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1.
以北京山区广泛分布的侧柏林为研究对象,分别采用水文学实测法(树干液流计结合大型蒸渗仪)和稳定同位素法对林分蒸散量进行定量拆分研究。结果表明:(1)在日尺度上,该林分的蒸散量和蒸腾量均显现为"单峰"型的变化曲线。林分总的蒸散量和蒸腾量均在正午前后达到最大值,分别为1.27,1.13 mm/h;(2)实测法和稳定同位素法对侧柏林蒸腾量占总蒸散量的计算结果分别为80.21%～89.63%和79.10%～98.71%。相比水文学实测法,稳定同位素法在小时尺度上误差为(3.97±3.53)%,而在日尺度上误差为(1.89±0.67)%。该林分蒸散主要来自于植被蒸腾,林木蒸腾耗水远大于土壤蒸发耗水。  相似文献   

2.
Carbon dioxide, water vapour and energy fluxes were measured above and within a maritime pine forest during an atypical year with long-lasting reduced soil water availability. Energy balance closure was adequately good at both levels. As compared with what is usually observed at this site the ecosystem dissipated less energy via latent heat flux and more via sensible heat flux. The understorey canopy was responsible for a variable, significant component of the whole canopy fluxes of water vapour and carbon dioxide. The annual contribution of the understorey was 38% (154 mm) of the overall evaporation (399 mm) and 32% (89 mm) of the overall sensible heat flux (274 mm). The participation of the understorey reached 45% of the overall evaporation and 30% of the daytime overall assimilation during significant soil water deficit periods in summertime. Even during winter, understorey photosynthesis was consistent as it compensated soil and understorey respiration. The ecosystem behaved as a sink of carbon, with a negative annual carbon budget (−57 g C m−2). However, due to high soil water deficit, the annual ecosystem GPP was 40% less than usually observed at this site. This budget resulted from a sink of −131 g C m−2 for the overstorey and a source of +74 g C m−2 for the understorey. Moreover, on an annual basis the overstorey layer contributed to almost two-thirds of the ecosystem respiration. Finally, the effect of long-lasting soil water deficit on the maritime pine forest was found more important than the effect of the heat wave and drought of summer 2003.  相似文献   

3.
Crop water parameters, including actual evapotranspiration, transpiration, soil evaporation, crop coefficients, evaporative fractions, aerodynamic resistances, surface resistances and percolation fluxes were estimated in a commercial mango orchard during two growing seasons in Northeast Brazil. The actual evapotranspiration (Ea) was obtained by the eddy covariance (EC) technique, while for the reference evapotranspiration (E0); the FAO Penman–Monteith equation was applied. The energy balance closure showed a gap of 12%. For water productivity analysis the Ea was then computed with the Bowen ratio determined from the eddy covariance fluxes. The mean accumulated Ea for the two seasons was 1419 mm year−1, which corresponded to a daily average rate of 3.7 mm day−1. The mean values of the crop coefficients based on evapotranspiration (Kc) and based on transpiration (Kcb) were 0.91 and 0.73, respectively. The single layer Kc was fitted with a degree days function. Twenty percent of evapotranspiration originated from direct soil evaporation. The evaporative fraction was 0.83 on average. The average relative water supply was 1.1, revealing that, in general, irrigation water supply was in good harmony with the crop water requirements. The resulting evapotranspiration deficit was 73–95 mm per season only. The mean aerodynamic resistance (ra) was 37 s m−1 and the bulk surface resistance (rs) was 135 s m−1. The mean unit yield was 45 tonne ha−1 being equivalent to a crop water productivity of 3.2 kg m−3 when based on Ea with an economic counterpart of US$ 3.27 m−3. The drawback of this highly productive use of water resources is an unavoidable percolation flux of approximately 300 mm per growing season that is detrimental to the downstream environment and water users.  相似文献   

4.
The exceptional soil drought and heat wave that occurred in Europe in summer 2003 provided a good opportunity to analyze the response of forest ecosystems to extreme climatic conditions. This work aimed at studying the functioning of exchangeable water reservoirs of beech trees under climatic and edaphic constraints, in a 37-year-old beech stand located in north-eastern France. We characterised the impact of drought on seasonal variations in water fluxes at the tree (sap flow measurements) and the forest (eddy covariance measurements) scales and estimated (i) the daily water storage capacity of beech trees as the difference between stand-scaled sap flow and water vapour flux over the stand and (ii) the contribution of exchangeable water in tree reservoirs to the total tree transpiration, under non-limiting soil water (summer 2002) or severe soil drought conditions (summer 2003). In parallel, daily variations in trunk circumference were analyzed to estimate the contribution of elastic tissues as a compartment for water storage to tree transpiration.Stand transpiration was strongly reduced by soil water shortage (up to 80% at the peak of drought in August 2003). From the beginning of August 2003, we observed daytime contraction of stem circumference, with only partial, or even no night recovery, suggesting that trees were less and less able to refill the elastic and strongly depleted reservoirs. Even if those elastic reservoirs were active throughout the season, the corresponding volume of water withdrawn for tree transpiration remained very low (maximum 1% of the daily transpiration). Thus, elastic tissue reservoirs play a minor role in the total water budget of beech trees.The amount of water depleted daily from the whole reservoirs was much higher than the water extracted from elastic tissues. Furthermore, the contribution of total exchangeable water within trees to the transpiration stream increased during the dry period (from a few percent to 67% at the peak of the drought) and was positively correlated with soil water shortage. Our results thus clearly demonstrated the strong sensitivity of beech to both climate and drought and the major role of whole tree water reservoirs to maintain leaf transpiration under severe drought.  相似文献   

5.
Previous studies have shown that soil water content can vary considerably within homogeneous sites. This small-scale variability of soil water is often neglected when studying water and carbon fluxes in forest ecosystems. In this paper, the small-scale variability of soil water was analyzed at two contrasting eddy-flux sites, a Norway spruce forest and a European beech forest. Simultaneous measurements of precipitation, eddy covariance, and sap flow, from soil water content readings, were used to answer the question of how representative soil water gain is during rainfall and evapotranspiration is during dry periods.Our study demonstrates that the spatial and temporal variability in soil water under spruce and beech was mainly due to the differences in soil properties and root intensity. This can be concluded from the fact that the pattern of soil moisture distribution and flow paths under the trees were generally stable throughout the season. As a tendency, areas with preferred accumulation of rainwater were mainly characterized by maximum soil water depletion. Therefore, the density of the installed water content sensors should correspond to the variability of soil properties as well as rooting intensity. Based on previous studies and our own results, it can be concluded that a horizontal and vertical distance between 10 and 30 cm is best suited for water content sensors to detect preferential flow paths and deliver reliable estimates of soil water balance.Despite the occurrence of preferential flow, we found that the soil water increase during rainstorm periods and the soil water depletion during dry periods can be estimated relatively well when the small-scale variability of soil properties is considered in the experimental setup. In general, the evaporation estimates based on eddy covariance, sap flow, and soil water balance were consistent. However, compared to the spruce site, at the beech site the gap between the evapotranspiration estimates based on eddy covariance and soil water balance were often relatively large. Differences in the spatial extent of these methods can only explain these discrepancies to a certain extent. We suggest that this might be mainly due to the lack of water content sensors in the immediate vicinity of the beech tree trunk. Thus, stemflow-induced wetting and subsequent drying around the trunk could not be monitored in our study. This may result in an underestimation of evaporation from the soil under beech using the soil water balance method compared to the eddy covariance method. Finally, soil water depletion under spruce led to a significant reduction of transpiration when the actual available plant soil capacity (AWC) was <40% of the potential AWC. In contrast to the spruce stand, a reduction of transpiration of beech due to water shortage was not observed.  相似文献   

6.
探究多年冻土区白桦次生林蒸腾特征对影响因子的响应,为准确评估该地区森林生态系统水文效应提供科学参考。运用热扩散式探针法,从2021年5—9月对多年冻土区的白桦树干液流进行监测,并同步观测影响因子变化情况。结果表明：整个观测期,白桦次生林蒸腾表现出明显的小时、日、月变化。(1)白桦次生林小时蒸腾特征表现为优势木>中等木>被压木,蒸腾动态在晴天呈单峰曲线,在雨天呈双峰曲线。日尺度上,白桦次生林蒸腾平均值为1.47 mm/d,且最大值出现在7月。在整个观测期,林分蒸腾表现出明显的月变化,即7月>6月>8月>9月>5月,分别为65.08,62.43,54.27,22.92,19.84 mm;(2)林分累计蒸腾量共计224.54 mm,占同期降雨量的32.41%,其中优势木为林分蒸腾的主要贡献者,占林分总蒸腾量的62.64%;(3)在小时尺度上,林分蒸腾量主要受大气温度和饱和水汽压差所影响;日尺度上,林分蒸腾与潜在蒸散、空气温度、太阳辐射、饱和水汽压差、叶面积指数以及土壤温度极显著正相关(p<0.01);与空气相对湿度极显著负相关(p<0.01);...  相似文献   

7.
Modeling how the role of forests in the carbon cycle will respond to predicted changes in water availability hinges on an understanding of the processes controlling water use in ecosystems. Recent studies in forest ecosystem modeling have employed data-assimilation techniques to generate parameter sets that conform to observations, and predict net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and its component processes. Since the carbon and water cycles are linked, there should be additional process information available from ecosystem H2O exchange. We coupled SIPNET (Simple Photosynthesis EvapoTranspiration), a simplified model of ecosystem function, with a data-assimilation system to estimate parameters leading to model predictions most closely matching the net CO2 and H2O fluxes measured by eddy covariance in a high-elevation, subalpine forest ecosystem. When optimized using measurements of CO2 exchange, the model matched observed NEE (RMSE = 0.49 g C m−2) but underestimated transpiration calculated independently from sap flow measurements by a factor of 4. Consequently, the carbon-only optimization was insensitive to imposed changes in water availability. Including eddy flux data from both CO2 and H2O exchange to the optimization reduced the model fit to the observed NEE fluxes only slightly (RME = 0.53 g C m−2), however this parameterization also reproduced transpiration calculated from independent sap flow measurements (r2 = 0.67, slope = 0.6). A significant amount of information can be extracted from simultaneous analysis of CO2 and H2O exchange, which improved the accuracy of transpiration estimates from measured evapotranspiration. Conversely, failure to include both CO2 and H2O data streams can generate results that mask the responses of ecosystem carbon cycling to variation in the precipitation. In applying the model conditioned on both CO2 and H2O fluxes to the subalpine forest at the Niwot Ridge AmeriFlux site, we observed that the onset of transpiration is coincident with warm soil temperatures. However, after snow has covered the ground in the fall, we observed significant inter-annual variability in the fraction of evapotranspiration composed of transpiration; evapotranspiration was dominated by transpiration in years when late fall air temperatures were high enough to maintain photosynthesis, but by sublimation from the surface of the snowpack in years when late fall air temperatures were colder and forest photosynthetic activity had ceased. Data-assimilation techniques and simultaneous measurements of carbon and water exchange can be used to quantify the response of net carbon uptake to changes in water availability by using an ecosystem model where the carbon and water cycles are linked.  相似文献   

8.
We quantified the relationship between water table position and CO2 emissions by manipulating water table levels for two summers in microcosms installed in a Colorado subalpine fen. Water levels were manipulated in the microcosms by either adding water or removing water and ranged from +10 cm above the soil surface to 40 cm below the soil surface, with ambient water levels in the fen averaging +3 and +2 cm above the soil surface during 1998 and 1999, respectively. Microcosm installation had no significant effect on CO2 efflux; the 2 year means of natural and reference CO2 efflux were 205.4 and 213.9 mg CO2-C m−2 h−1, respectively (p=0.80). Mean CO2 emissions were lowest at the highest water tables (water +6 to +10 cm above the soil surface), averaging 133.8 mg CO2-C m−2 h−1, increased to 231.3 mg CO2-C m−2 h−1 when the water table was +1 to +5 cm above the soil surface and doubled to 453.7 mg CO2-C m−2 h−1, when the water table was 0-5 cm below the soil surface. However, further lowering of the water table had little additional effect on CO2 emissions, which averaged 470.3 and 401.1 mg CO2-C m−2 h−1 when the water table was 6-10 cm, and 11-40 cm beneath the soil surface, respectively. The large increase in CO2 emissions as we experimentally lowered the water table beneath the soil surface, coupled with no increase in CO2 emissions as we furthered lowered water tables beneath the soil surface, suggest the presence of an easily oxidized labile carbon pool near the soil surface.  相似文献   

9.
Half-hourly mean values of transpiration measured by eddy covariance over the course of six growing seasons in two boreal forest sites were used to develop stand-level relationships between transpiration and soil water content. The two sites were an aspen site on fine-textured soil and over five growing seasons for a jack pine site on coarse-textured soil in Saskatchewan, Canada. About half of the data record covered a multi-year drought that was more severe at the aspen site than the jack pine site. Measurements of transpiration and environmental variables were used to adjust a transpiration model to each site, with environmental variables retained in the model based on their capacity to improve the model adjustment. The model was also used to produce estimates of maximum canopy conductance (gcMAX). The fit of the model to the aspen half-hourly transpiration is better than to the jack pine data (r2 of 0.86 versus 0.60). Relative soil water content explains more of the variability in half-hourly transpiration at the aspen site (46%) than at the jack pine site (10%). The relationships between transpiration and environmental variables are stable throughout the drought suggesting an absence of acclimation. Published soil water modifier curves for loamy clay soils compare well with the modifier function we obtained for a similar soil at the aspen site, but the agreement between the published curve and our curve is poor for the sandy soil of the jack pine site. Values of gcMAX computed at the half-hourly scale are greater at the aspen site (14.3 mm s−1) than at the jack pine site (10.2 mm s−1), but we hypothesize that the coarse soil and perennially lower water content of the jack pine site may cause this difference. Finally, we also present values of gcMAX computed at the daily and monthly scales for use in models that operate at these time steps.  相似文献   

10.
The distribution and variation with soil depth of water repellency has been studied in fire-affected sand dunes under three different vegetation types (pine forest, shrubland and sparse herbaceous vegetation) in SW Spain. The persistence and intensity of water repellency at the exposed surface of soil was measured using the water drop penetration time test and the contact angle method, respectively, in surface samples (0–3 cm) collected at burned and unburned areas. The variation of water repellency with depth in burned areas was studied in soil profiles every 5 cm between 0 and 40 cm depth. None or slight soil water repellency was observed at unburned soil sites, whereas burned soil sites showed a high degree of repellency, especially under pines and shrubland. The spatial pattern of fire-induced soil water repellency was found to be associated to vegetation types, although it was modulated by soil acidity and the soil organic carbon content. Soil water repellency was generally higher at the soil surface, and decreased with depth. Dense pine forests and shrublands showed strong and/or severe water repellency in depth, but it was rare and limited to the first five centimeters under sparse herbaceous vegetation. The heterogeneity of moisture patterns under dense pine forests or shrublands showed the existence of wetting and water repellent three-dimensional soil patches.  相似文献   

11.
This study examined the early growth and water use of tree plantations established on a marginalized irrigated cropland in northwest Uzbekistan, where salinization of agricultural soils is widespread due to shallow saline groundwater tables. During the first two growing seasons in 2003–2004, the tree stands consisting of Elaeagnus angustifolia L., Populus euphratica Oliv., and Ulmus pumila L. were irrigated with 80 mm year−1, and, in 2005, were left to rely on the shallow (0.9–2.0 m deep) groundwater with a salinity of 1–5 dS m−1. Soil salinity increased but remained within the range of moderate-to-strong (4–14 dS m−1) during the three years. In the course of the growing season, plantations transpired 0.1–7 mm day−1 in 2003 and 1–13 mm day−1 in 2004–2005, as determined with the Penman–Monteith model. In the absence of irrigation, the annual stand transpiration averaged 1250, 1030, and 670 mm for E. angustifolia, P. euphratica and U. pumila, respectively. In 2005, the leaf area index of E. angustifolia ranged from 5 to 10, surpassing that of the other two species more than two-fold. Differences in canopy conductance and transpiration were significant among the tree species and the decoupling coefficient at no time exceeded 0.3, indicating strong physiological control of transpiration. The vigorous juvenile growth and high transpiration under deficit irrigation and after irrigation was terminated, suggested that afforestation with well-adapted tree species is a viable land use option for degraded cropland. The plantation responses to increasing soil salinity must be monitored to determine potential leaching demands in the long run.  相似文献   

12.
The surface water table is an important factor determining soil chemical, physical and biological processes, and thus affects the functions of forested wetlands. The objective of this study was to assess surface water table dynamics from timber harvesting through early forest plantation establishment in a coastal plain wetland area located in the southeastern United States. Simulated harvesting patterns included two replicates of clear-cutting when soils were dry (dry-weather harvest), three replicates of clear-cutting when soils were wet (wet-weather harvest), and one replicate of uncut control in three 20 ha wetland loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) forests of ages 20, 23 and 25 years. After harvesting, two site preparation levels (non-bed and bed; bedding is a tillage process of preparing a series of parallel ridges) were randomly assigned to both dry-weather and wet-weather harvested plots, while an additional level (mole-plow+bed) was assigned only to the wet-weather harvested plots. The harvest treatments were designed to create a broad gradient of surface soil disturbance, while the site preparation treatments were done to encompass a range of site drainage and aeration conditions. Areal changes in soil bulk density, macro- and total porosities, and saturated hydraulic conductivity following harvesting were quantified. The depths of water table were recorded at monthly intervals on a 20 m×20 m grid across the 15 clear-cut and three uncut control plots (a total of 1409 PVC slotted wells) over 6 years (1992–1998), subdivided into five periods: pre-harvest, post-harvest, site preparation, and first year and second year after forest plantation establishment. The results showed that compared to the uncut control, the surface water table depth during a 1-year post-harvest period rose 14 cm for the dry-weather harvested site and 21 cm for the wet-weather harvested site. The difference in the water table rise between the two harvest treatments was small during the dormant season (<2 cm) but large during the growing season (>10 cm). These results indicate the large influence of tree removal on the surface hydrology in forested wetlands and the strong impact of wet-weather harvesting on transpiring ground vegetation due to a larger surface area of soil disturbance. Bedding initially lowered water tables on both dry-weather and wet-weather harvested sites. However, this effect decreased rapidly during the first 2 years after forest plantation establishment. Among all treatments, the dry-weather harvested sites without bedding presented the fastest recovery of water table depth to that of the non-harvested references, suggesting that bedding may have been a further disturbance with respect to wetland surface hydrology.  相似文献   

13.
[目的]分析樟子松固沙林土壤水分动态对降雨入渗过程的响应,为深入研究沙地人工林土壤水分管理提供科学依据。[方法]采用Watchdog土壤水分自动监测系统测定了浑善达克沙地2个生长周期内沙地樟子松林和流动沙丘0—120cm土层水份含量的动态,并选择3种降雨事件探讨樟子松林土壤水分对降雨入渗的响应过程。[结果]在降雨量19.4mm时,樟子松林地降雨入渗到达20cm所需要时间为4h,而流动沙丘为5h;降雨量30.2mm时,樟子松林地降雨入渗到达40cm所需要时间为13h,而流动沙丘为9h;降雨量47.1mm时,樟子松林地降雨入渗到达80cm所需要时间为27h,而流动沙丘为24h。降雨19.4~47.1mm时樟子松林地降雨入渗深度可达80cm,而流动沙丘在降雨19.4mm时降雨入渗深度则超过80cm,降雨30.2mm或47.1mm时,降雨入渗深度则超过120cm。[结论]不同降雨事件对樟子松林不同土层降水入渗进程和降水入渗深度有明显影响。  相似文献   

14.
青海云杉和华北落叶松混交林林地蒸散和水量平衡研究   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  
2004年5～10月．通过测定青海大通一块退耕地上17年生的青海云杉和华北落叶松混交林树木蒸腾速率的日变化、月变化动态规律以及树木蒸腾总面积来确定混交林的蒸腾量，根据植物的蒸腾量估算树木在生长季的耗水量，进而推算出林地蒸散和水量平衡。研究表明．青海云杉、华北落叶松混交林生长季林地总蒸散量为251.80mm，以林木的蒸发散为主，占总蒸散量的80％，占同期降雨量的58％；灌草蒸散占总蒸散的13％；而土壤蒸发仅为25．71mm，占总蒸散的7％。  相似文献   

15.
Precipitation, throughfall, stemflow and soil water content were measured, and interception, transpiration, evaporation, runoff, deep percolation and soil water recharge were estimated in the natural Liaotung Oak (Quercus liaotungensis) and regrown Black Locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) forestlands in the hill and gully region of the China Loess Plateau. Four stands (south- and north-facing slopes) of two forests were studied between May 27, 2006 and October 31, 2007. Hydrological fluxes were calculated using a coupled water and heat flow model called CoupModel. Throughfall, stemflow and soil water content were used to calibrate the model. The simulations indicated that, interception, vegetation transpiration and soil water evaporation were the main components of water consumption in the 4 stands, accounting for about 90% of the precipitation. The simulated interception and vegetation transpiration in the south-facing slope (154 and 327 mm in regrown forestland and 173 and 338 mm in natural forestland) were lower than those in the north-facing slope (219 and 344 mm in regrown forestland and 203 and 342 mm in natural forestland). Soil water evaporation in the south-facing slope (416 mm in regrown forestland and 373 mm in natural forestland) was larger than that in the north-facing slope (325 mm in regrown forestland and 330 mm in natural forestland) in the same vegetation stands. This was mainly due to greater vegetation density in the north-facing slope than in the south-facing slope. For the regrown forestlands, the simulated soil water recharge was larger under north-facing slope stands (90 mm) than under south-facing slope stands (76 mm), and the natural forestland in the north-facing slope had the largest soil water recharge (104 mm). The results indicated that vegetation species and slope aspects significantly influenced the water balance budget in the soil–vegetation–atmosphere system. The water budget differences among the 4 stands indicate that care is required for properly selecting regrown tree-species. Soil and water conservation measures must be applied scientifically when converting farmland to forest in the Loess Plateau of China, especially on the south-facing slopes.  相似文献   

16.
为更好地了解采煤扰动下潜水位及包气带水分变化规律,在陕北典型矿区开展了降雨、潜水位、包气带土壤含水率等水循环要素的野外原位观测试验,基于观测数据,采用Spearman秩相关系数检验、小波分析等方法,分析了未开采区及采空区潜水位和包气带水分的变化特征。结果表明：未开采区地下水位对于降水的响应明显且时间上存在4、5个月的滞后,采煤扰动后,地下潜水位持续下降,与降水响应关系微弱;在垂向上,未开采区较大降水可对100 cm以下埋深的土壤含水率产生影响,采空区土壤含水率总体减小,且同降水的响应程度不显著,含水率最大值相对于未开采区出现时间提前,50 cm以下埋深的土壤含水率对小强度降水无响应。采煤扰动潜水位下降后造成包气带增厚,包气带损耗的水量增加,随之造成降雨入渗补给地下水减少,进一步加剧了潜水位下降。  相似文献   

17.
在我国的北方地区植被与水资源之间的关系是森林植被构建的关键性问题.如何依据水分条件的承载力,构建水分稳定的森林植被是一项重要研究.以北京妙峰山侧柏、油松为研究对象,应用大型可称量式蒸渗仪测定林木个体耗水规律,并在此基础上进行尺度扩展,分析2种林分群体耗水特征.研究发现：在晴天条件下,侧柏和油松蒸腾强度的日变化趋势均为单峰曲线;在典型阴天和雨天条件下,2树种间蒸腾速率差异明显,受云量动态变化影响,蒸腾强度的日变化趋势为多峰曲线.通过相关分析发现,在选定的环境因子中太阳辐射通量、大气水汽压饱和差、空气温度、土壤含水率和土壤水势均与林木蒸腾速率呈正相关,而空气相对湿度与林木蒸腾速率呈负相关.另外,利用边材面积作为尺度转换因子实现由单木到林分的尺度扩展,根据测定的样木蒸腾量,推算得出侧柏林6-9月总蒸腾量为321.43 mm,油松林的总蒸腾量为192.83 mm.  相似文献   

18.
为了探究不同地下水埋深条件下膜下滴灌农田的水盐运移规律,于2012—2016年在新疆库尔勒绿洲,对采用膜下滴灌结合冬春灌压盐的棉田开展定位观测,在不同位置处150 cm深土壤剖面进行水盐监测,探究不同生育阶段地下水埋深与土壤水盐含量的关系。结果表明,膜下滴灌农田土壤水分呈反"S"型分布,土壤盐分呈"酒杯"状表聚型分布;试验期内地下水埋深从2~3 m增加到5~6 m,相应地苗期和非生育期返盐程度显著降低,收获期盐分含量下降;5a来土壤含盐量从6.5 g/kg下降到1 g/kg,土壤累积含盐量与地下水埋深呈负的指数关系;深层水分交换量表明土壤水和地下水间的联系明显减弱。建议将类似地区的地下水埋深控制在3.5 m左右,膜下滴灌结合冬春灌淋洗可有效抑制土壤层盐分累积,并可保证自然植被的生态需水。  相似文献   

19.
A scheme is presented which yields hourly meteorological data from climatological measurements at a grassland station. These hourly values are used to calculate surface conductance for a pine forest using a model incorporating several environmental feedback mechanisms (Stewart, 1987) and transpiration using the Penman—Monteith equation. Mean observed and predicted surface conductance and transpiration agreed well (6.2 and 6.0 mm s−1 and 100.4 and 99.9 W m−2, respectively).The need for soil moisture measurements is removed by applying a simple water balance model. Predicted soil moisture deficits showed good agreement with observed values for 3 years. Total predicted transpiration was 614.5, while the observed transpiration amounted to 609.0 mm.A comparison with simpler models of surface conductance (e.g., Gash and Stewart, 1977) showed the need to include both a specific humidity and a soil moisture deficit feedback in these models.  相似文献   

20.
Soil porosity and organic matter content influence the hydrology, thermal status and productivity of agricultural soils. Shape, size and continuity of soil pores are determined by tillage practices. Thus appropriate tillage and mulch management can conserve residual soil moisture during the post rainy season. This can play a key role in enhancing productivity under the rainfed ecosystem of subhumid region in eastern India. A field study was carried out on a fine loamy soil from 1993–1994 to 1995–1996. Two tillage treatments were conventional ploughing (150 mm depth) and shallow ploughing (90 mm) depth. Each tillage practice was tested with three mulch management viz., no mulch, soil dust mulch and rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw mulch. Soil organic carbon, bulk density, moisture retentivity, soil temperature with productivity and water use pattern of barley (Hordium vulgare L.) were measured.Reduction in ploughing depth resulted in nominal increase in profile (0.0–1.2 m) moisture status, yield, and soil thermal status at 14:00 and water use efficiency (WUE). However, it decreased the magnitude of soil temperature in the morning (07:00). Straw mulch conserved 19–21 mm of moisture in the profile (1.2 m) over the unmulched condition. Both soil dust and rice straw mulching elevated soil thermal status at 07:00 as compared to unmulched condition, but this trend was reversed at 14:00. Straw mulching significantly increased grain yield and WUE over soil dust mulch and unmulched condition. Impact of straw mulch was more pronounced under shallow ploughing depth. Shallow tillage with rice straw mulching is recommended to the farmers to obtain higher level of yield and water use efficiency.  相似文献   

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