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1.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of many greenhouse crops that can be infected by the necrotrophic ascomycete Botrytis cinerea. Commercial cultivation of tomato is hampered by the lack of resistance. Quantitative resistance has been reported in wild tomato relatives, mostly based on leaf assays. We aimed to identify wild tomato relatives with resistance to B. cinerea based on quantitative assays both on leaves and stem segments, monitoring infection frequency and disease expansion rate as parameters. A quantitative tomato stem segment assay was developed. This stem assay and a previously described leaf assay were used to screen a collection of 22 Solanum accessions. Significant differences in disease parameters were observed among accessions. Resistance to B. cinerea was observed in a number of wild Solanum species, including accessions of S. chilense, S. habrochaites and S. neorickii, both in the leaf assay and the stem segment assay. A number of resistant and susceptible accessions were evaluated as adult plants under greenhouse conditions. The data obtained in greenhouse assays confirmed the leaf and stem disease data. The expression of several defence-related genes was studied in a subset of accessions. There was no apparent correlation between the expression levels of the genes tested and the quantitative resistance level to B. cinerea. Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accessible for authorized users.  相似文献   

2.
The plasmid pUFZ75 conferred constitutive GFP expression on the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas euvesicatoria (syn. X. campestris pv. vesicatoria). Colonisation of the tomato phyllosphere and invasion of tomato leaves by X. euvesicatoria was examined using both fluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Xanthomonas euvesicatoria established a limited population on the tomato leaf surface, primarily occupying the depressions between epidermal cells and around the stomata, prior to invasion of the leaf via the stomata and subsequent growth within the substomatal chamber and the leaf apoplast. Additionally, hrp-gfp fusions were used to report on the temporal and spatial expression of hrp genes during epiphytic colonisation and invasion. Xanthomonas euvesicatoria cells carrying hrpG- and hrpX-gfp reporter constructs were not fluorescent in vitro on non-hrp-inducing LB agar but did exhibit a low level of fluorescence on the leaf surface within 24 h of inoculation, particularly in the vicinity of stomata. Cells carrying hrpG- and hrpX-gfp fusions exhibited high levels of fluorescence 72 h after inoculation in the substomatal chamber and the leaf apoplast. Cells carrying the hrpF-gfp fusion were slightly fluorescent on LB agar and showed no further increase in fluorescence on the leaf surface by 24 h after inoculation, but did show a significant increase in fluorescence 72 h after inoculation in the substomatal chamber and apoplast. The apparent low-level induction of the regulators hrpG and hrpX on the tomato leaf surface may suggest that some of the genes of the X. euvesicatoria HrpG/HrpX regulon are up- or down-regulated prior to invasion of the stomata while still on the leaf surface.  相似文献   

3.
Mutants of Botrytis cinerea and Ustilago maydis highly resistant to fludioxonil were isolated at a high frequency, after nitrosoguanidine or UV mutagenesis, respectively, and selection on media containing fludioxonil. Tests on the response of mutant strains to high osmotic pressure resulted in the identification of two fludioxonil-resistant phenotypes (FLDosm/s and FLDosm/r), regarding the sensitivity to high osmolarity. Approximately 95% of fludioxonil-resistant mutants were found to be more sensitive to high osmotic pressure than the wild-type parent strains. Genetic analysis of phenylpyrrole-resistance in the phytopathogenic basidiomycete U. maydis, showed that fludioxonil-resistance was coded by three unlinked chromosomal loci (U/fld-1, U/fld-2 and U/fld-3), from which only the U/fld-1 mutation coded an osmotic sensitivity similar to that of the wild-types. Cross-resistance studies with fungicides from other chemical groups showed that the mutations for resistance to phenylpyrroles affect the sensitivity of mutant strains to the aromatic hydrocarbon and dicarboximide fungicides, but not to the benzimidazoles, anilinopyrimidines, phenylpyridinamines, hydroxyanilides or the sterol biosynthesis inhibiting fungicides. A study of fitness parameters in the wild-type and fludioxonil-resistant mutants of B. cinerea, showed that all osmotic sensitive (B/FLDosm/s) isolates had significant reductions in the characteristics determining saprophytic fitness such as mycelial growth, sporulation, conidial germination and sclerotial production. Contrary to that, with the exception of mycelial growth, the fitness parameters were unaffected or only slightly affected in most of the osmotic resistant (B/FLDosm/r) isolates. Tests on cucumber seedlings showed that the osmotic-sensitive strains were significantly less pathogenic compared with the wild-type and B/FLDosm/r strains of B. cinerea. Preventative applications of the commercial products Saphire 50 WP (fludioxonil) and Rovral 50 WP (iprodione) were effective against lesion development on cotyledons by the wild-type and the mutant strains of B. cinerea that were resistant to the anilinopyrimidine cyprodinil (B/CPL-27) and to the hydroxyanilide fenhexamid (B/FNH-21), but ineffective, even at high concentrations, against disease caused by the fludioxonil-resistant isolates (B/FLD) and a mutant strain resistant to the dicarboximide iprodione (B/IPR-1). Experiments on the stability of the fludioxonil-resistant phenotype showed a reduction of resistance, mainly in osmotic-sensitive isolates, when the mutants were grown on inhibitor-free medium. A rapid recovery of the high resistance was observed after mutants were returned to the selection medium. Studies on the competitive ability of mutant isolates against the wild-type parent strain of B. cinerea, by applications of a mixed conidial population, showed that, in vitro, all mutants were less competitive than the wild-type strain. However, the competitive ability of osmotic-resistant mutants was higher than the osmotic-sensitive ones. Furthermore, competition tests, in planta, showed a significant reduction of the frequency of both phenylpyrrole-resistant phenotypes, with a respective increase in the population of the wild-type strain of the pathogen.  相似文献   

4.
In 2005, severe leaf curling and yellowing were observed on tomato plants on Ishigaki Island. Because the symptoms were consistent with infection by a begomovirus, we used a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers for begomovirus DNA-A and DNA satellite component (DNA-β) and detected products of the expected sizes from symptomatic tomato plant samples. DNA sequence analyses of the PCR products revealed that the symptomatic tomato plants were associated with Ageratum yellow vein virus (AYVV) infection. We confirmed AYVV transmission from the naturally infected weed host, Ageratum conyzoides, to healthy tomato plants by the insect vector Bemisia tabaci B biotype. This report is the first of AYVV occurrence in Japan.  相似文献   

5.
Tomato chlorosis virus causes yellow leaf disorder epidemics in many countries worldwide. Plants of Physalis ixocarpa showing abnormal interveinal yellowing and plants of Physalis peruviana showing mild yellowing collected in the vicinity of tomato crops in Portugal were found naturally infected with ToCV. Physalis ixocarpa and P. peruviana were tested for susceptibility to ToCV by inoculation with Bemisia tabaci, Q biotype. Results confirmed that ToCV is readily transmissible to both species. The infection was expressed in P. ixocarpa by conspicuous interveinal yellow areas on leaves that developed into red or brown necrotic flecks, while P. peruviana test plants remained asymptomatic. Infected plants of both P. ixocarpa and P. peruviana served as ToCV sources for tomato infection via B. tabaci transmission. This is the first report of P. ixocarpa and P. peruviana as natural hosts of ToCV.  相似文献   

6.
A new disease was observed on Trifolium dasyurum, with symptoms beginning as a halo spot and developing into a leaf blight. The causal organism was identified by microscopy and DNA sequence studies as Botrytis fabae. This strain of B. fabae was also demonstrated to cause disease on foliage of a range of pulse crops, including Vicia faba, Pisum sativum, and Lens culinaris. This study demonstrates the potential of this strain of B. fabae to not only pose a significant threat to T. dasyurum but also to pulses grown in rotation with T. dasyurum that are susceptible to this strain of B. fabae.  相似文献   

7.
Experiments are presented which show that Botrytis cinerea, the cause of grey mould disease, is often present in symptomless lettuce plants as a systemic, endophytic, infection which may arise from seed. The fungus was isolated on selective media from surface-sterilised sections of roots, stem pieces and leaf discs from symptomless plants grown in a conventional glasshouse and in a spore-free air-flow provided by an isolation propagator. The presence of B. cinerea was confirmed by immuno-labelling the tissues with the Botrytis-specific monoclonal antibody BC-12.CA4. As plants grew, infection spread from the roots to stems and leaves. Surface-sterilisation of seeds reduced the number of infected symptomless plants. Artificial infection of seedlings with dry conidia increased the rate of infection in some experiments. Selected isolates were genetically finger-printed using microsatellite loci. This confirmed systemic spread of the inoculating isolates but showed that other isolates were also present and that single plants hosted multiple isolates. This shows that B. cinerea commonly grows in lettuce plants as an endophyte, as has already been shown for Primula. If true for other hosts, the endophytic phase may be as important a component of the species population as the aggressive necrotrophic phase.  相似文献   

8.
The biocontrol agent Pythium oligandrum (PO) can suppress bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (RS) in tomato. To understand the primary biocontrol mechanisms of bacterial wilt by PO, we pretreated tomato plants with sterile distilled water or preinoculated them with PO, followed by inoculation with RS, then observed PO and RS in fixed sections of tomato tissues using a confocal laser-scanning microscope and fluorescence labeling until 14 days after the inoculation with RS. Horizontal and vertical movement of RS bacteria was frequently observed in the xylem vessels of roots and stems of tomato plants (cv. Micro-Tom) that had not been inoculated with PO. In plants that were preinoculated with PO, the movement of RS was suppressed, and bacteria appeared to be restricted to the pit of vessels, a reaction similar to that observed in resistant rootstocks. PO colonization was mainly observed at the surfaces of taproots, the junctions between taproots and lateral roots, and the middle sections of the lateral roots. PO was not observed near wound sites or root tips where RS tended to colonize. However, RS colonization was significantly repressed at these sites in PO preinoculated plants. These observations suggest that the induction of plant defense reactions is the main mechanism for the control of tomato bacterial wilt by PO, not direct competition for infection sites.  相似文献   

9.
Biological control of Rhizoctonia solani with Trichoderma harzianum has been demonstrated in several studies. However, none have reported the dynamics of expression of defence response genes. Here we investigated the expression of these genes in potato roots challenged by R. solani in the presence/absence of T. harzianum Rifai MUCL 29707. Analysis of gene expression revealed an induction of PR1 at 168 h post-inoculation (hpi) and PAL at 96 hpi in the plants inoculated with T. harzianum Rifai MUCL 29707, an induction of PR1, PR2 and PAL at 48 hpi in the plants inoculated with R. solani and an induction of Lox at 24 hpi and PR1, PR2, PAL and GST1 at 72 hpi in the plants inoculated with both organisms. These results suggest that in the presence of T. harzianum Rifai MUCL 29707, the expression of Lox and GST1 genes are primed in potato plantlets infected with R. solani at an early stage of infection. Mycothèque de l’Université catholique de Louvain of S. Cranenbrouck's affiliation is part of the Belgian Coordinated Collections of Micro-organisms (BCCM).  相似文献   

10.
This study examines the effects of a vegetable fungicide on sugar beet powdery mildew (Erysiphe betae) and cucumber powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum). The formulations consisting of a dispersion of Brassicaceae meal in vegetable or mineral oils on infected leaves of sugar beet, reared in the greenhouse, and of musk melons cultivated under plastic tunnels, were tested in comparison to each oil taken separately. Both formulations containing Brassicaceae meals, caused 94% of conidia to be distorted while for the untreated group only 2% were distorted. Furthermore, the leaf area infected by E. betae was 56% for untreated plants and 2.7 and 9.9% respectively, for plants treated with meal containing mineral and vegetable oil. Vegetable oil considered separately or with Brassicaceae meals showed no phytotoxicity, while the formulations based on mineral oil showed a significantly lower fresh and dry weight on tomato plants. The low level or absence of phytotoxicity of plants treated with vegetable oil formulations suggests that to improve the efficacy of powdery mildew control, they could be used mixed with sulphur. The efficiency of the vegetable formulations in the powdery mildew control observed during these trials encourages further investigation on other parasitic fungi and foliar pathogens.  相似文献   

11.
We selected a reduced-pathogenicity mutant of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, a tomato wilt pathogen, from the transformants generated by restriction enzyme-mediated integration (REMI) transformation. The gene tagged with the plasmid in the mutant was predicted to encode a protein of 321 amino acids and was designated FPD1. Homology search showed its partial similarity to a chloride conductance regulatory protein of Xenopus, suggesting that FPD1 is a transmembrane protein. Although the function of FPD1 has not been identified, it does participate in the pathogenicity of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici because FPD1-deficient mutants reproduced the reduced pathogenicity on tomato.The nucleotide sequence data reported are available in the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession number AB110097  相似文献   

12.
The present study was conducted to determine if there is specificity in the host-pathogen relationship between the isolates of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, the causal bacterium for rice blight and Leersia grasses, the alternative weed hosts of the disease. Plants of three species of Leersia, namely, L. sayanuka, L. oryzoides and L. japonica, were collected from various parts of Japan and were inoculated with the X. oryzae pv. oryzae isolates obtained from various locations in Japan and from 11 Asian countries. Four L. sayanuka plants were found susceptible to all Race II isolates and some Race I isolates, but were resistant to all Race III isolates. Race III is known to have a wider range pathogenicity to rice cultivar groups compared with Race I and II. Although the reactions of two L. oryzoides plants to Race I and II isolates were similar to that of L. sayanuka, the L. oryzoides plant collected from Niigata Prefecture showed a susceptible reaction to some Race III isolates. On the other hand, L. japonica plants gave reactions different those of L. sayanuka and L. oryzoides, with two plants of L. japonica found to be resistant to all test isolates collected from Japan. The Asian isolates exhibited a wide host range against the international differential rice cultivars, but almost all of them were avirulent to Leersia plants. These results indicate that the relationship between the pathogenicity of the causal bacterium and the resistance of host plants is very complex, and suggest that pathogenic diversity of X. oryzae pv. oryzae might be related to the resistance of Leersia spp.  相似文献   

13.
Incorporation into soil of dry mycelium ofPenicillium chrysogenum, a waste product of the pharmacological industry, enhanced plant growth and reduced root galling caused by the root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne javanica in cucumber and tomato plants. Incorporation into sandy loam soil in pots of dry mycelium at a concentration of 0.25% (w/w) resulted in complete protection of cucumber plants from the nematode. The number of juveniles recovered from soils containing dry mycelium was greatly reduced even at a concentration of 0.1% (w/w). In microplot studies conducted at two sites in two seasons, with three or four doses, dry mycelium caused a dose-dependent reduction in root galling index (GI) and promotion of plant growth of cucumber and tomato plants. Inin vitro studies, the water extract of dry mycelium immobilized nematode juveniles and reduced the egg hatching rate, but these effects were partly reversible after a rinse in water. Soil-drenching of cucumber and tomato seedlings with water extract of dry mycelium did not reduce GI or number of root-invading juveniles. The results show that dry mycelium promotes plant growth and protects plants against nematode infection. Protection, however, does not operatevia induced resistance. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting April 6, 2003.  相似文献   

14.
Botrytis cinerea is able to build-up resistance to pyrrolnitrin, an antibiotic produced by diverse biocontrol agents, possibly compromising the durability of this method of disease control. The development of two near-isogenic lines of B. cinerea differing in their level of resistance to pyrrolnitrin was compared in tomato plants and on PDA medium. In tomato plants, significant differences in the percentage of infected petioles 1 day after inoculation and in symptom progression on petioles and stems were observed between the resistant mutant and the sensitive wild-type parent, suggesting a difference in their level of aggressiveness. Cytohistological investigations revealed that conidia of both near-isogenic lines germinated 6 h after inoculation and mycelium developed within petiole tissues 12 h after inoculation. However, while the wild-type parent isolate spread throughout the petiole and rapidly invaded the stem tissues via the leaf-abscission zone 72 h after inoculation, the pyrrolnitrin-resistant mutant failed to extend beyond petiole tissues to invade the stem. Moreover, 72 h after inoculation, the mycelial development of the pyrrolnitrin-resistant mutant was accompanied by abnormal glycogen accumulation and chlamydospore-like cell formation. In contrast, wild-type parent mycelium was normally structured with intensive colonization of stem tissues. Additionally, on PDA medium the mycelium of the pyrrolnitrin-resistant mutant was less vigorous than the wild-type isolate. These results suggest that the acquisition of pyrrolnitrin-resistance in B. cinerea is accompanied by changes in mycelial structure and reduction in mycelial growth, leading to a noticeable loss of aggressiveness on tomato plants.  相似文献   

15.
Leaf spot of tomato, incited by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, has been reported recently in Italy on grafted and non-grafted tomato plants (scion Cuore di Bue, rootstock Solanum lycopersicum x Solanum hirsutum cv. Beaufort). In some greenhouses, more than 80% of plants were affected, with a marked reduction in yield. This work was undertaken in order to understand the effect of the number of hours of incubation at high relative humidity (r.h.) and temperature as well as the effect of the presence of wounds at infection time on the development of leaf spot. A difference in sensitivity to leaf spot was observed in the various cultivars tested, in terms of severity of P. syringae pv. syringae, with “Cuore di Bue” being the most susceptible of these cultivars. The development of leaf spot is mostly favored by the presence of wounds, at temperatures between 15 and 20°C. The severity of the disease is lower at 10 and 25°C and very low at 30°C. Under the most favorable temperature conditions, the presence of wounds is sufficient to allow the development of the pathogen immediately upon incubation at high r.h. The effect of wounds and the relatively low requirement of hours of incubation at high r.h. suggest the need for careful management and handling of plants when temperatures range between 15 and 25°C, and particularly within 15 and 20°C. All operations carried out, particularly at transplant and immediately after, should avoid the creation of wounds.  相似文献   

16.
Tomato leaf mold caused by Passalora fulva was found on two tomato varieties carrying the Cf-9 gene in Japan, in 2007. The isolates obtained from Chiba and Fukushima were identified as race 4.9.11, and those from Gunma were races 4.9 or 4.9.11. This is the first report in Japan of tomato leaf mold caused by P. fulva strains that can overcome the Cf-9 gene.  相似文献   

17.
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18.
A weed survey conducted in 2004 and 2005 in Aydin province of Turkey showed that Solanum nigrum, Xanthium strumarium, Amaranthus retroflexus, Portulaca oleracea, Sonchus oleraceus and Datura stramonium were the most prevalent weeds in the cotton fields exhibiting Verticillium wilt. Verticillium dahliae Kleb. was recovered from A. retroflexus and X. strumarium in those cotton fields. This is the first report of V. dahliae occurring naturally in A. retroflexus in Turkey. Pathogenicity tests on cotton and weeds showed that the virulence of V. dahliae isolates from weeds was higher on cotton plants than on weeds, with the disease severity ranging from 31.7% to 98.0%. Disease severity of V. dahliae isolates was 54.7–93.9% on eggplant, 23.7–51.6% on cucumber and 11.0–16.4% on tomato, whereas it did not cause any disease symptoms, or only low levels, on pepper and bell pepper. Two vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) were identified among seven tested weed isolates: VCG2A (two isolates) and VCG2B (three isolates) using international reference strains.  相似文献   

19.
Leaves of tomato and barley were inoculated with conidia of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei race 1 (R1) or Oidium neolycopersici (KTP-01) to observe cytological responses in search of resistance to powdery mildew. Both conidia formed appressoria at similar rates on tomato or barley leaves, indicating that no resistance was expressed during the prepenetration stage of these fungi. On R1-inoculated tomato leaves, appressoria penetrated the papillae, but subsequent haustorium formation was inhibited by hypersensitive necrosis in the invaded epidermal cells. On the other hand, KTP-01 (pathogenic to tomato leaves) successfully developed functional haustoria in epidermal cells to elongate secondary hyphae, although the hyphal elongation from some conidia was later suppressed by delayed hypersensitive necrosis in some haustorium-harboring epidermal cells. Thus, the present study indicated that the resistance of tomato to powdery mildew fungi was associated with a hypersensitive response in invaded epidermal cells but not the prevention of fungal penetration through host papilla.  相似文献   

20.
Severe rot of leaves, peduncles and flowers caused by Gibberella zeae (anamorph: Fusarium graminearum) was found on potted plants of hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis), a liliaceous ornamental, in greenhouses in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan, in January 2001. This disease was named “Fusarium rot of hyacinth” as a new disease because only the anamorph, F. graminearum, was identified on the diseased host plant. The authors contributed equally to this work. The fungal isolate and its nucleotide sequence data obtained in this study were deposited in the Genebank, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences and the DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank databases under the accession numbers MAFF239499 and AB366161, respectively.  相似文献   

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