共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 343 毫秒
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桐油包膜尿素养分释放机理的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以桐油为包膜材料,采用土壤盆栽试验和水中静置试验,对控释肥料养分释放动态进行了研究。结果表明,以桐油为包膜材料的包膜尿素,在土壤中养分初期溶出率为12.6%,在水中养分初期溶出率为20.1%,是比较理想的包膜材料。在水中与土壤中养分释放期为1∶1.2;N素的释放可用LOGISTIC动力学方程描述,释放常数k值可用来判断控释尿素的N素释放速率大小。 相似文献
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为解决传统肥料养分利用率低,以及一般聚合物包膜肥料的膜材料难以降解、养分释放速率不可控等问题,该研究以聚乙烯醇（PVA）为膜基材,通过与壳聚糖（CS）共混、使用戊二醛（GA）交联、添加纳米SiO2 3种不同的方式,制备了3种膜：PVA/CS膜、PVA/CS/GA膜、PVA/CS/GA/纳米SiO2膜,此外,制备了纯PVA膜作为对比。对4种膜进行了吸水率（Q）、生物降解性（De）、养分渗透系数（Ps）等表征,结果表明：CS的添加提升了膜的生物降解率,GA交联可以延缓膜在土壤中的生物降解速率,而纳米SiO2的添加对膜的生物降解性影响不大,总体来说4种膜都显示出良好的生物降解性（77 d内的生物降解率在30%～60%）;相比于PVA膜,PVA/CS、PVA/CS/GA和PVA/CS/GA/纳米SiO2膜的吸水率分别降低43.00%、68.79%和82.73%;相比于PVA/CS膜,PVA/CS/GA和PVA/CS/GA/纳米SiO2膜的养分渗透系数分别降低48.51%和57.59%,说明CS的添加、GA的交联和纳米SiO2的添加都增强了PVA膜的疏水性。将4种膜液通过转鼓包衣机包覆在尿素颗粒表面制得了4种包膜尿素（PCU）颗粒（PCU-PVA、PCU-PVA/CS、PCU-PVA/CS/GA和PCU-PVA/CS/GA/纳米SiO2）,分别使用土埋法测定和数学模型拟合了氮素释放行为,结果显示4种PCU的氮释放量达到90%时所需的时间分别为5、11、23、28 d;氮素释放行为符合一级动力学模型,释放速率常数（k）依次减小,分别为0.3 654、0.2 333、0.1 127、0.0 926,且与膜的养分渗透系数（Ps）呈线性关系$k = 377.51{P_{{s}}} $,相关系数（R2）为0.9 991。该研究提供了系列生物降解性能良好、养分释放速率可控的聚乙烯醇/壳聚糖膜材料,并成功地应用于包膜尿素颗粒的制备,更方便和有效地指导PCU的施用。 相似文献
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表征了4种供试桐油包膜尿素(TCU)的特性和包膜形貌,测定了其养分释放曲线和释放速度。在不施基肥以及基施氮素15.8g/m2的尿素和4种TCU的情况下,用盆栽试验考察了各施肥处理对黑麦草生长、形态指标和色泽的影响。结果表明,所有施肥的处理均有助于黑麦草的出苗,在播种后的最初4～5周,TCU和尿素处理的黑麦草植株高度和生物量均优于未施基肥的处理,施肥处理间的差别不大;在播种的5～6周后,具有长释放周期的TCU.UT-02(t8024d)和UC-04(t8026d)处理的黑麦草植株高度和生物量均超过了施尿素的处理,这些TCU处理的黑麦草的绿期长于7周,也优于尿素处理的黑麦草的绿期5周。 相似文献
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城市生活垃圾堆肥过程中腐熟度指标及控制参数 总被引：11，自引：1，他引：11
以日处理400 t经马家楼筛分处理后的15～60 mm生活垃圾的北京南宫堆肥厂垃圾堆肥过程为研究对象，对堆肥过程中垃圾的理化性质、腐熟度指标与控制参数进行了研究。结果表明，堆肥过程中水分含量是下降的；不同季节堆肥pH值的总体变化均呈上升趋势；电导率(EC)降到了作物受抑制的限定值以下，不会对作物产生盐分毒害；堆肥水浸提的腐殖酸E4/E6值随着垃圾堆肥腐熟度升高呈增加趋势；24 h和96 h的发芽率指数(GI)表明垃圾堆肥时间可以从8周缩短到5周；有机碳、总氮和C/N比随着堆肥时间的增加均呈下降趋势；C/N比与E4/E6值和GI(24 h和96 h)值呈显著负相关关系，EC值与E4/E6值和GI(24 h和96 h)值呈极显著负相关，而E4/E6值与GI(24 h和96 h)值呈极显著正相关。 相似文献
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通过研究新疆绿洲农业生态系统历年养分平衡演变情况发现，N盈余为-26.9%～+27.2%，P2O5盈余为188.1%，K2O则亏缺，新绿洲化肥投入已占养分总投入的74.9%，有机养分投入逐年减少。提出了养分良性循环指数(MN)概念，当前新绿洲MN只有0.128。阐述了人为调控模式施肥制度，其MN可达到0.581，有机氮再循环系数H接近1。为了培肥地力，模式养分平衡要求N盈余在40%以上，以实现绿洲农业生态系统养分良性循环。 相似文献
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为在全国及区域尺度上，定量评价烤烟产量和品质对有机无机肥料配施的响应及其影响因素，为烤烟科学施肥以及提高生产效益提供依据，通过中国知网数据库，选择“烤烟”“有机肥”和“产量”为主要关键词检索期刊文献，将单施化肥处理作为对照，选择反应比作为效应量，采用文献整合分析方法进行了研究。结果表明：与单施化肥处理相比，有机无机配施处理下的烤烟产量平均增幅E为4.68%，并显著提高了上等烟叶比例13.55%；有机无机配施对氯离子（E=0.55%）的影响没有达到显著效应，但显著降低了烟碱（E=-3.9%）和总氮含量（E=-1.37%），显著提高了还原糖（E=3.69%）和钾离子含量（E=6.77%），且有机无机配施较单施化肥更能协调烟叶化学成分，达到优质烤烟化学成分适宜范围内。烤烟产量效应的亚组分类分析结果显示，试验时间、种植密度和植烟区域对烤烟产量效应影响显著，且随着有机无机配施时间的推移，有机无机配施烤烟产量呈线性增加趋势；当无机氮投入量>60 kg/hm2时，有机无机配施对烤烟产量表现为显著的正效应，且无机氮投入量>90 kg/hm2时增产幅度最高（E=4.1%）。有机无机配施对烤烟产量在潮土上没有达到显著效应，在紫色土上增产幅度最高（E=13.85%）。总体上，有机无机配施对烤烟产量与品质的效果积极明显，可以推广应用。 相似文献
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根据渭干河灌区潜水蒸发试验站和阿克苏水平衡试验站的实际监测资料，分析了E601型蒸发器与E20蒸发皿观测的水面蒸发的关系、不同土质潜水埋深为零时潜水蒸发与水面蒸发的关系，提出了潜水蒸发能力系数的概念，并分析了其与土壤机械组成的关系。结果表明：塔里木盆地非冻结期E601型蒸发器与E20蒸发皿观测的水面蒸发的折算系数变化在0.65～0.78之间；除细砂土外，E601蒸发器观测的水面蒸发强度不能代替潜水埋深为零时的潜水蒸发强度；不同质地土壤的粉粘粒(d<0.02 mm)含量百分数与潜水蒸发能力系数呈指数相关关系。 相似文献
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以石蜡-松香混合物作为包膜材料，以磷酸氢钙为调理剂，采用熔融喷雾包涂的方法制备一种新型、多营养、不污染土壤的缓释尿素。用水浸泡法和土壤培养法探讨了包膜尿素的释放特性，用扫描电子显微镜研究了包膜尿素的表面和截面形貌。分析了松香与石蜡的配比、涂层量对包膜尿素养分释放速率的影响。结果表明，松香与石蜡的配比是影响包膜尿索养分释放速率的主要因素，涂层量是影响尿素释放的重要因素，包膜尿素在水中氮索的释放行为可用一级释放动力学方程来描述；其中，CRC-25和CRC-30包膜尿素在水中溶出80％的氮素分别需要10．07d、17．88d，在土壤中溶出80％的氮索所需要的时间大于130d；包膜尿素的扫描电镜照片显示，包膜层中的缝隙小于5μm。 相似文献
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黄河口生态恢复工程对湿地土壤不同形态无机硫动态变化的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
选择黄河口生态恢复前后的未恢复区（R0）、2007年恢复区（R2007）和2002年恢复区（R2002）的芦苇湿地为研究对象,探讨了生态恢复工程对生长季湿地土壤无机硫形态变化的影响。结果表明,生态恢复工程不同程度地改变了湿地土壤中各形态无机硫含量。相对于R0,R2002和R2007土壤中的水溶性硫（H2O—S）含量分别降低46.7%和44.7%,吸附性硫（Adsorbed—S）和盐酸可溶性硫（HCl—Soluble—S）含量分别增加0.4%,116.0%和50.1%,29.1%,而盐酸挥发性硫（HCl—Volatile—S）含量在R2002下降8.0%,在R2007增加19.7%。不同恢复阶段湿地土壤中各形态无机硫含量在生长季呈不同的变化特征,这一方面与不同湿地植物生长节律以及地上与地下之间的硫养分供给关系密切相关;另一方面则与不同生态补水方式导致的环境因子,尤其是pH、EC和氮养分的变化有关。随着恢复年限的增加,湿地土壤的总无机硫（TIS）含量以及其占全硫（TS）含量的比例均呈降低趋势。湿地土壤的TIS储量整体随恢复年限的增加而降低,而这种降低主要取决于H2O—S、Adsorbed—S和HCl—Soluble—S的贡献,且以H2O—S占优（78%~80%）。研究发现,随着黄河口湿地的逐渐恢复以及每年冬季芦苇收割活动的进行,恢复湿地土壤中的无机硫养分逐渐趋于缺乏状态,长期来看将不利于维持湿地的稳定与健康。 相似文献
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Muhammad Irfan Arshad Hussain Wasif Farooq Munir Hussain Zia 《Journal of plant nutrition》2018,41(13):1625-1635
The research was focused on the synthesis and characterization of zinc (Zn)-coated urea fertilizer. Zinc oxide (ZnO) particles were coated on urea granules through two different coating techniques, i.e., slurry coating and wet coating, and the release rate of the coated Zn was measured up to 24 hours. Slurry coating technique showed better Zn release rate and morphology of coated urea granules as compared with wet coating technique using different binders, i.e., water, molasses, paraffin oil, and the combined mixture of honey bee wax and gum arabica. Urea granules synthesized through wet coating technique have a low amount of Zn as compared with slurry-coated urea granules. Urea granules coated through slurry coating technique and molasses, paraffin oil, and water (MPW) as a binder were the best in term of coating efficiency, uniform size distribution of ZnO-coated particles, granule's morphology, and release rate of Zn from coated formulations. 相似文献
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为探讨C36多元醇(简称C36)对C18多元醇(简称C18,对照)包膜材料缓控释性能的影响,该文以C18为对照膜材,将C36与C18分别按照质量比1:2、2:3、1:1共混聚合制备成3种新型包膜材料,在相同工艺下依次制造成包膜厚度均为2.5%(膜材占核芯肥料的百分比)的包膜尿素,分别记作PCU1、PCU2、PCU3、PCU4,其中PCU1为对照。通过坠落撞击前、后包膜尿素的释放率评价C36作为包膜材料的效果。研究结果表明:C36与C18共混聚合包膜尿素的外观及耐撞击性能明显优于对照处理的,表现为包膜层光泽明亮、膜质均匀、膜层韧性好,同期静水培养的颗粒表面积较对照的增加了23%。该文提出了肥效期保持率(tR)的概念,并用其评价包膜肥料耐撞击性能。共混聚合物C36:C18比例为2:3时,包膜尿素耐撞击性能最优,受撞击后肥效期保持率tR可高达88%左右,为对照处理的2.5倍以上。该处理包膜尿素的初期溶出率、微分溶出率最小,与对照PCU1处理的无明显差异。C36嵌入C18共混聚合生成的新包膜材料对包膜尿素肥效期的影响与两者的比例和包膜材料的用量有关,当C36:C18为2:3,包膜材料用量(2.5%)小于常规用量(3%~4%)时,虽然包膜尿素的肥效期没有延长,但是包膜完整、膜层均匀、韧性强,在包膜肥受到强烈撞击的情况下能够很好地保持原有肥料的肥效期,即能保持包膜肥料的缓控释性能。因此,在C18多元醇嵌入适量C36多元醇是改良C18多元醇包膜材料,增加其包膜肥肥效期保持率的有效方法。 相似文献
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膨润土和木素制成复合控释材料用于包膜控释肥。电镜扫描研究表明,复合材料包膜厚度明显比单用膨润土处理薄,且膜孔隙量少,粒间堆积较紧密。土柱淋溶试验表明,膨润土及其复合材料包膜尿素50 d的氮素累积溶出率远低于普通尿素,三种包膜尿素处理分别比普通尿素降低8.61、14.01、15.22个百分点。两种复合材料包膜处理氮素累积溶出量分别比单用膨润土包膜处理降低11.31%、13.83%。盆栽、大田小区试验表明,复合材料包膜尿素可明显提高作物产量及氮肥利用率。膨润土与木素复合用作控释材料在研制适合我国国情的农用控释肥方面是可行的。 相似文献
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Carmen García Antonio Vallejo José A. Diéz Lourdes García M. Carmen Cartagena 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(2):443-449
The aim of the present paper is to assess the efficiency of several experimental fertilizers in a soil-plant system. The laboratory-prepared fertilizers consisted of granular urea coated with Kraft pine lignin. Five fertilizers were used with coatings differing in thickness and/or the addition of linseed oil as a sealing agent. The experiment was carried out in pots inside a glasshouse. The crop used was rye-grass. Results were compared with those from a urea control treatment without coating and a soil without fertilizer application. The dry matter yield and the N uptake by the plant were higher in the treatments with coated controlled release fertilizers (CRF) than in those with uncoated urea. There was a lower nitrogen loss through leaching when using CRF (34 to 68%) was used than when using uncoated urea (over 74%) was used. The N use efficiency was lower for urea than for coated fertilizers. This index increased with the thickness of the coating and the addition of the sealing agent. 相似文献
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Ayaz Mehmood Arshad Hussain Bilal Beig Zaib Jahan Nida Zafar 《Journal of plant nutrition》2019,42(10):1218-1229
To address nitrogen (N)-related environmental pollution, development of an economical, slow-release urea fertilizer is the need of the hour. A study was conducted on the reduction of nitrogen released from granular urea fertilizer by applying sulfur, gypsum, bentonite, and starch as coating material. Paraffin wax was used as a binder. The dissolution rates were studied by changing the composition of coating mixture using high-performance liquid chromatography. SEM was used to study the morphology of coated urea in terms of smoothness and uniformity. The ultraviolet spectroscopy analysis further authenticated the release behavior of coated urea in terms of nitrogen concentration. Coating material reduced the release rate of nitrogen from urea fertilizer, significantly. Mixture of sulfur and gypsum coating on urea gave slowest release rate of nitrogen from urea fertilizer, i.e., 37%, as compared to uncoated urea and thus seems to be the most promising binding material for product development. 相似文献
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以聚氨酯为主要包膜材料,以石蜡、改性高岭土和双氰胺(氧化钙)为组合材料,采用滚转包衣法制备了3种聚氨酯包膜尿素。通过静水浸泡和盆栽试验,探讨了3种自研制聚氨酯包膜尿素的氮素释放特性,在氮磷钾等养分供应下研究了6个施肥处理对春玉米生长发育和氮素吸收利用的影响。结果表明,3种自研制聚氨酯包膜尿素在静水(25℃)中氮素累积释放比例的变化趋势基本一致,其24 h 初期释放率为2.04％~3.64％(≤15％),28 d累积释放率为29.88％~34.80％(≤80％),符合缓释肥料的国家标准要求。相对于NPK处理,自研制聚氨酯包膜尿素能明显促进春玉米对氮素吸收利用,其氮肥利用率达32.5％~40.0％,但其与商品包膜尿素(19.5％)之间无显著差异。自研制聚氨酯包膜尿素和商品包膜尿素处理下土壤无机氮素含量峰值分别出现在28和15 d前后,其在土壤中氮素释放时间分别达70和60 d以上。春玉米全生育期内(91 d),自研制聚氨酯包膜尿素处理下土壤无机氮含量都高于商品包膜尿素和NPK处理。因此,与商品包膜尿素和NPK处理相比,自研制聚氨酯包膜尿素的氮素释放时间长且氮素供应充足。 相似文献
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Coated urea consists of a urea core and a polymer coating. It meters out urea over a period of time. In the market place, price is favorable for high protein content feed barley. The objectives of this study were to determine release rate of urea from coated urea products and relative effectiveness of urea, coated urea or a mixture of coated urea products with different release rates in increasing yield and protein content of barley. Release rate of coated urea Mini I (quick release) and Mini II (slow release) in water was determined at 23°C by recovering ten pre‐weighed granules from 500 mL water at 6 h, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 days. The recovered granules were dried and then weighed. Barley (Hordium vulgare L. cv. Duke) was grown in potted soil (2 L) at 15°C for 90 days in a growth chamber with treatments of Nil, non‐coated urea, Mini I, Mini II, Mixture I (1/3 urea+1/3 Mini I+1/3 Mini II) and Mixture II (1/5 urea+2/ 5 Mini I+2/5 Mini II). The nitrogen (N) application rates were 100, 200 and 300 kg N ha‐1. Above‐ground plant samples were taken at 22, 44, 66, and 90 (maturity) days after seeding, and dry matter mass per pot and N content of the plant samples were determined. The release of urea from Mini I and Mini II followed a lognomial pattern. Increasing N application rate increased dry matter yield of barley. Dry matter yield from urea tended to be higher than other treatments at each rate of N application, but that did not couple with high grain protein content. At 100 kg N ha‐1, there was no post anthesis N assimilation (PANA) for urea and Mini I, but there were 4, 14, and 13% PANA for Mini II, Mixture I, and Mixture II, respectively. However, when N application rate was increased to 200 and 300 kg N ha‐1, there was PANA even for urea treatment. Protein content of barley grain was higher with coated urea or mixture treatments than with urea at each rate of N application. The potential N loss (i.e., difference between percentN released from fertilizers and percent fertilizer N recovered by barley) was Mini II<Mini I<Mixture II<Mixture I for the same N application rate, and was 100<200<300 kg N ha‐1 for the same fertilizer treatment. In conclusion, at a limited N application rate, coated urea with a slow release rate or a combination of two coated urea products (quick and slow release) with urea increased grain protein content of barley. The potential N loss was less with coated urea applied alone than with a mixture of coated urea and urea. 相似文献
19.
丙烯酸树脂包膜尿素肥料研制及其控释效果 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
采用丙烯酸树脂为包膜材料,以NBPT（N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺）和DCD（双氰胺）为生化抑制剂,利用流化床对尿素进行涂层生化抑制剂及包膜,制备4种包膜肥料,对这些包膜肥料在水中的控释效果进行了研究。结果表明,采用此技术制备的包膜肥料,表面成膜完整,包膜物质在成膜时分布均匀、与尿素肥心接合紧密,表面光滑。NBPT和DCD与肥心结合严密,包膜层紧覆于抑制剂的外表。包膜可有效控制尿素的溶出,在水中的控释时间为19～30d。初期溶出率远远小于15％,微分溶出率基本上在0．25％～2．5％之间;在水中尿素累积溶出特征符合一元二次方程模型,尿素释放曲线呈“S”形。 相似文献