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1.
Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms play an important role in plant nutrition by enhancing phosphorus (P) availability to roots through converting the insoluble phosphates into soluble ions. We isolated phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) from acidic soil (Ultisols) in the field from the layer of 0–150 mm at a tea garden located at 28°38′26″ N and 116°24′27″ E. The capacity of bacterial isolates to solubilize mineral phosphate was tested on aluminum phosphate (AlPO4) in liquid medium. Among these PSB, isolate B1 (identified as Bacillus thuringiensis) exhibited the maximum P-solubilizing ability and was particularly efficient at solubilizing AlPO4 (up to 321 mg L?1) in vitro. The isolate B1 was inoculated to an acidic soil to study its effect on phosphate solubilization and growth of peanuts (Arachis hypogeae). The Olsen-P in the tested soil increased from 14.7 to 23.4 mg kg?1, with solubilization of 16.4 mg kg?1 soil of Occluded-P after 14-day incubation. The inoculation by B1 significantly increased plant height (from 37.7 to 45.7 cm), number of branches (from 34.0 to 52.7 per plant), hundred-seed weight (from 42.1 to 46.9 g) and crude protein content (from 243.5 to 268.2 g kg?1 dry weight). The phosphate-solubilizing B. thuringiensis strain B1 showed potential as a biological phosphorus fertilizer.  相似文献   

2.
The capabilities of soil microorganisms to solubilize phosphate have been known for many years, but their isolation and use as crop inoculants have met with little success. Thirty-five bacterial isolates were screened for their phosphate-solubilizing ability, and two of them, PSR10 and RGR13, identified through 16S rDNA sequencing as Chryseobacterium sp. PSR10 and Escherichia coli RGR13, respectively, screened for plant growth promotion in the greenhouse. Seed inoculation of Macrotyloma uniflorum (horsegram) by Chryseobacterium sp. PSR10 showed better plant growth promotion in sterilized and unsterilized soil under greenhouse conditions and was selected for a field experiment with 100, 50 and 30% of recommended doses of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. Seed inoculation with 50% of the recommended dose of nitrogen and phosphorus increased plant growth (agronomical parameters, chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase activity, phosphorus content and crop yield). We conclude that effective plant growth-promoting bacterium Chryseobacterium sp. PSR10 broadens the spectrum of phosphate solubilizers available for field applications and might be used together with 50% dose of nitrogen and phosphate.  相似文献   

3.
Hong  Xi  Ma  Chao  Gao  Jusheng  Su  Shiming  Li  Tao  Luo  Zunchang  Duan  Ran  Wang  Yanan  Bai  Lingyu  Zeng  Xibai 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2019,19(1):73-80
Purpose

Although green manure rotation is often used to promote soil fertility and crop yield, the effects of this management practice on the nitrogen or phosphorus balance and the relationship between nutrient balance and the increase in soil nutrients have not been systematically studied.

Materials and methods

We investigated the apparent nitrogen and phosphorus balances and their associations with soil nitrogen and phosphorus increases, respectively, in a 34-year-old experimental site with various green manures and rice rotations using linear and logistic models. Cropping treatments included a rice-rice-winter fallow treatment as a control (RRW) and three green manure rotation treatments: rice-rice-ryegrass (RRR), rice-rice-oil rape (RRO), and rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch (RRC).

Results and discussion

We found that apparent nitrogen and phosphorus balances of RRR, RRO, and RRC were 164, 162, and 149 kg hm?2, which were all significantly lower than 200 kg hm?2 of RRW (P <?0.05). Moreover, the optimal fitted model of the relationship between cumulative nutrient balance and the increase in soil nutrients was different among treatments. Specifically, the correlation coefficients of cumulative nitrogen balance and soil nitrogen increase of RRR, RRO, and RRC in the linear model (0.49, 0.80, and 0.63) were all significantly lower than in the logistic model (0.81, 0.90, and 0.82). The correlation coefficients of cumulative phosphorus balance and increase in soil phosphorus of RRW in the linear model (0.81) were significantly lower than in the logistic model (0.91). Parameter analysis of the optimal fitted model revealed that RRC would increase the storage capacity of soil nitrogen and decrease the rate of soil phosphorus accumulation.

Conclusions

Our results suggested that long-term rice-rice-green manure rotation could significantly change the apparent nitrogen and phosphorus balance and their association with soil nitrogen and phosphorus content, respectively. Our study highlights the importance of green manure rotation in an agro-ecological environment and soil fertility in a double rice cropping system in red paddy soil.

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4.
Although phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms play a positive role in plant growth, their role in plant growth and root nodulation in combination with Rhizobium and Enterobacter has not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, only information exists regarding the effect of inoculation at successive stages of nodulation. The present study aimed to monitor the changes in the production of Indole acetic acid (IAA) and Gibberellin (GA3) in the roots of soybean during and after nodulation (25 DAS and 40 DAS) and in the rhizosphere soil following inoculation with two different strains of phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM I, strain CA 18 and PSM II, strain 54RB), Enterobacter strain A and BradyRhizobium Japonicum strain Tal 377. The effects of inoculation on the available NO?3, K, and P content of soil were studied at harvest. Beneficial effects of inoculation with Rhizobium, Enterobacter, and PSM I and II were obtained in all growth parameters of soybean. Co-inoculation resulted in maximum increase in IAA and GA content, plant biomass, root nodulation, number, weight and length of pods as compared with control (non-inoculated) and single-inoculation plants. The soil of the inoculated plants also showed higher IAA and GA content over.  相似文献   

5.
A large proportion of phosphate fertilizer applied to calcareous soils reacts with calcium. Changes in soil phosphorus (P) availability after single application of biochar and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria have been reported. However, interaction of biochar (increasing soil pH) and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (decreasing soil pH) on P availability in calcareous soil is not well known. An incubation experiment was conducted to study how the interactive effects of biochars (produced from wheat straw and cow manure at 300°C and 500°C with residence time of 1, 3 and 6 h) at different rates (0, 5 and 10 t ha?1) and phosphate-solubilizing Pseudomonas sp. IS8b2 affected on content of soil available P after 0, 60, 120 and 180 days of incubation (DOI) in a calcareous soil. After 60 DOI, the maximum value of available P (50.31 mg kg?1) was observed in the compound treatment of Pseudomonas sp. IS8b2 and wheat straw biochar (10 t ha?1) produced at 500°C with residence time of 3 h. We conclude that the combination use of wheat straw biochar and phosphate-solubilizing bacterium is promising to potentially improve soil P availability in calcareous soil, but further research at field scale is needed to confirm this.  相似文献   

6.
31P‐NMR spectroscopy on bulk soils is a powerful tool for the identification of the different phosphorus forms in soils and for the evaluation of the dynamics of soil P. Up to now the majority of the papers dealt with liquid state 31P‐NMR spectroscopy on soluble soil organic substances. Only few papers were addressed to the study of the different phosphorus forms directly in bulk soils. In the present paper, some organic and inorganic phosphates of known structures, which are likely to be present in soil systems, were studied by direct polarization (DP) magic angle spinning (MAS) 31P‐NMR spectroscopy in order to understand the electronic factors responsible for chemical shifts of the phosphorus (P) nucleus and to serve as guidelines to assign P resonances in soil spectra. Number of hydrating water molecules, type of counter‐cation, degree of covalence, and spatial conformation of P in phosphate structures were found to affect signal positions in 31P‐NMR spectra. Both hydrating water and increase in degree of covalence of the X‐O‐P bonds (X=H, Na) enhanced the electronic density (ED) around P, thereby producing up‐field shifts in 31P‐NMR spectra. The exchange of the Na+ counter‐cation with NH4+ resulted in an increase of the cation potential (PC) that is a measure of the cation polarizing power, and induced a down‐field shift of P signals, due to a corresponding reduction in ED around the P nucleus. Both NMR down‐ and up‐field shifts were observed in organic phosphates, and were dependent on the spatial orientation of the phosphate groups that may have been fixed anisotropically in the solid state. Based on the factors that influence P chemical shifts for standard phosphates, attempts to assign 31P‐NMR signals in the spectra of five different unperturbed bulk soils were made.  相似文献   

7.
Desert soils are infertile, and the ability to improve them by P-fertilization is limited by the solubility of phosphate. We aimed to understand the function of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and the mechanisms behind phosphate solubilization in desert soils. Vegetated and barren desert soils, mine spoil and a fertile temperate grassland loam were sampled. Bacteria and fungi were isolated and identified, and their phosphate-solubilizing abilities were measured in vitro. The release of plant available PO4, SO4, NO3 and NH4 from desert soils did not compare with that of a grassland soil. Desert soils had substantially lower solubilization than grassland, 162 and 99–121 µg PO4-P g?1 dry soil, respectively. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and fungi were inhabiting the soils. Si addition increased phosphate solubilization of fungi by 50%. The isolated microbes were shown, using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, to rapidly take-up both intracellular and extracellular phosphate during the phosphate solubilizing process. Desert soil had potentially active microbial populations that are capable to solubilize inorganic phosphorus; S and Si as the limiting factors. Acidification as the main mechanism to solubilize mineral phosphate was not as evident in our desert soils as in former studies dealing more fertile soils.  相似文献   

8.
ABSTRACT

Phosphorus availability from rock phosphate (RP) can be increased via composting with organic fertilizer and phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) in the soil. Incubation and pot experiments were conducted to investigate the comparative efficacy of RP-enriched organic fertilizer with PSMs vs. diammonium phosphate (DAP) as a control to enhance the production of legumes. In incubation studies, RP-enriched organic fertilizer with PSM2 significantly increased soil aggregate stability (37%) and P-release (2.35 folds) as compared to control, whereas, in pot study, the number and dry weight of nodules plant?1, shoot length, number of pods plant?1, and grain yield of chickpea increased by 23%, 13%, 17%, 15%, and 15% with RP-enriched organic fertilizer + PSM2 compared to control. Similarly, nitrogen and phosphorus contents in straw (11 and 42% respectively) and grains (11 and 13% respectively) and protein contents (16%) of chickpea were also increased. A similar trend was observed regarding the growth and yield parameters of lentil. The use of RP-enriched organic fertilizer with PSM could produce results similar to that of DAP for the optimum production of legumes.  相似文献   

9.
Low temperatures and high soil moisture restrict cycling of organic matter in arctic soils, but also substrate quality, i.e. labile carbon (C) availability, exerts control on microbial activity. Plant exudation of labile C may facilitate microbial growth and enhance microbial immobilization of nitrogen (N). Here, we studied 15N label incorporation into microbes, plants and soil N pools after both long-term (12 years) climate manipulation and nutrient addition, plant clipping and a pulse-addition of labile C to the soil, in order to gain information on interactions among soil N and C pools, microorganisms and plants. There were few effects of long-term warming and fertilization on soil and plant pools. However, fertilization increased soil and plant N pools and increased pool dilution of the added 15N label. In all treatments, microbes immobilized a major part of the added 15N shortly after label addition. However, plants exerted control on the soil inorganic N concentrations and recovery of total dissolved 15N (TD15N), and likewise the microbes reduced these soil pools, but only when fed with labile C. Soil microbes in clipped plots were primarily C limited, and the findings of reduced N availability, both in the presence of plants and with the combined treatment of plant clipping and addition of sugar, suggest that the plant control of soil N pools was not solely due to plant uptake of soil N, but also partially caused by plants feeding labile C to the soil microbes, which enhanced their immobilization power. Hence, the cycling of N in subarctic heath tundra is strongly influenced by alternating release and immobilization by microorganisms, which on the other hand seems to be less affected by long-term warming than by addition or removal of sources of labile C.  相似文献   

10.
VA菌根真菌对石灰性土壤不同形态磷酸盐有效性的影响   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  
用32P示踪法研究了VA菌根真菌对石灰性土壤不同形态磷酸盐有效性的影响。结果表明，VA菌很真菌显著增加了玉米吸收肥料和土壤的磷量。菌根植物和非菌根植物都可不同程度地吸收利用土壤中的Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Fe-P和Al-P，VA菌根真菌增加了玉米对它们的吸收。试验结果还表明，施Ca10-P时接种VA菌很真菌对玉米生长的促进作用比施用其它磷酸盐明显，但Ca10-P不能直接被玉米植株所利用。说明VA菌根真菌能提高土壤中的有效性磷（Ca2-P和Al-P）和缓效性磷（Ca8-P和Fe-P）的有效性。  相似文献   

11.
ABSTRACT

The exploitation of phosphate mines generates an important quantity of phosphate sludge that remains accumulated and not valorized. In this context, composting with organic matter and rhizospheric microorganisms offers an interesting alternative and that is more sustainable for agriculture. This work aims to investigate the synergetic effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and phospho-compost (PC), produced from phosphate-laundered sludge and organic wastes, and their combination on plant growth, phosphorus solubilization and phosphatase activities (alkaline and acid). Inoculated mycorrhizae and bacteria strains used in this study were selected from plant rhizosphere grown on phosphate-laundered sludge. Significant (p < .05) increases in plant growth was observed when inoculated with both consortia and PC (PC+ PSB+ AMF) similar to those recorded in plants amended with chemical fertilizer. Tripartite inoculated tomato had a significantly (p < .05) higher shoot height; shoot and root dry weight, root colonization and available P content, than the control. Co-inoculation with PC and AMF greatly increased alkaline phosphatase activity and the rate of mycorrhizal intensity. We conclude that PC and endophytic AMF and PSB consortia contribute to a tripartite inoculation in tomato seedlings and are coordinately involved in plant growth and phosphorus solubilization. These results open up promising prospects for using formulate phospho-compost enriched with phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) in crop cultivation as biofertilizers to solve problems of phosphate-laundered sludge accumulation.  相似文献   

12.
Red soils in subtropical regions are often low in available phosphorus (P), a vital plant nutrient. Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs) can release P from phosphate reservoir, making it accessible to plants. However, the complex interactions between PSMs and minerals in red soils are not yet fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of Aspergillus niger, a typical phosphate-solubilizing fungus (PSF), on phosphate dissolution in two representative red soils – an acidic soil and an alkaline soil. In the acidic red soil, the fungal abundance reached 3.01 × 10 7 cfu g−1 after a 28-day incubation period, with respiration of ~2000 mg C kg−1. The secretion of oxalic acid promoted P release from inorganic phosphate (from ~1 to 187 mg kg−1). Additionally, the contents of amorphous Fe/Al oxides decreased, which otherwise could have contributed to P sorption in the soil. In contrast, P availability declined in the alkaline red soil after the addition of A. niger, regardless of the P source (inorganic or organic phosphate). Meanwhile, the fungal respiration decreased to ~780 mg C kg−1. Therefore, alkaline red soils with abundant carbonates are susceptible to P deficiency due to both the diminished function of PSMs and strong soil buffering. These findings have important implications for sustainable agriculture on alkaline red soils, as they suggest that the use of PSMs to improve P availability may be limited.  相似文献   

13.
两株土壤分离菌的解磷能力及对玉米的促生作用   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  
从植物根际的土壤样品中分离筛选出两株高效解磷细菌P_9和P_(28),分别被鉴定为粘质沙雷氏菌和产气肠杆菌.研究了不同环境条件对解磷能力的影响,结果表明,P_(28)耐 3%NaCl(w/v,下同)、28℃是两菌的最适温度、在初始pH 5.5～10.0条件下培养时能够高效溶解Ca_3(PO_4)_2.盆栽试验结果表明,单接种、双接种解磷菌处理的玉米株高、植株干重和磷含量显著高于不接菌对照;单接种P_9处理的玉米明显强于单接种P_(28)处理;将有机肥(M)和磷矿石(RP)作为载体和解磷菌一同混合施入土壤的处理,玉米苗干重,磷含量较单施解磷菌显著增加.  相似文献   

14.
ABSTRACT

Incorporating deep litter cow and deep litter poultry manures with the top 30-cm soil improved orchard soil chemistry, including nutrient availability, soil organic matter, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and biological activity in a ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Bork) orchard in Zanjan, Iran. Application of deep litter cow manure at 30 t ha?1 or deep litter poultry manure at 10 t ha?1 resulted in a higher rate of nitrogen (N) release, and thus increased yield and fruit size, but decreased fruit color. The least leaf minerals were found in the untreated control trees. The control trees showed minor symptoms of N, iron (Fe), and magnesium (Mg) deficiencies during the following season. Positive correlation existed between the rate of manure applied and the content of soil organic matter (OM). The deep litter poultry manure at 10 t ha?1 increased the soil K, Mg, calcium (Ca), ammonium-N, and EC levels.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

Sustainable food production includes mitigating environmental pollution and avoiding unnecessary use of non-renewable mineral phosphate resources. Efficient phosphorus (P) utilization from organic wastes is crucial for alternative P sources to be adopted as fertilizers. There must be predictable plant responses in terms of P uptake and plant growth. An 18-week pot experiment was conducted to assess corn (Zea mays L.) plant growth, P uptake, soil test P and P fractionation in response to application of organic P fertilizer versus inorganic P fertilizer in five soils. Fertilizers were applied at a single P rate using: mono-ammonium phosphate, anaerobically digested dairy manure, composted chicken manure, vegetable compost and a no-P control. Five soils used varied in soil texture and pH. Corn biomass and tissue P concentrations were different among P fertilizers in two soils (Warden and Quincy), with greater shoot biomass for composted chicken manure and higher tissue P concentration for MAP. Plant dry biomass ranged from highest to lowest with fertilizer treatment as follows: composted chicken manure?>?AD dairy?=?MAP?=?no-P control?=?vegetable compost. Soil test P was higher in soils with any P fertilizer treatment versus the no-P control. The loosely bound and soluble P (2.7?mg P kg?1) accounted for the smallest pool of inorganic P fractions, followed by iron bound P (13.7?mg P kg?1), aluminum bound P (43.4?mg P kg?1) and reductant soluble P (67.9?mg P kg?1) while calcium bound P (584.6?mg P kg?1) represented the largest pool of inorganic P.  相似文献   

16.
Purpose

Soil physico-chemical properties, biomass production, and root density are considered key factors indicating soil health in an agroecosystem. The soil physico-chemical changes and plant growth (e.g., shoot biomass production and root density) in a 6-year cultivation of plant species used as green manure in a sandy soil from Tropical ecosystem, North-eastern Brazil, were investigated between July and December 2019.

Material and methods

We characterized soil physical and chemical properties, shoot biomass production, and root density under ten plant species used as green manure: Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. cv. Basilisk, Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC, Crotalaria juncea L., Crotalaria ochroleuca G. Don, Crotalaria spectabilis Roth, Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet, Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC, Neonotonia wightii (Wight & Arn.) J.A. Lackey, Pennisetum glaucum L., and Stilozobium aterrimum Piper and Tracy.

Results and discussion

The highest values of soil pH, exchangeable cations, CEC, and soil available water capacity were found on the plots where Poaceae plants were cultivated, whereas for H++Al3+, C.E.C., soil available water, and soil available water capacity were found on the plots where Fabaceae plants were cultivated. On the plots where C. ensiformis and N. wightii were cultivated, we found the highest shoot dry biomass and root density, respectively. The results highlight the importance to consider plant species from both Poaceae and Fabaceae family used as green manure as soil conditioner (by promoting soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and hydraulic properties into plant root zone), and thus creating a positive plant-soil feedback.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that (1) a consecutive green manure practice without any input of fertilizers after 6 years changed positively both soil physical and chemical properties, and improve plant growth (e.g., shoot dry biomass and root density) in tropical savanna climate conditions; and (2) by altering soil fertility, both Poaceae and Fabaceae plants used as green manure may create a sustainable cycle into the soil profile thus promoting soil health.

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17.

Purpose

Application of functional organisms in soil organic amendments has the potential to accelerate organic matter decomposition and stimulate C cycling. In this study, a short-term (a year) field experiment was conducted to investigate the collaborative effects of earthworms and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria on C accumulation in pig manure-amended soil.

Materials and methods

A field experiment was conducted with six treatments established. The first three treatments, including control (CK), pig manure (Pm), and pig manure?+?slurry (Pm?+?S), were set up to evaluate the influences of pig manure on soil C accumulation. The other three treatments, including manure?+?slurry?+?earthworms (Te), manure?+?slurry?+?phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (Tb), and manure?+?slurry?+?earthworms?+?bacteria (T(e?+?b)), were set up to investigate the collaborative effects of functional organisms on soil C cycling. The Pm?+?S treatment was chosen as the control (T) for this purpose.

Results and discussion

The results showed that the soil C pools did not increase significantly under the manure treatment. In contrast, an integrated application of manure, slurry, earthworms, and bacteria significantly increased the various C fractions, such as SOC and humin, indicating a rapid and positive effect of earthworms and bacteria on C accumulation. Besides, C sequestration by the integrated application was as high as 1.35 Mg C ha?1 soil, half of which was stabilized.

Conclusions

The T(e?+?b) was an efficient strategy to sequestrate and stabilize SOC in arid hillside soils. The bacteria increased the labile OC, especially microbial biomass C, while the earthworms were apparently essential for the increase in stable OC.
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18.
Engineered plant growth media must support plant growth while minimizing environmental impact. The objective of this research was to determine how different growth media influence nutrient leaching. Plant growth media contained varied amounts of soil, sand, compost that did or did not contain manure, and possible sorbents for phosphorus. If the plant growth media included compost derived partly from manure, leaching losses of nutrients were excessive due to the high nutrient load in the compost. Layering compost over the plant media mix resulted in lower nitrate concentrations in effluent (87 mg L?1) compared with mixing compost into the media (343 mg L?1); however, growth of prairie grasses was reduced because of dense media below the compost blanket (0.09 versus 0.31 g). Using lower amounts of compost that did not contain manure resulted in lower mean nitrate concentrations in effluent (101 versus 468 mg L?1). Media that had no soil (13.3 mg L?1) had greater loss of phosphorus after harvest for unsaturated drainage than media with soil (1.8 mg L?1). To reduce nitrate leaching, only small amounts of low-nutrient compost (higher C:N ratio) should be incorporated into the media. If compost is applied as a surface blanket without incorporation, then soil should be added to the sand to reduce density of the media and increase plant growth.  相似文献   

19.
The expected rise in temperature and decreased precipitation owing to climate change and unabated anthropogenic activities add complexity and uncertainty to agro-industry.The impact of soil nutrient imbalance,mismanaged use of chemicals,high temperature,flood or drought,soil salinity,and heavy metal pollutions,with regard to food security,is increasingly being explored worldwide.This review describes the role of soil-plant-microbe interactions along with organic manure in solving stressed agriculture problems.Beneficial microbes associated with plants are known to stimulate plant growth and enhance plant resistance to biotic (diseases) and abiotic (salinity,drought,pollutions,etc.) stresses.The plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and mycorrhizae,a key component of soil microbiota,could play vital roles in the maintenance of plant fitness and soil health under stressed environments.The application of organic manure as a soil conditioner to stressed soils along with suitable microbial strains could further enhance the plant-microbe associations and increase the crop yield.A combination of plant,stress-tolerant microbe,and organic amendment represents the tripartite association to offer a favourable environment to the proliferation of beneficial rhizosphere microbes that in turn enhance the plant growth performance in disturbed agro-ecosystem.Agriculture land use patterns with the proper exploitation of plant-microbe associations,with compatible beneficial microbial agents,could be one of the most effective strategies in the management of the concerned agriculture lands owing to climate change resilience.However,the association of such microbes with plants for stressed agriculture management still needs to be explored in greater depth.  相似文献   

20.
ABSTRACT

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of biochar derived from the distilled waste of Cymbopogon winterianus at two different pyrolysis temperatures (450°C and 850°C) on the chemical and biological properties of sandy loamy soil (SLS) and its subsequent impact on plant growth. Pot experiments utilizing Bacopa monnieri were performed in a greenhouse with four different application rates of biochar (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% (w/w)) for 120 days. Biochar induced alterations in soil properties (nutrients, enzymes, and microbes) and plant responses (yield, biocide and antioxidant content) to biochar addition were measured. Biochar application, notably improved the soil carbon, cation exchange capacity, and the availability of NH4 + and phosphorus. Initially, biochar produced at the lower temperature had more effect on the available nitrogen, phosphorus, soil enzymatic properties, and plant biomass growth. After 120 days, the pyrolysis temperature had only a marginal influence on biochar-induced effects on soil pH, WHC, and soil enzymatic activities. Our results suggest that C. winterianus derived biochar amendment leads to an overall amelioration of soil fertility and plant growth improvement. In specific biochar produced at lower temperatures (450°C) was more effective for improvement of plant biomass and soil characteristics.  相似文献   

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