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1.
杂交小麦强优势组合抗白粉病基因的定向导入与改良研究初报 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为创制杂交小麦白粉病抗性定向改良育种新体系,以白粉病抗源材料N95175、N9134为抗病种质,以强优势杂交小麦新品种"西杂一号"和"西杂五号"的亲本为受体,以陕西不同地区小麦白粉病流行混合菌种为菌源,对供试材料亲本、杂种F1代和回交后代材料进行了苗期和成株期抗性鉴定,并利用与抗白粉病基因Pm21共分离的SCAR标记、抗白粉病基因PmAS846紧密连锁的SSR标记作为抗病性定向选择分子标记进行了抗病性鉴定。结果表明,以N95175、N9134为亲本的杂种F1含有Pm21基因或PmAS846基因,苗期和成株期均表现为高抗,与抗病亲本的抗病性表现基本一致,符合杂种优势表现显性假说,其抗病性主要由显性单基因控制。研究同时表明,仅凭借表型鉴定结果盲目性较大,表型鉴定和分子标记鉴定相结合准确率较高。 相似文献
2.
为了获得同时具有抗白粉病基因Pm21和Pm13的材料,利用与抗白粉病基因Pm21和Pm13共分离或紧密连锁的分子标记SCAR1400、CINAU161650和SCAR564、BE398268,对分别含Pm21和Pm13的小麦品系杂交F2代进行检测。结果表明,在764个F2代单株中,能同时检测到显性标记SCAR1400和SCAR564的有404株,阳性率为52.9%,经标记CINAU161650和BE398268检测,同时携带纯合Pm21和Pm13的单株有47株,阳性率为6.15%,两个显性抗病基因在F2代群体中的分离比例符合孟德尔独立分配定律。获得的聚合单株可作为小麦抗白粉病育种的亲本资源。 相似文献
3.
Pm4是我国目前有效的小麦抗白粉病基因之一,该基因对陕西关中当前流行的白粉病菌系关中4号表现高抗。本研究利用与Pm4基因紧密连锁的STS470分子标记对7个小麦品种间的6个杂交组合F3代单株进行分子标记检测并结合田间抗性鉴定筛选出抗病单株14个。对由这14个单株衍生出的64个F5代品系进行分子检测和田间抗性鉴定,发现53个品系表现抗病,占总品系的82.81%,其中51个抗病品系可以检测到与Pm4基因紧密连锁的STS470特异带,占总品系的79.69%。本研究结果表明,STS470是Pm4基因的可靠标记,可有效的用于分子标记辅助育种。 相似文献
4.
分子标记辅助聚合抗小麦黄花叶病和白粉病育种 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
抗白粉病基因Pm21和PmV定位于不同簇毛麦种质的6VS染色体臂,对已知白粉病生理小种均表现高抗。小麦-簇毛麦小片段顶端易位系NAU421(T4VS-4DS·4DL)携带Wss1基因,高抗小麦黄花叶病。为选育兼抗小麦黄花叶病和白粉病的育种新材料,以NAU421为亲本,分别与携有Pm21基因的品系Y16-Pm和携有PmV基因的品种扬麦22杂交,构建F2代分离群体,然后利用与Wss1和Pm21/PmV基因连锁的共显性分子标记CINAU301和MBH1对F2代进行检测。结果表明,在286个NAU421/Y16-Pm的F2单株中,同时携有纯合Wss1和Pm21基因的单株有18株,比例为6.38%;在232个NAU421/扬麦22的F2单株中,同时携有纯合Wss1和PmV基因的单株有5株,比例为2.16%。细胞学与分子标记鉴定结果一致,说明CINAU301和MBH1可用于对Wss1和Pm21/PmV基因的高效选择。F3代株系抗病性鉴定表明,筛选出的23个双抗基因聚合体对白粉病免疫并高抗黄花叶病,可用于下一步双抗聚合品种(系)的筛选或作为抗病中间亲本。 相似文献
5.
杂交小麦杂种一代白粉病抗性表现规律的研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
为探讨杂交小麦杂种一代白粉病的抗性表现规律,以陕西不同地区小麦白粉病流行菌种做菌源,通过田间和苗期接种,对9份抗、感白粉病小麦亲本材料和9份大田感病品种及其杂交F1代进行抗病性鉴定,并结合SCAR和SSR分子标记进行了检测.结果表明:(1)以N95175、N9209为亲本的杂交F1含有Pm21基因,苗期和成株期抗病性均很好,与抗病亲本的抗病性表现基本一致,符合显性遗传,其抗病性主要由显性单基因控制.(2)以N9134、N9227A为亲本的杂交F1含有PmAS846基因,成株期抗病性较好,苗期大部分表现抗病;以N9227A为亲本的杂交F1中有40%的杂交组合表现中感,该抗性基因不完全符合单基因显性遗传,其表达在一定程度上受遗传背景及环境的影响.(3)中国春为苗期感病、成株期抗病材料,其与抗病亲本杂交F1代的抗病性接近或略高于抗病亲本;与感病品种杂交F1代的抗病性介于双亲之间.(4)白粉病遗传属于细胞核遗传,正反交F1代苗期抗病性无明显差异,杂交种的抗病性与双亲相关.因此, 在组配小麦强优势杂种组合时应尽量选用抗病的品种作为亲本之一,并考虑慢病性品种的应用. 相似文献
6.
为获得抗病小麦种质以促进其在育种上的应用,利用与抗条锈病基因和抗白粉病基因紧密连锁或共分离的分子标记对国内外的305份小麦种质进行检测。结果显示,携带 Yr10、 Yr15、 Yr18、 Yr26、 Yr46、 Pm8、 Pm21和 Pm34基因的材料分别为5、10、23、0、4、100、1、95份,占比依次为1.63%、3.28%、7.54%、0、1.31%、32.79%、0.33%、31.15%。携带上述抗性基因且表现出中抗水平以上的材料分别依次有2、3、7、0、3、59、1、62个,还有部分表现抗病的种质未检测到以上8个基因,其抗性可能由其他基因控制。本研究中没有一个种质材料同时携带两个多效抗病基因 Yr18和 Yr46,但 Yr18和 Yr46分别通过与 Yr10、 Pm8和 Pm34等抗病基因的组合,极大提高了品种的综合抗病能力,如CA0548( Yr18+ Yr10)、川麦42( Yr46+ Pm34)、Fr03717( Yr18+ Pm34)、鄂恩5号( Yr46+ Pm8),以上材料对条锈病和白粉病均具备中抗以上的抗性。因此,以后要充分发挥多效抗性基因的优势并培育兼抗性小麦品种。 相似文献
7.
一个黑麦碱基因Sec-1表达缺失的抗白粉病新材料的鉴定和抗源分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
小麦品系1002是经多年自交繁衍形成的稳定品系,对当前生产上流行的白粉菌生理小种表现苗期和成株期免疫抗性。为深入了解1002白粉病抗性的遗传基础,本研究对其抗性来源、遗传特性和细胞学背景进行了分析。结果表明,1002的白粉病抗性受一对显性基因控制,细胞核遗传,并能在感病品种中有效表达,与感病品种杂交F1代表现为免疫。1002是一个不含有中间偃麦草和簇毛麦遗传背景的黑麦碱基因Sec-1表达缺失的1BL/1RS易位系,其白粉病抗性基因与1BL/1RS染色体无关,与当前有效的白粉病抗性基因Pm37、Pm40、Pm43、PmCN17和PmL962并不相同。因此,推断1002携带一个新的抗白粉病基因。 相似文献
8.
为了明确美国红粒硬质春小麦品种Grandin在小麦育种中的利用价值,对其进行了白粉病抗性基因的鉴定,并利用分子标记进行了定位.遗传分析结果表明,Grandin携带1个显性抗白粉病基因,该白粉病抗性基因与小麦SSR标记位点Xcfd81和Xcfd78连锁,遗传距离分别为0.9 cM和3.3 cM.根据小麦微卫星标记遗传连锁图以及利用中国春第5同源群双端体系对这两个SSR标记位点的定位结果,该抗白粉病基因被定位于小麦染色体5D短臂,与小麦已知抗白粉病基因Pm2的定位结果基本一致.进一步通过标记多态性比较和小麦白粉菌分小种鉴定证实Grandin所含的抗白粉病基因就是Pm2.同时还对Pm2基因的STS标记在不同群体中的实用性进行了讨论. 相似文献
9.
小麦农家品种白葫芦抗白粉病基因的SSR分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确小麦农家品种白葫芦抗白粉病基因的遗传特点和基因位点,采用常规分析方法结合SSR技术进行抗性基因的遗传分析和分子标记研究。结果表明,白葫芦与高感白粉病小麦品种陕225及辉县红的F1代幼苗均高抗白粉病,F2代抗感植株比例分别为112∶38和118∶42,经χ2检验,符合3∶1的遗传分离比例,说明白葫芦的苗期抗白粉能力由显性单基因控制。利用208对SSR引物在父母本及抗感池间进行多态性筛选,引物Xg-wm337与该抗白粉病基因紧密连锁,遗传距离为4.6 cM。利用这对引物对白葫芦/陕优225组合F2进行验证分析,结果与抗性调查结果基本相符。经中国春缺体-四体系分析,将该抗白粉病基因定位于1D染色体上,暂命名为mlbhl。 相似文献
10.
为了明确陕西省2015-2016年小麦区试品种(系)的白粉病抗性,以陕西省各地采集的白粉菌混合菌系作菌源,分别在苗期采用人工接种、成株期诱发发病的方法对228份陕西省区试品种(系)和32份已知抗白粉病基因载体品种(系)进行抗性鉴定.结果表明,Pm4a、Pm4b、Pm13、Pm17、Pm18、Pm19、Pm21、Pm24、Pm30、Pm2+6、Pm2+Mld、Pm2+6+?、Pm5+6、Pm“XBD”基因对小麦白粉病表现免疫或高抗;Pm3a、Pm3b、Pm6、Pm4+8、Pm4b+Mli、Pm4+2+?基因对小麦白粉病表现出较弱的抗性,其他基因对供试菌系没有抗病性.228份区试品种(系)中,大多数对白粉病表现为感病,仅有14份在苗期和成株期均表现抗病,33份仅在成株期表现抗病,分别占区试品种(系)总数的6.14％和14.47％. 相似文献
11.
12.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
13.
Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
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15.
Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
16.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
17.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
18.
Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
19.
Rita Favas Janaína Morone Rosrio Martins Vitor Vasconcelos Graciliana Lopes 《Marine drugs》2022,20(3)
The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O2•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O2•− scavenging, (IC50 = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC25 = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC50 = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC50 = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O2•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms. 相似文献
20.
Alejandro M. S. Mayer Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2510-2573
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories. 相似文献