1156 (Sukaradhan-1) to harness the potential of DSR technology in order to boost rice productivity in the NW Himalayas. Results on INM in direct-seeded upland rice revealed that nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) at 90:45:45 kg ha?1 + farm yard manure (FYM) at 5 t ha?1 (oven dry-weight basis) significantly resulted in the greatest magnitude of growth and development (plant height, tillers m?2) and yield-contributing characters (panicles m?2, panicle length, grains panicle?1 and 1000-grain weight), resulting in significantly greatest grain, straw, and biological yield followed by sole use of NPK at 90:45:45 kg ha?1 and NPK at 60:30:30 kg ha?1 + FYM at 5 t ha?1, respectively, in rainfed upland rice. Application of NPK at 90:45:45 kg ha?1 + FYM at 5 t ha?1 again resulted in significant improvement in soil organic carbon and available NPK status over other treatments and initial soil fertility status in an acidic Alfisol. Overall, it is inferred that INM technology with judicious use of NPK at 90:45:45 kg ha?1 + FYM at 5 t ha?1 in rainfed upland rice under DSR technology can enhance the rice productivity and resource-use efficiency in NW Himalayas.  相似文献   

17.
The aim of this study is to compare the effects of composted tobacco waste (CTW) with farmyard manure (FYM) on soil physical and chemical properties and yield of lettuce. This research was performed in the experimental fields of the Agriculture Faculty's research farm at Ege University in Menemen, Izmir, Turkey in 2005 and 2006. Tobacco wastes gathered from the cigarette industry were composted and applied to lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata) with manure. Mineral fertilizers or pesticides were not applied in the experiment. The treatments were (1) control, (2) 12.5 t ha–1 FYM + 37.5 t ha–1 CTW, (3) 25 t ha–1 FYM + 25 t ha–1 CTW, (4) 50 t ha–1 FYM, (5) 50 t ha–1 CTW, and (6) 37.5 t ha–1 FYM + 12.5 t ha–1 CTW. During the experiment, soil samples were taken three times in two different periods (I, 7 September 2005; II, 11 November 2005; and III, 14 April 2006). The effects of CTW and FYM on soil physical and chemical properties and the yield were investigated. All application rates increased bulk density, field capacity, available water content, and structure stability index of soil when compared with the control. In addition, similar effects were also determined for chemical properties of soil (pH, lime content, organic matter, total soluble salt, and cation exchange capacity). Increasing rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium provided a rise in the yield. Maximum lettuce yield was 102.7 t ha–1 at the plots where 50 t ha–1 CTW was applied. The results show that CTW can be used as an effective soil conditioner.  相似文献   

18.
In an ongoing field experiment, organic and conventional farming (control) were compared for onion bulb yield, biochemical quality, soil organic carbon (SOC), and microbial activity after the sixth cropping cycle. The treatments used for organic production were farmyard manure (FYM, 20,000 kg ha?1), poultry manure (PM, 10,000 kg ha?1), vermicompost (VC, 10,000 kg ha?1), neem cake (NC, 5000 kg ha?1), and a combination of FYM (5000 kg ha?1), PM (2500 kg ha?1), VC (2500 kg ha?1), and NC (1250 kg ha?1); all treatments were compared with the control. Organic treatments produced 24.6–43.6% lower yield consistently for 6 years than the control treatment. No significant difference was observed between PM, FYM, and VC treatments for the bulb yield. Bulb analysis during the sixth year indicated that plants that received FYM, PM, or VC had higher levels of total phenol, total flavonoid, ascorbic acid, and quercetin-3-glucoside than the control plants. All the five organically treated sets had significantly higher values of SOC, microbial population, fungal-to-bacterial ratio, and dehydrogenase activity than the control and the initial values in each treated set. The results indicate that FYM, PM, or VC application enhances biochemical quality and organic farming is more sustainable than conventional farming.  相似文献   

19.
ABSTRACT

A 6-year field experiment was conducted at Maharashtra, India, from 2011 to 2017 on a silty clay soil, to study the impact of organic manure prepared from common weed Trianthema portulacastrurm Linn. on soybean-fodder maize crop system and soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. Organic manures were prepared from Trianthema as compost, vermicompost, dry leaf powder and were compared with application of Farm Yard Manure (FYM), chemical fertilizer treatment (NPK), and control. All treatments were repeated to same earlier treated plots every year for subsequent 6 years. Soil samples were analyzed before experiment and after harvesting of crops at the end of 6 years. All organic manures prepared from Trianthema and FYM increased SOC, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content in the soil as compared to chemical fertilizer treatment and control. The overall increase in SOC content in the 0–60-cm soil depth in vermicompost treatment was 3.51 Mg C ha?1 as compared to control at the end of this 6 years experiment at the carbon sequestration rate of 585 kg ha?1 year?1. Preparation and use of different manures from Trianthema will increase the carbon sequestration in soil, a measure to mitigate global warming.  相似文献   

20.
Long-term fertilizer experiments were conducted on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) for 21 years with eight fertilizer treatments in a fixed site during 1987–2007 to identify an efficient treatment to ensure maximum yield, greater sustainability, monetary returns, rainwater-use efficiency, and soil fertility over years. The results indicated that the yield was significantly influenced by fertilizer treatments in all years except 1987 1988, and 1994. The mean cotton yield ranged from 492 kg ha?1 under the control to 805 kg ha?1 under 25 kg nitrogen (N) [farmyard manure (FYM)] + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg phosphorus (P) ha?1. Among the nutrients, soil N buildup was observed with all treatments, whereas application of 25 kg N + 12.5 kg P ha?1 exhibited increase in P status. Interestingly, depletion of potassium (K) was recorded under all the fertilizer treatments as there was no K application in any of the treatments. An increase in soil N and P increased the plant N and P uptake respectively. Using relationships of different variables, principal component (PC) analysis technique was used for assessing the efficiency of treatments. In all the treatments, five PCs were found significant that explained the variability in the data of variables. The PC model of 25 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg P ha?1 explained maximum variability of 79.6% compared to other treatments. The treatment-wise PC scores were determined and used in developing yield prediction models and measurement of sustainability yield index (SYI). The SYI ranged from 44.4% in control to 72.7% in 25 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg P ha?1, which attained a mean cotton yield of 805 kg ha?1 over years. Application of 25 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg P ha?1 was significantly superior in recording maximum rainwater-use efficiency (1.13 kg ha?1 mm?1) and SYI (30.5%). This treatment also gave maximum gross returns of Rs. 30272 ha?1 with benefit–cost ratio of 1.60 and maintained maximum organic carbon and available N, P, and K in soil over years. These findings are extendable to cotton grown under similar soil and agroclimatic conditions in any part of the world.  相似文献   

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