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1.
A field experiment was carried out for 2 crop years (July‐October) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the effect of land configuration and phosphorus levels on the growth and yield of rainy season greengram under limited irrigation facility. The crop sown on 2 meter wide broad bed and furrow (BBF) showed higher growth attributes, nodulation, yield attributes and yield compared to flat bed (FB) sowing. Application of 30 and 60 kg P2O5ha‐1 showed significant increase in growth attributes, nodulation, yield attributes and yield as compared to no phosphorus application. The moisture status in the soil determined the optimum dose of phosphorus needed for greengram. The combination of BBF sowing and application of 60 kg P2O5 ha?1 recorded the highest grain yield among all the combinations of land configuration and phosphorus levels.  相似文献   

2.
Field experiments were conducted for two years to find out the appropriate sowing configuration and rate of nitrogen (N) for sustained yield and improved water use efficiency of hybrid Bt cotton irrigated through surface drip irrigation. Drip irrigation under normal sowing, in which equal quantities of water and N were applied as check-basin irrigation, resulted in an increase of 389 and 155 kg ha?1 in seed cotton yield compared with check-basin irrigation during the first and second year, respectively. Normal paired row sowing under a drip irrigation system, in which only 50% of irrigation water was applied compared with normal sowing, produced a yield similar to normal sowing under drip irrigation during both years, resulting in 22% higher water use efficiency. Dense paired row sowing under drip irrigation, in which only 75% irrigation water was applied compared with normal sowing, increased the mean seed cotton yield by 5% and water use efficiency by 19%. Decrease in the rate of nitrogen application (from 150 to 75 kg N ha?1) caused a decline in seed cotton yield and water use efficiency under all the methods of sowing, but the reverse was true for agronomic efficiency of N.  相似文献   

3.
Modification of plant population density and irrigation regime may impact seed cotton and lint yield, fiber quality, photosynthesis, and nitrogen uptake, especially in areas with severe water shortages and limited water resources. Furthermore, it reduces seeds and other agricultural practices costs without sacrificing yield. Field experiments examining the impact of plant population and irrigation regime on cotton growth, cotton yield parameters, fiber quality, leaf area, and chlorophyll content of cotton leaves were conducted in the city of Aleppo, northern Syria, in 2004 and 2005. Plant populations of 74,000, 57,000, 48,000, 41,000, and 33,500 plants ha?1 and two drip irrigation regimes [one planting row/one irrigation line (one/one) and two planting rows/one irrigation line (two/one)] were tested. Cotton was planted in April 2004 and 2005 at the Agricultural Research Center in northern Syria on a Chromoxerertic Rhodoxeralf soil. Cotton was irrigated when soil moisture in the specified active root depth was 80% of the field capacity as indicated by the neutron probe. Before all plots were hand-picked each year, a 20-lint sample was collected per plot and sent to the Cotton Research Administration Laboratory for fiber quality analysis. Seed cotton yields were lowest with populations of 33,500 plants ha?1 compared to the other tested population densities. However, the other plant densities did not much influence seed cotton yield, fiber quality, leaf area, and leaf chlorophyll content. Water savings for different plant densities grown under the one/one irrigation regime ranged between 11.2 and 38.3% of irrigation water relative to two/one irrigation regime. Reducing population densities up to 41,000 plants ha?1 and adapting a one/one irrigation regime appear to be viable cost-saving options.  相似文献   

4.
A 2-year field experiment (2012–2013) was conducted to evaluate the yield and water use efficiency (WUE) response of maize (Zea mays L.) to different soil water managements at different sowing dates. The experiment included three sowing dates (22 June, 6 July and 21 July) and four irrigation regimes based on maximum allowable depletion (MAD) of the total available soil water (TAW). The irrigation treatments were marked by I1 to I3 as 40%, 60% and 80% MAD of TAW, respectively, and with no irrigation. The results showed that grain yield reduced when planting was delayed in both years, ranging from 6105 to 4577 kg ha?1 in 2012 and from 7079 to 5380 kg ha?1 in 2013. However, WUE increased when planting was delayed from 22 June until 21 July. Also the highest grain yield was observed in the first irrigation treatment (MAD = 40%) in both years, and the highest WUE was obtained in the second irrigation treatment (MAD = 60%) with 1.64 and 1.61 (kg m?3) in 2012 and 2013, respectively. These findings suggest that delay in planting date and the use of MAD = 60% treatment in Mediterranean-type region such as Golestan, Iran, can be useful in saving water that is highly important in such regions.  相似文献   

5.
A two-year field experiment was conducted to elucidate the residual and cumulative boron (B) requirements for cotton and wheat crops. For the first time, cotton was sown in randomized complete blocks those received 0.0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 kg B ha?1 as borax (Na2B4O7.10H20). Later, each plot was divided into two subplots for successive wheat and cotton crops and half of the pots received B at similar rates. Our results revealed that direct application of B at the rate of 2 and 2.5 kg ha?1 produced optimum cotton yield during 2005. The same rates of B were consistent in residual plots but not in cumulative plots for both of the crops in successive years. It was thus concluded that soil applied B at the rate of 2.0 and 2.5 kg ha?1 had significant residual effects on cotton and wheat yields.  相似文献   

6.
为探寻解决干旱区棉田冬季灌水问题,明晰北疆棉田不同冬灌方式及灌水定额对土壤水分、盐分分布以及翌年棉花生长及产量的影响,采用大田试验方法,以未冬灌大田作为对照(CK),设置滴灌和漫灌2种灌水方式下4个梯度的灌水定额(1 800、2 400、3 000、3 600、3600 m3/hm2)共9个处理进行冬灌试验,分析了冬灌灌水后到播种前0~300 cm土层的水分、盐分的动态变化以及翌年各处理棉花的出苗率、群体生理指标(群体光合势、群体净同化率、叶面积指数)和产量数据。结果表明,冬灌对次年播前土壤水盐分布及含量的大小均具有一定的影响,无论漫灌还是滴灌方式进行冬灌,随灌水定额增加土壤水分和盐分的影响深度也随之加深,灌水定额达到3 000和3 600 m3/hm2时,冬灌对土壤水盐影响深度可达300 cm。冬灌可显著改变次年播前土壤盐分的自然分布状态,有效淋洗并降低上层土壤盐分含量;相对漫灌方式而言,滴灌冬灌方式土壤水分入渗更加均匀且规律明显。冬灌对次年滴灌棉花的生长发育及产量均具有重要影响,冬灌后次年棉花群体指标与未冬灌处理的差异随冬灌灌水定额的增加愈加显著,灌水定额3 000 m3/hm2滴灌冬灌处理的次年棉花群体光合势与叶面积指数较未冬灌处理分别提升34.30%和42.60%;冬灌有利于次年棉花产量的提高,滴灌冬灌灌水定额3 000、3 600 m3/hm2处理时的棉花产量相对未冬灌处理分别增产10.66%和12.36%。综合考虑冬灌方式及灌水定额对次年土壤水盐分布及棉花生长和产量的影响,研究认为滴灌条件下灌水定额3 000 m3/hm2的冬灌在试验条件下比较适宜,既可淋洗盐分至耕层以下300 cm处,亦可获得6 107.75 kg/hm2的较高产量。  相似文献   

7.
ABSTRACT

The effect of deficit irrigation (DI) on wheat crop yield, soil physical parameters and on nitrate nitrogen movement in soil profile was evaluated under application of dairy manure and nitrogen fertilizer. Two levels of DI were taken as I0.6 (60% FC) and I0.8 (80% FC) along with two dairy manure levels (20 and 25 Mg ha?1) and three nitrogen levels (80, 100, and 120 kg ha?1). The grain yield was high under I0.8 than I0.6, whereas the irrigation level has no significant effect on soil organic carbon contents. Dairy manure, irrigation, and nitrogen indicated strong interaction with each other for all yield-related parameters during both years of study, however, results for 2nd year were highly positive. Soil nitrate nitrogen movement was significantly affected under I0.8 with high rate of dairy manure (25 Mg ha?1) and nitrogen fertilizer (120 kg ha?1). Results concluded that combined application of dairy manure (25 Mg ha?1) and nitrogen fertilizer (120 kg ha?1) under DI level I0.8 resulted in high grain yield. To overcome water scarce conditions, further experiments can be designed by addition of various organic matters in different combination that enhances the yield and soil health.  相似文献   

8.
A 2-year field experiment was conducted in central Greece (Platykampos, Larissa) to investigate productivity parameters of cotton under conditions of water stress. A Latin square split-plot design with three replications was used to evaluate the effect of three irrigation levels (250, 350, and 450 mm) and three fertilization rates (60, 110, and 160 kg N ha–1), where irrigation level was the whole-plot factor and the fertilizer was the split-plot factor. The results showed that irrigation level had no significant effect on soil chemical properties, but these only changed with fertilizer application. Concentration of soil nitrates increased in proportion to the amount of applied fertilizer in early July. The associated rise in electrical conductivity (EC) was not sufficiently high as to adversely affect salt-tolerant cotton. The soil acidity produced during formation of nitrate was evident by a soil pH decrease of 0.2 units in the high fertilizer application. A great decline of nitrate N and EC and a rise of pH in all treatments in early August indicated rapid N uptake by the crop during the late stage of vegetative growth. In contrast, cotton yield was not affected by the rate of fertilizer application but by the level of irrigation. This is the reason that correlations between soil properties and yield were insignificant in early July and August. It appears that there was sufficient N available to the crop from sources other than fertilizer N (soil-derived N and irrigation N). Preplant soil nitrates were greater than residual nitrates in the second growing season and indicated depletion of soil mineral N pools of the order of 36 kg N ha–1 in the 0- to 25-cm depth. Significant negative correlations between soil properties and cotton yield appeared only at the end of the season and indicated that depletion of soil mineral N increased with increasing crop N requirement or irrigation level.  相似文献   

9.
《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(7):1295-1317
Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan, Pakistan on Miani soil series, silt loam soil (Calcaric, Cambisols and fine silty, mixed Hyperthermic Fluventic Haplocambids) to assess the response of four cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars to potassium (K) fertilization. The treatments consisted of four cotton cultivars (CIM-448, CIM-1100, NIAB-Karishma, S-12), four potassium rates (0, 62.5, 125, 250 kg K ha?1), and two sources of potassium fertilizer [muriate of potash (KCl) and sulphate of potash (K2SO4)]. The cotton cultivars differed significantly in response to various potassium fertilizer levels and its sources with respect to seed cotton yield and its components. The highest yield was obtained with the application of 250-kg K ha?1, however, it was economical to add 125 kg K ha?1. Seed cotton yield of cv. CIM-448 was considerably greater than that of the other cultivars in K-unfertilized treatments, which was related to cultivar differences in K uptake efficiency in utilizing native potassium nutrient. Potassium added as muriate of potash caused a significant depression in seed cotton yield than that of sulphate of potash. The increase in yield seemed to have resulted largely from the higher K concentration of leaf tissues at bloom stage and available soil-K because of potassium application. A significant relationship between the yield and number of bolls per plant (r = 0.92**) and boll weight (r = 0.85**) indicated that these two growth attributes were responsible for enhancing the quantum of final harvest of seed cotton.  相似文献   

10.
为研究灌水量、施氮量和缩节胺用量对棉花籽棉产量、纤维品质和水肥利用效率的交互影响,于2020年和2021年在南疆库尔勒地区开展大田试验,设置3个灌水量（W1：60%ETc,W2：80% ETc,W3：100% ETc,ETc为作物蒸发蒸腾量）,4个施氮量（N0：0 kg/hm2,N200：200 kg/hm2,N300：300 kg/hm2,N400：400 kg/hm2）和2个缩节胺用量（D1：120 g/hm2,D2：240 g/hm2）。结果表明：灌水量、施氮量和缩节胺用量对籽棉产量、水分利用效率、肥料偏生产力和部分纤维品质指标影响显著（P<0.05）。灌水量、施氮量和缩节胺用量三者交互作用对肥料偏生产力和纤维品质影响显著（P<0.05）。株高、叶面积指数和干物质量也受灌水量、施氮量和缩节胺用量三者交互作用影响。W3N300D2处理籽棉产量最高（2020年为7 578 kg/hm2,2021年为7 173 kg/hm2）,W1N400D1处理水分利用效率和W3N0D2处理肥料偏生产力最高,W3N400D1处理的纤维长度、纤维强度和马克隆值均获得较大值,纤维品质最佳。基于TOPSIS综合评价方法对棉花产量品质和水肥利用效率进行综合评价,100%ETc灌水量、300 kg/hm2施氮量和240 g/hm2缩节胺用量组合最优,可作为南疆棉花适宜的水氮和化控管理模式。研究结果可为南疆棉花水肥高效利用提供理论依据和科学指导。  相似文献   

11.
ABSTRACT

The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of irrigation intervals and fertigation on growth, yield, and quality of peanut as well as an account of fertilizer and water savings under drip irrigation combined with fertigation. Pod and haulm yields and economics of peanut with application of irrigation water at I1, i.e. 4 day interval through drip (10 day in surface irrigation) did not differ significantly compared with I2, i.e. 6 day interval through drip (15 day in surface irrigation). However, significantly higher kernel and oil yields were obtained at I1 and also recorded higher partial factor productivity (PFP). Our study showed that drip irrigation saved 37.2% irrigation water over surface method. Fertigation at 75% Nitrogen & potassium (NK) through drip with 75% P in soil (F3) significantly improved pod, haulm, kernel, and oil yields by 14.3%, 11.5%, 13.9%, and 12.3%, respectively, while net returns increased by INR 13,499 ha?1 over 50% NK through drip with 50% P in soil (F2) and at par with others. Fertigation at 50–100% NK with 50?100% P in soil (F2 to F4) could save 36.4–37.3% irrigation water over F1. Maximum PFP was recorded under F2.

Abbreviations: N: Nitrogen; P: phosphorus; K: potassium; M: million  相似文献   

12.
Field experiments were carried out during rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons (June–April) of 2008–2010 at Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, to study the productivity, nutrients uptake, iron (Fe) use-efficiency and economics of aerobic rice-wheat cropping system as influenced by mulching and Fe nutrition. The highest yield attributes, grain and straw yields (5.41 tonnes ha?1 and 6.56 tonnes ha?1, respectively) and nutrient uptake in rice was recorded with transplanted and puddled rice (TPR) followed by aerobic rice with Sesbania aculeata mulch. However, residual effect of aerobic rice with wheat straw mulch was more pronounced on yield attributes, grain and straw yields (4.20 and 6.70 tonnes ha?1, respectively) and nutrient uptake in succeeding wheat and remained at par with aerobic rice with Sesbania mulch. Application of iron sulfate (FeSO4) at 50 kg ha?1 + 2 foliar sprays of 2% FeSO4 was found to be the best in terms of all the yield attributes, grain and straw yield (5.09 and 6.17 tonnes ha?1, respectively) and nutrient uptake and remained at par with 3 foliar sprays of 2% FeSO4. Although residual effect of iron application failed to increase the yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N, P, K) except Fe. The highest system productivity, nutrient uptake, gross returns, net returns, B: C ratio and lowest cost of cultivation were recorded with aerobic rice with wheat straw and Sesbania aculeata mulch. Application of FeSO4 at 50 kg ha?1 + two foliar sprays of 2% FeSO4 was found better in respect of system productivity, nutrient uptake, gross returns, net returns, B:C ratio and cost of cultivation in aerobic rice-wheat cropping system. The Fe use efficiency values viz. partial factor productivity (kg grain kg?1 Fe), agronomic efficiency (kg grain increased kg?1 Fe applied), agrophysiological efficiency (kg grain kg?1 Fe uptake), physiological efficiency (kg biomass kg?1 Fe uptake), apparent recovery (%) utilization efficiency and harvest index (%) of applied Fe were significantly affected due to methods of rice production and various Fe nutrition treatments in aerobic rice and aerobic rice-wheat cropping system.  相似文献   

13.
Long-term effects of the different combinations of nutrient-management treatments were studied on crop yields of sorghum + cowpea in rotation with cotton + black gram. The effects of rainfall, soil temperature, and evaporation on the status of soil fertility and productivity of crops were also modeled and evaluated using a multivariate regression technique. The study was conducted on a permanent experimental site of rain-fed semi-arid Vertisol at the All-India Coordinated Research Project on Dryland Agriculture, Kovilpatti Centre, India, during 1995 to 2007 using 13 combinations of nutrient-management treatments. Application of 20 kg nitrogen (N) (urea) + 20 kg N [farmyard manure (FYM)] + 20 kg phosphorus (P) ha?1 gave the greatest mean grain yield (2146 kg ha?1) of sorghum and the fourth greatest mean yield (76 kg ha?1) of cowpea under sorghum + cowpea system. The same treatment maintained the greatest mean yield of cotton (546 kg ha?1) and black gram (236 kg ha?1) under a cotton + cowpea system. When soil fertility was monitored, this treatment maintained the greatest mean soil organic carbon (4.4 g kg?1), available soil P (10.9 kg ha?1), and available soil potassium (K) (411 kg ha?1), and the second greatest level of mean available soil N (135 kg ha?1) after the 13-year study. The treatments differed significantly from each other in influencing soil organic carbon (C); available soil N, P, and K; and yield of crops attained under sorghum + cowpea and cotton + black gram rotations. Soil temperature at different soil depths at 07:20 h and rainfall had a significant influence on the status of soil organic C. Based on the prediction models developed between long-term yield and soil fertility variables, 20 kg N (urea) + 20 kg N (FYM) + 20 kg P ha?1 could be prescribed for sorghum + cowpea, and 20 kg N (urea) + 20 kg N (FYM) could be prescribed for cotton + black gram. These combinations of treatments would provide a sustainable yield in the range of 1681 to 2146 kg ha?1 of sorghum, 74 to 76 kg ha?1 of cowpea, 486 to 546 kg ha?1 of cotton, and 180 to 236 kg ha?1 of black gram over the years. Beside assuring greater yields, these soil and nutrient management options would also help in maintaining maximum soil organic C of 3.8 to 4.4 g kg?1 soil, available N of 126 to 135 kg ha?1, available soil P of 8.9 to 10.9 kg ha?1, and available soil K of 392 to 411 kg ha?1 over the years. These prediction models for crop yields and fertility status can help us to understand the quantitative relationships between crop yields and nutrients status in soil. Because black gram is unsustainable, as an alternative, sorghum + cowpea could be rotated with cotton for attaining maximum productivity, assuring sustainability, and maintaining soil fertility on rain-fed semi-arid Vertisol soils.  相似文献   

14.
Rice is a major cereal crop in Himachal Pradesh, a Himalayan state of India, where paddy acreage is about 78,000 ha with a low average yield of 19.62 q ha?1 due to rainfed upland farming. High seeding rates and poor resource-use efficiency of conventional fertilizer nitrogen (N) management practices in rainfed upland paddy have also been major production constraints in rainfed upland ecosystems. To validate and refine the production technology on seed rate and fertilizer N management, the Farm Science Centre, Sundernagar, India, conducted numerous on-farm trials (OFTs) during 2006–2010 under an on-farm participatory technology development approach to enhance resource use efficiency through these resource conservation technologies and boost the paddy productivity in the region. Results of two OFTs conducted during Kharif 2006 in the Mandi District of Himachal Pradesh on different seed rates under different sowing methods on VL Dhan-221 and Sukaradhan-1 (HPR-1156) cultivars suitable for rainfed upland conditions revealed that the seed rate at 80 kg ha?1 sown in rows 20 cm apart resulted in the greatest average paddy productivity to the tune of 25.6 q ha?1 besides greater profitability, followed by a seed rate at 60 kg ha?1 sown in rows 20 cm apart (25.2 q ha?1), over the earlier State Agricultural University (SAU)–recommended practice, that is, seed rate at 100 kg ha?1 in rows 20 cm apart. This refinement in the seed rate was accepted by the participating farmers of the region. The greatest average benefit/cost (B/C) ratio was observed in plots with seed rate at 60 kg ha?1 sown in rows 20 cm apart. Based on these results and data compilation from other locations of the state, now the SAU has refined the seed rate from earlier recommendation of 100 kg ha?1 to 60 kg ha?1 in rows 20 cm apart as well as 80 kg ha?1 through broadcast method under rainfed upland paddy in Himachal Pradesh. Results of two OFTs conducted during Kharif 2009 on integrated nutrient management in rainfed upland paddy revealed that farmyard manure (FYM) at 10 t ha?1 + nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (N, P, K) at 15:30:30 kg ha?1 at sowing followed by 15 kg N ha?1 15 days after sowing (DAS) and remaining the N [i.e., 30 kg N ha?1] at tillering (45–50 DAS) resulted in the greatest grain yield of 29.85 and 31.67 q ha?1 in VL Dhan-221 and HPR-1156, respectively, with respective greater yields of 35.99 and 36.51% over farmers’ practice, besides better profitability. To further standardize fertilizer N split doses and assess their effect on paddy productivity, another OFT was conducted during Kharif 2010 under rainfed upland paddy conditions in HPR-1156. The results revealed that NPK at 60:30:30 kg ha?1 (whole of P and K as basal, 50% N at 15 DAS, 25% N each at 45–50 DAS and 70–75 DAS splits) resulted in better grain yield (34.3 q ha?1) and net profitability (?29,786 ha?1) over other treatments. Overall, it is concluded that these resource conservation technologies developed under the OFT participatory approach can enhance the rainfed upland paddy productivity and strongly show that there is dire need to split the N requirement of rainfed upland paddy in 2–3 splits to reduce the fertilizer N losses, enhance resource-use efficiency, and increase productivity and profitability in Himachal Pradesh, India.  相似文献   

15.
Long-term fertilizer experiments were conducted on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) for 21 years with eight fertilizer treatments in a fixed site during 1987–2007 to identify an efficient treatment to ensure maximum yield, greater sustainability, monetary returns, rainwater-use efficiency, and soil fertility over years. The results indicated that the yield was significantly influenced by fertilizer treatments in all years except 1987 1988, and 1994. The mean cotton yield ranged from 492 kg ha?1 under the control to 805 kg ha?1 under 25 kg nitrogen (N) [farmyard manure (FYM)] + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg phosphorus (P) ha?1. Among the nutrients, soil N buildup was observed with all treatments, whereas application of 25 kg N + 12.5 kg P ha?1 exhibited increase in P status. Interestingly, depletion of potassium (K) was recorded under all the fertilizer treatments as there was no K application in any of the treatments. An increase in soil N and P increased the plant N and P uptake respectively. Using relationships of different variables, principal component (PC) analysis technique was used for assessing the efficiency of treatments. In all the treatments, five PCs were found significant that explained the variability in the data of variables. The PC model of 25 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg P ha?1 explained maximum variability of 79.6% compared to other treatments. The treatment-wise PC scores were determined and used in developing yield prediction models and measurement of sustainability yield index (SYI). The SYI ranged from 44.4% in control to 72.7% in 25 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg P ha?1, which attained a mean cotton yield of 805 kg ha?1 over years. Application of 25 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) + 25 kg P ha?1 was significantly superior in recording maximum rainwater-use efficiency (1.13 kg ha?1 mm?1) and SYI (30.5%). This treatment also gave maximum gross returns of Rs. 30272 ha?1 with benefit–cost ratio of 1.60 and maintained maximum organic carbon and available N, P, and K in soil over years. These findings are extendable to cotton grown under similar soil and agroclimatic conditions in any part of the world.  相似文献   

16.
A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of different rates of potassium (K) fertilizer [0, 50, 100, and 150 potassium oxide (K2O) ha–1] in the presence of increased supply of nitrogen (N) (120, 180, and 240 kg N ha–1) on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yield and the N and K use efficiencies using the 15N isotopic dilution technique. Potassium fertilizer increased cotton yield, which was significant and more pronounced with the application of N in the high level (N3). The greatest cotton yield (6442 kg ha–1) was obtained in N2K3 treatment with an increase of 14% over the control. In addition, K fertilizer significantly increased N uptake efficiency in the N2 and N3 treatments. The greatest N uptake efficiency (98%) was in N2K3 treatment. The greatest K uptake efficiency (42%) was occurred in N3K1 treatment. In conclusion, the use of K fertilizer could be useful when growing cotton in soils of moderate to high N content to improve N uptake efficiency and consequently increase cotton yield.  相似文献   

17.
在河北省滨海区,连续3年对当地的盐碱地进行了冬季咸水结冰灌溉,并对土壤的耕层水盐动态、棉花出苗和产量以及植株的盐离子状况进行了观测。结果表明:利用矿化度为8.15~14.27 g.L 1、灌水量为180mm的地下咸水,对滨海盐碱地进行冬季结冰灌溉,后期结合地膜覆盖可显著降低土壤盐分含量和提高土壤含水量。咸水结冰灌溉处理2009—2011年棉花播种期土壤盐分含量分别为0.32%、0.29%和0.17%,土壤含水量分别为26.2%、25.0%和24.2%,保证了棉花正常出苗,3年的棉花出苗率均达到85%以上。结冰灌溉年限越长越有利于土壤盐分的淋洗。苗期棉花根、茎和叶片Na+含量比对照降低57.6%~64.5%,而相应的K+和Ca2+含量显著高于对照(不灌溉不覆膜处理)棉苗,避免了对苗期棉花的单盐伤害。随着当地雨季的来临,棉田耕层土壤可实现周年脱盐,保证了棉花的正常生长,籽棉产量达到2 643.8~3 607.7 kg.hm 2,并且3年的产量呈逐年上升趋势,实现了滨海重盐碱区水土资源的高效利用和棉花丰产。  相似文献   

18.
The increasing scarcity of water for irrigation and environmental pollution due to excessive use of fertilizers are the important problems in vegetable production. A field experiment with combination of three levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization was employed to optimize the irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer usage of spinach. Traits, yields, quality, and economic factors of spinach under different regimes were determined. The yield was the highest when spinach was grown under the condition of the soil water content at 16.5% combined with 170 kg ha?1 of nitrogen fertilizer, while the lowest yield was recorded for the one under the soil water content at 12.5% with 0 kg ha?1. Nitrate and oxalate contents of spinach were highly dependent on levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization significantly decreased nitrogen use efficiency. Both water use efficiency and profit responded positively to increased nitrogen fertilizer usage. To optimize the quality and earnings of spinach, and consider the fact that nitrogen fertilizer could degrade the quality of spinach, application of the nitrogen fertilizer at 85 kg ha?1 and maintenance of the soil water content at 16.5% could be recommended for spinach cultivation under field conditions. Therefore, the findings in this present study are important to improve our knowledge of the irrigation and fertilization for the sustainable agriculture.  相似文献   

19.
Fertigation techniques have been widely used in drip-irrigated cotton. The timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer injections then becomes a management question producers need guidance on. This study investigated the effect of nitrogen (N) fertigation frequency on drip-irrigated cotton. Experiments were conducted in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey in 2011 and 2012. A split-plot experimental design was applied. The main plots contained two different lateral spaces: A, one drip-line (lateral) per row; and B, one lateral for every two rows. Sub-plots were designed with different frequencies of fertigation as follows: a, the application of fixed amount of N at each irrigation cycle (5 days); b, the application of fixed amount of N every two irrigation cycles (10 days); and c, the application of one-fifth of the total N between the first irrigation and first flowering, two-fifths between the first flowering and formation of the first boll, and one-fifth between the formation of the first boll and last irrigation cycle. One-fifth of the total N was applied to the soil at sowing in all treatment regimens. The maximum cotton yield (4120 kg ha?1) and highest total N content (2.57–2.94%) in the leaves were obtained with one lateral for every two rows and the application of fixed amount of N every two irrigation cycles (10 days). One-fifth of the total N might be applied to the soil at sowing, and the remaining N should be applied in equal doses (an average of 7 fertigations) every two irrigation cycles (10 days) by fertigation. However, further research fertigation methods for cotton, including the amount of N that needs to be applied and the use of different injection systems, is required.  相似文献   

20.
Field experiments were conducted to study the response of cotton genotypes (G. arboreum Bt cv. RCH 650 BGII; non-Bt cv. F 2228; G. herbaceum cv. FDK 124) and wheat and triticale genotypes (T. aestivum cv. PBW 622; T. durum cv. PDW 314; triticale cv. TL 2908) to direct and residual B application (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kg B ha?1 as borax) using a Typic Ustrochrept, neutral, noncalcareous, loamy sand and B-deficient soil. A significant response of 218 and 231 kg ha?1 in seed cotton yield was recorded with an application of 1.0 kg B ha?1 to cotton and 2.0 kg B ha?1 to wheat. A significant response of 152 kg ha?1 grain yield of wheat was observed with the application of 0.5 kg B ha?1 to wheat, while no residual effect of B was observed when B was applied to cotton. On the basis of agronomic and B uptake efficiency, genotypes of cotton (RCH 650 BG II > FDK 124 > F 2228) and wheat (PDW 314> TL 2908> PBW 621) responded differentially to B application, thus indicating that yield of Bt cotton and durum wheat will be reduced more than the other cultivars under B deficiency.  相似文献   

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