共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
G.G.A. Godaliyadda D. Renault H.M. Hemakumara I.W. Makin 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1999,13(1):33-55
Improvements to normal operational procedures are investigated for the main types of irrigation system identified in Sri Lanka. Scheduled and unscheduled changes of flow regime the systems are likely to experience and the opportunities for improved operations related to the physical characteristics of each type are analyzed.Performance of several alternative manual operational procedures are evaluated and compared using a hydraulic model (Simulation of Irrigation Canal, SIC) for three different irrigation subsystem types (Single Bank canal; Double Bank canal; Canals with intermediate Storage). Results of these simulations show that current practice, based on a fixed frequency of operation of 12 hrs and a target water depth set to the spill level of the cross-regulator, is not far from the optimal for systems without on-line storage. A slight improvement can be expected if the frequency of operation is increased to 6 hrs. For systems with on-line storage it is recommended to split operational procedures into two parts, one related to the canal and one to the storage. Among different options investigated, discharge control at the downstream regulator of the storage appears to be the most reliable as it performs well whatever operation procedures are selected for the canal.Irrigation systems in Sri Lanka are subject to frequent positive flow changes (Supply fluctuations, Runoff, Return-flow changes). As far as water management is concerned, improvements to be expected from normal operation procedures appear to be somewhat limited because management of flow changes is not an objective. For instance little effort is made to harvest runoff under the current practices. One conclusion of the study is that new strategies for the harvest, storage and release of positive flow changes should be tested and, where appropriate, implemented to improve the overall efficiency of operation in irrigation systems in Sri Lanka. 相似文献
2.
Large-scale canal irrigation projects are commonly seen as profligate users of water. Their low water productivity has been attributed by many authors to deficiencies in management or to actions by farmers to circumvent management control over water distribution. Inadequate design has sometimes been cited as a contributing factor, but the relationship between design and manageability has received too little attention. In most conventional large-scale irrigation systems imperfect matching between water supply and demand is an inescapable fact of life that leads to operational spillages and low efficiency. Provision of auxiliary storage reservoirs at strategic points within the canal system can buffer this mismatch and improve service delivery and also aid recovery of return flows. Such reservoirs may bring additional benefits in that they provide opportunities for multiple-use management and increased productivity of irrigation water. This paper presents a case study of Mahaweli System H in Sri Lanka, which incorporates a large number of secondary reservoirs within its 25000 ha command area. The paper examines current operational performance and considers scope for and constraints to multiple-use management. 相似文献
3.
In spite of several attempts at integrated operation planning, multiple reservoirs in Japan have been operated by trial and error without any formal rules. Subjects of integrated operation are not only showing optimal usage of daily storage levels as an operational policy but also providing a countermeasure for droughts.Objectives of this study are to make a formal operation rule of multiple reservoirs for irrigation using the theory of Required Storage for Drought Curve (RSDC) Method and to propose operational policy for multiple reservoirs as large water supply systems. The Iwaki river basin, on which there are four reservoirs for irrigation parallel with each other, is considered to be a model river basin with a large water system for this case study.From results of simulations using historical data, comparing an individual operation rule with an integrated operation rule on several indices, effectiveness of the latter rule is recognized. Under integrated operation, water losses are minimized and excessive water conservation can be avoided over the whole area to benefit while target river discharge is maintained at key control points because water usage from all reservoirs is well balanced in relation to water availability. 相似文献
4.
In many countries, irrigation water is usedfor several purposes other than irrigatingfield crops. In Sri Lanka, irrigationwater from canals, wells, and reservoirs isused for domestic purposes, industry,livestock, and fisheries, and it alsocontributes to sustain the environment. However, policy makers and water managersin irrigation systems only take intoaccount water used for irrigating the fieldcrops and sometimes water used for domesticpurposes. Owing to the failure torecognize the different uses and users ofwater, the water in irrigation systems hasbeen undervalued. This paper presents theenvironmental impact of irrigation and aframework for valuing water for itsmultiple and often competing uses,especially focusing on water uses forecological services, in this case wetlands.The south coastal area of Sri Lanka wasselected as a site for a case study, including2,610 ha of irrigated area and adownstream wetland area of 2,250 ha whichhas five lagoons. This wetland areacombines coastal, marine and freshwaterecosystems in a tropical environment inwhich distinct plant and animal speciescoexist in a delicate balance. All users ofwater and other resources, and theirenvironmental problems were identified. Thispaper discusses the policy and managementimplications of valuing water for competinguses. 相似文献
5.
This paper introduces a combined modelling approach using a simple water budget model (THC-model) and a 3D reservoir sedimentation
model (MOHID Water) to adapt reservoir operation and visualise their effects on the sediment deposition. By this, an effective
combined sediment-water management can be identified under semi-arid conditions for dry, median and wet years. Results are
presented for the reservoirs of the Tuyamuyun Hydro-Complex (THC), which is located in the lower Amu Darya River. The determination
of the actual and usable reservoir storage volume shows that siltation will significantly adversely affect the ability of
the in-stream Channel Reservoir to regulate seasonal demand for both irrigation and municipal water supply. However, modelling
scenarios results confirm the effectiveness of adapted operation rules for the THC reservoirs and show that the operation
of large dams could be modified according to a combined sediment-water management. The experience gained during this study
emphasizes the fact that the concept of a combined reservoir management of sediments as well as water can be an efficient
measure to improve the sustainable long-term use of reservoirs and to contribute towards a safe water supply in water crisis
regions. 相似文献
6.
A reservoir operational rule for irrigation in Japan 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Yutaro Senga 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1991,5(2):129-140
Operation of a reservoir for irrigation is more complicated and difficult than that for domestic water supply in Japan, owing to the fact that a requirement for irrigation takes various value depending upon effective rainfall on farmland, soil condition, and so on. Therefore, the reservoirs should be operated to correspond with demand, inflow, and unknown droughts occurring in the future. However, the reservoirs have been operated under operators' experiences without formal operational rules, because any effective theories or methods have been neither developed nor used in Japan at present.On operation of the reservoirs, there are two targets — promotion of effective release and restriction of release in preparation for droughts — conflicting with each other. It is useful to set up the operation with Required Storage for Drought Curve (RSDC) Method to achieve reasonable operation harmonizing those two targets. RSDC is composed with Target Line (TL) and Restrictive Release Lines (RRLs). TL is a target storage level to guarantee that storage will never empty until the end of the irrigation period under a certain probability. If actual storage remains above TL, effective release will be promoted. RRLs are storage levels pointing out the basis of restricting release. If actual storage falls below TL, release will be restrained in accordance with RRLs in order to get over uncertain droughts occurring in the future.In this paper, the theory of RSDC is described and the effectiveness of Rule Curve (RC) based on RSDC Method is illustrated by simulation on a single reservoir for irrigation. 相似文献
7.
利用动态规划法确定水库最优灌溉面积 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
王博 《中国农村水利水电》1997,(11):11-13
利用动态规划法对供水水库进行长系列优化调度，建立了一维或多维并联供水水库优化调度数学模型，编制了通用计算机程序，通过点绘水库灌溉面积与供水保证率、灌溉面积与缺水率曲线，在给定灌溉保证率下通过查曲线即可确定水训最优灌溉面积。 相似文献
8.
《Agricultural Water Management》2001,46(3):215-230
In tropical, monsoon climates of South-East Asia, irrigation facilities supplement rain in the wet season and enable crops to be cultivated during the dry season. In the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka, 70% of the average annual rainfall of 1000 mm falls in a 3 month period. During the dry season, reference evapotranspiration has less rainfall — about 700 mm, indicating that much additional supply is meant to support crops, mainly paddy. In this climatic context, irrigation has dramatically changed the local environment, creating ecosystems quite similar to that of the wet zone to flourish. In these systems, recharge of shallow groundwater by percolation from irrigated fields, canals, and tanks, has provided a continuous supply of water for natural vegetation and homestead gardens. Much of the water used by this non-crop vegetation is beneficial. Growth of fruit and coconut trees can be quite profitable, while other trees enhance the environment.In 1998, IWMI performed a comprehensive water balance in the command area of the Kirindi Oya irrigation scheme, Sri Lanka, based on surface flow measurements, rainfall data, and estimation of crop water requirements. This water balance showed that evaporation consumed 78% of the total amount of water available for use. The amount of evaporation is split into process depletion (crops for 28%), direct evaporation from tanks (7%), inter-seasonal fallow (10%) and from non-crop vegetation for 55%.The main conclusion from this study is that perennial vegetation as the main component of non-crop vegetation, is a significant consideration in tropical humid environments in planning, management and performance assessment. Designers, managers, and researchers need to specifically incorporate the evaluation of evaporation by non-crop vegetation and perennial vegetation in their approach of water requirements. Further investigation is needed to estimate water consumption by land cover type to assess their respective beneficial use. 相似文献
9.
Half of the world food production originates from irrigated and drained soils. Advanced soil water flow simulation models have the potential to contribute to the solution of relatively complex problems in irrigation and drainage science and management, provided that field data are available to calibrate and run them. Besides providing a literature review, this paper emphasizes on calibration and mathematical optimization procedures using GIS and remote sensing techniques. Unfortunately, the required level of expertise of integrated GIS, remote sensing and models make the application of sophisticated tools highly dependent on modeling experts. This is one of the chief reasons that soil water flow models have a low operational focus, especially in less developed countries with irrigation systems where they are most needed. The gap between the supply of various advanced models and the application by the irrigation and drainage community needs to be closed. The likelihood of adoption by a broader model user community will increase if models become more user- and data-friendly (or -tolerant) and heterogeneity-aware. During the next 10 years, simulation model development and application should focus on agricultural water savings, understanding recycling of water in the basin context, increase crop water productivity, bring groundwater-overexploitation to a halt and control the build up of soil salinity. 相似文献
10.
A combined monitoring-modelling analysis of the past operation of the Thup Salao irrigation scheme (Thailand) is performed with a view to developing an improved operational strategy. The IMSOP computer model was used to simulate the operation of the delivery system using monitoring operational data since its commissioning (1988–1991). Temporal deviations of up to 80% are observed between the planned irrigation supply, the requirement irrigation delivery and the actual irrigation delivery in the wet season and up to 20% in the dry season. A real-time rainfall adjustment of the planned delivery scheduling resulted in a substantial improvement in the ability to match crop water demand and use rainfall more effectively. This suggests that a dual scheduling strategy consisting of seasonal (tactical) planning and real-time adjustment is required to improve operational performance. 相似文献
11.
Annavarapu Srinivasa Prasad N. V. Umamahesh G. K. Viswanath 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》2011,25(1):19-38
A weekly irrigation planning LP model is formulated for determining the optimal cropping pattern and reservoir water allocation
for an existing storage based irrigation system in India. Objective of the model is maximization of net annual benefit from
the project. In an irrigation planning of a storage based irrigation system, initial storage of the reservoir at the beginning
of the reservoir operation, expected inflows into the reservoir during each intraseasonal period, capacity of channels, crop
calendar and yield response to water deficit in each growth stage of crop play a vital role in deciding acreage and water
allocation to each crop. The planning model takes into account yield response to water deficit in each intraseasonal period
of the crop, expected weekly inflows entering into the reservoir, storage continuity of reservoir, land and water availability,
equity of water allocation among sub areas and proportionate downstream river release. One year comprising of 52 weeks is
considered as planning horizon. To account for uncertainty in water resources availability, the model is solved for four levels
of reliability of weekly inflows entering into the reservoir (90%, 85%, 80% and 75%). Alternative optimal cropping patterns
and weekly releases to crops grown in each sub area under each main canal are obtained for various states of initial storage
at the beginning of reservoir operation and for various levels of weekly inflows into the reservoir. Results reveal the importance
of initial state of reservoir storage for feasible solution and shows the impact on cropping pattern with the change in initial
storage of reservoir for different levels of reliability of weekly inflows. 相似文献
12.
在总结现有多维确定性动态规划计算方法利弊的基础上,提出一种新的优化计算方法,即双收敛算法。该算法应用于引滦工程系统(五水库)实时联合供水优化调度。实践证明:该算法从根本上克服了“维数灾”,适用于多水库(五库以上)发电及供水优化调度计算。 相似文献
13.
在对汕尾市水文水资源情况调查分析基础上,基于MIKE BASIN数字平台构建了汕尾市水资源优化配置模拟模型。采用四级流域套县为计算单元,以河流、水库和山塘为供水水源,对基准年与规划水平年(2020年)在不同保证率下、不同需水推荐方案和供水推荐方案情况下,分别进行水资源供需平衡分析,从而使得城镇生活用水、农村生活用水、工业用水和农业灌溉用水及生态用水获得优化配置,以满足汕尾市规划水平年各类需水要求。 相似文献
14.
Lap Doc Tran Steven SchilizziMorteza Chalak Ross Kingwell 《Agricultural Water Management》2011,101(1):42-51
Choosing the appropriate reservoir water management strategy can be difficult when the water has multiple uses. This study examines this problem for reservoir managers where water use involves irrigation and fisheries. A stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) model is developed to facilitate reservoir management, using a case study illustration for southern Vietnam. The model includes the response of rice and fish yields to key factors including reservoir water levels, the timing and quantity of water release, and climatic conditions. The model also accounts for variation in rainfall patterns, irrigation requirements, and the demand for low water levels during the fish harvest season. Three production scenarios are examined where the reservoir's water is used for: only producing rice (scenario 1), only producing fish (scenario 2), and producing rice and fish (scenario 3). Key findings are: (1) for scenario 1, adequate water should be released to meet rice growing water requirements and residual water should be stored as a source of water in case of low rainfall, (2) for scenario 2, sufficient water needs to be released prior to the fish harvest to maximize this harvest; and (3) for scenario 3, water should be released prior to fish harvest, but sufficient water should remain to satisfy the water requirements of rice. When the reservoir is managed for joint production of rice and fish, net benefits are 6% greater than when the reservoir is managed solely for rice production. The SDP model developed in this paper could be adapted and applied to other multiple-use resources such as forests, river basins, and land. 相似文献
15.
《Agricultural Systems》1998,58(4):529-554
An integrated approach to reservoir, irrigation, and cropping management which links four different models—a hydrologic model (PRMS), a crop growth simulation model (EPIC), an economic model based on linear programming, and a dynamic programming model—is developed and demonstrated. The demonstration is based on an irrigation district located in a subhumid climate with an irrigation reservoir large enough for over-year storage. The model is used to make repeated simulations for various planning horizons. Two different types of results are presented. The first provides the probability that each of the various farm plans (land/crop/water allocation) will be chosen as the optimum in the first year of the planning horizon. The second approach provides probability distributions of accumulated revenues over a chosen length of planning horizon. Each distribution is associated with an initial reservoir level and a particular farm plan in the first year of the planning horizon. The consequence of selecting certain farm plans at the beginning of a specified planning horizon is therefore quantified in a probabilistic way. Based on families of probability–revenue curves, an irrigation manager can simultaneously evaluate crop, irrigation, and reservoir management options. 相似文献
16.
提出基于改进多目标决策模型的大桥水库灌区渠系自适应规划方法,合理规划大桥水库灌区渠系配水,提高水资源利用率,降低无效弃水以及对生态环境的影响。以配水结束后灌区各渠系缺水量、渠道输水损失量以及农作物生产带来的灰水足迹三者最小为大桥水库灌区渠系规划多目标决策函数,以渠道输水能力、水量和时间为约束条件,构建大桥水库灌区渠系规划的多目标决策模型;以栅格法构建路径规划的运行环境,通过移动几率优化、信息素挥发系数自适应调整两方面改进蚁群算法,通过改进蚁群算法寻优获取渠道缺水量、输水损失量、灰水足迹最小的水库灌区渠系规划结果。实验证明：该方法可以有效规划大桥水库灌区渠系的水资源,规划后的灌区渠系在缺水量、渠道输水损失量以及灰水足迹方面都有较好的表现,且效率高、应用性强。 相似文献
17.
One of the methods for increasing productivity of water consumed in agriculture is by improved water supply management. This
paper presents results from an optimization study of the Malampuzha irrigation project of the Bharathapuzha river basin of
Kerala in India. The objective of this study is to determine whether significant improvements might be realized from optimization
of operation of the reservoir system. To do this a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed and five different
management strategies are tested. The result indicates that a management strategy with deficit irrigation by supplying less
water in non-critical growth period and maximum water during stress sensitive periods is a best viable solution for better
performance. A MILP model, rather than a linear programming (LP) model, is used to ensure that the reservoir does not spill
before reaching its capacity. 相似文献
18.
Daniel H. Phillips Yvonne Reinink Timothy E. Skarupa Charles. E. Ester III Jon A. Skindlov 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》2009,23(2-3):109-124
The Salt River Project (SRP) was created in the early 1900s to assure an adequate water supply for its shareholders in the Salt River Valley, Arizona, USA. The straight forward job of storing inflows and meeting demand from a single reservoir system soon became more complex. As the population of the Salt River Valley swelled, additional reservoirs were added to the system, alternative supplies of water were developed, and hydro-power generation became a financial consideration in reservoir operations. Nevertheless, the primary operational objective continues to be the conjunctive management of multiple sources of water to ensure an adequate carry-over supply of water for SRP’s shareholders in the Salt River Valley. This objective has traditionally been accomplished by managing the reservoir system as if each time the reservoirs fill to capacity is the beginning of an extended drought comparable to the worst historical drought in recorded history. Over the past 20 years, several subtle yet significant events have taken place which raise concerns regarding SRP’s traditional method of water planning and management. Changes in demand patterns as land is converted from mainly agricultural use to urban use, an ongoing drought rivaling the historical drought of record, tree-ring studies suggesting even more severe droughts having occurred in pre-historic times and, the specter of a changing climate due to global warming all suggest that a business as usual approach to water management and planning may no longer be appropriate. 相似文献
19.
该文分析了灌溉水库兴利调度的特点,提出了灌溉水库分干旱类型制定调度线和破坏年调度问题,分析了灌溉水库担任综合供水任务后的调度处理,提出了灌溉水库调度的检验原则。 相似文献
20.
C. Shanthi de Silva 《Agricultural Water Management》2008,95(3):271-282
Soil-water conditions for ricefields located in valleys in micro-catchments are simulated using a daily soil-water balance model. The crop is primarily rainfed but there is also limited irrigation water. The simulation covers a complete year and includes features such as rainfall, irrigation releases, runoff from uplands, actual evaporation and evapotranspiration, percolation losses through the bed and bunds of the ricefield, standing water in the field and overflows from the ricefield. A specific location in Sri Lanka is selected to illustrate the approach. The impacts of different conditions are explored including alternative irrigation releases, increased losses through the bed and bunds of the ricefield and a lower overflow from the ricefield. Simulations indicate that ricefields which are towards the valley sides have an increased inflow due to runoff from adjacent uplands; this can lead to improved rice yields. However, reducing heights of the bunds to half the original value results in substantial overflows during periods of high rainfall while the number of days without submergence almost doubles. This uncomplicated model is consistent with the limited field data and information available; it provides a realistic representation of the important processes and indicates why poor crop yields often occur. 相似文献