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1.
Schuster R Schaffer T Shimalov V 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2002,115(11-12):435-439
120 carcasses of white storks originating from the federal countries Saxonia-Anhalt and Brandenburg where examined between 1994 and 2000 for internal parasites. The established parasite spectrum consisted of 8 trematode (Tylodelphis excavata, Chaunocephalus ferox, Cathemasia hians, Echinostoma revolutum, Echinoparyphium sp., Monilifer spinulosus, Ignavia ciconiae and Brachylaimus sp.), 4 cestode (Anomotaenia discoidea and 3 Hymenolepidae species) and at least 3 nematode species (Capillaria spp., Syngamus palustris and Contracaecum microcephalum). 5 of the helminths are considered to be stork specific. Considering host age groups the highest percentage of infected birds was found in adults. 相似文献
2.
Andrzejewska I Tryjanowski P Zduniak P Dolata PT Ptaszyk J Cwiertnia P 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2004,117(7-8):274-275
The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in chicks of wild birds and captive individuals was studied in the Poznań environs and in the Poznań Zoological Garden in the years 2002-2003. Bird blood was tested for T. gondii antibodies by an indirect fluorescent antibody test. T. gondii antibodies were detected from 5.8% of 205 analysed white stork chicks and 13.6% of 44 analysed adult storks in the zoo. Because toxoplasmosis is one of the more common parasitic zoonoses worldwide, we briefly discuss the potential epidemiological importance of stork toxoplasmosis to humans. 相似文献
3.
Following a 48 h fasting period after hatching, male Cobb broiler chicks were injected with either bipiperidyl mustard (intraperitoneally; 0.01 and 0.02 mg/g body weight) or goldthioglucose (intracardially; 0.25 mg/g body weight). The influence of these obesifying agents on growth was compared to control injections of physiological saline. Bi-weekly body weights, and eight week live, carcass, and abdominal fat plus carcass weights were depressed in chicks injected with bipiperidyl mustard, the depression being significant for eight-week abdominal fat weights. In birds injected with gold thioglucose all weights were significantly depressed. In a separate investigation, histological evidence of generalised hypothalmic lesions was observed in both chicks (Gallus domesticus) and ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos) injected with bipiperidyl mustard or gold thioglucose. Similar lesions were absent in control chicks and ducklings. The possibility of the existence of a sex-steroid-mediated endorphinergic-glucostatic mechanism for appetite regulation in birds is discussed. 相似文献
4.
Z Grabarevi? P Dzaja J Peri? V Serman Z Bidin H Mazija N Mas Z Mikulec K Culjak Z Simec B Njari 《Acta veterinaria Hungarica》1999,47(2):233-241
The work describes the effects of cimetidine on stress-induced gizzard erosions (Experiment A) and the influence of the long-term application (42 days) of the same drug on weight gain and feed consumption during broiler fattening (Experiment B). For Experiment A, 60 male, three-day-old chicks were divided into two groups: C (n = 30)--control chicks treated with 0.5 ml saline; CIM (n = 30)--chicks treated with cimetidine in a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight (b. w.) intragastrically. All chicks were stressed using a modified water-immersion stress method according to which the chicks, after 24 h of feed deprivation, were immersed in tap water (17 degrees C) for a few seconds. Under chloroform anaesthesia ten chicks from each group were killed 1, 2 and 3 h after the stressing. The morphometric analysis of gizzard erosion (GE) and histopathological examinations of gizzards were performed for each chick. In Experiment B, 32 one-day-old broilers of both sexes were used. The control group was untreated (n = 16) while the CIM group (n = 16) was fed the same diet supplemented with 10 mg of cimetidine per kilogram of feed throughout the fattening period (42 days). The results of Experiment A showed decreased mean length of the GE in the cimetidine-treated birds as compared with the GE lesions of the controls. In Experiment B, the treated chicks had reduced liveweight (1835.1 g), carcass weight (1474.6 g) and increased feed consumption (2115 g of feed per kilogram of weight gain) compared to the controls in which the same parameters were 1898.5 g, 1574.2 g and 1797 g, respectively. The results show that while stress-induced GE of chicks can be medicated pharmacologically, long-term application of the same substance impairs the results of fattening. 相似文献
5.
1. The incidence of spread bow leg syndrome and associated pathology in 15 ostrich chicks aged 2, 4, 8 and 12 weeks is reported. Measurements were made of hind limbs: femur plus tibiotarsus; tarsometatarus; phalanx I, digit III; phalanx II, digit III plus phalanx III, digit III; and phalanx IV, digit III. 2. A run was constructed (6 m x 1.7 m) and subdivided into 2 m sections and the time taken to traverse it was recorded. Measurements (cm) were made of the left and right footprints; the number of footprints and average stride length in 0 to 2, 3 to 4 and 5 to 6 m. Speed was calculated using distance run (m) divided by time taken (s). 3. The number of steps was greater in bow leg chicks aged 4 and 8 weeks by comparison with healthy birds. Stride length, however, was smaller in all age groups with bow leg. All speeds in bow leg chicks were lower than those in healthy birds, except for that recorded at 2 m in chicks aged 2 weeks which did not differ markedly. 4. In affected birds, feathers were sparse. Icterus was present. The tarsometatarsus was twisted, with severely inflamed joints, eroded distal ends, thickening of the cartilage and the presence of fibrous material surrounding the ligaments. Muscles in the hind limb were emaciated. 5. The syndrome compromises the ability of chicks to keep up with adults in flocks, and may compromise their ability to escape predation. 相似文献
6.
Effects of menhaden oil and flaxseed in broiler diets on sensory quality and lipid composition of poultry meat 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
1. Three hundred and thirty 1-d-old male broiler chicks from a commercial strain were allocated to 11 dietary treatments comprising combinations of flaxseed at 100 g/kg and menhaden oil (MO) at 7.5 or 15 g/kg. Birds were given the experimental diets 7 or 14 d prior to slaughter. Carcase omega-3 fatty acid profiles and sensory evaluations of different cooked meat portions were carried out. 2. Linolenic acid was preferentially deposited in dark meat and long chain omega-3 fatty acids in white meat. Breast meat sensory quality was not affected in birds given 100 g/kg flaxseed for 14 d (treatment 3), 7.5 g/kg MO for 14 d (treatment 5) or 100 g/kg flaxseed +0.75 g/kg MO for 7 d (treatment 6). In contrast, thigh meat sensory quality decreased in treatments 5 and 6. 3. Feeding flaxseed and MO to birds for just 7 d prior to slaughter resulted in significant omega-3 meat enrichment depending on their dietary concentrations. The linolenic acid and long chain omega-3 fatty acids showed preferential deposition in dark and white meat, respectively, which may affect the sensory quality of various portions differently. 相似文献
7.
Diagnosis of myeloid leukosis induced by a recombinant avian leukosis virus in commercial white leghorn egg laying flocks 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Commercial white leghorn egg layer flocks being used to produce fertile eggs for human vaccine production exhibited dramatically low peaks in egg production, two to four times higher than normal weekly mortality, and high numbers of cull, nonlaying birds after the onset of sexual maturity. These lower production characteristics could not be associated with management-related problems. Gross lesions of cull and fresh dead birds necropsied showed approximately 60% lacked ovarian activity and had lesions of a bacterial bursitis or synovitis, whereas the other 40% had tumors of the viscera but not of the bursa of Fabricius. Histologic examination of tumor-containing tissues showed lesions typical of myelocytomatosis. The diagnosis of myeloid leukosis was confirmed by the isolation of a recombinant avian leukosis virus (ALV) containing the LTR of subgroup J and the envelope of subgroup B ALV. A positive polymerase chain reaction with primers specific for the 3' untranslated region LTR confirmed the presence of LTR of ALV-J. The source of infection with this recombinant ALV was not determined; however, it is likely that commingling of the day-old egg-type chicks with ALV-J-infected meat-type chicks in a common hatchery had contributed to this outbreak. 相似文献
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9.
Olias P Gruber AD Hafez HM Lierz M Slesiona S Brock M Jacobsen ID 《Veterinary microbiology》2011,148(2-4):348-355
Aspergillus fumigatus is a common pathogen in poultry and captive wild birds and an emerging opportunistic fungal pathogen in immunocompromised humans. Although invasive aspergillosis is frequently reported in free-ranging wild birds, the incidence and epidemiology of the disease in a natural setting is unknown. We recently reported endemic outbreaks of invasive aspergillosis at white stork nesting sites close to human habitation in Germany with significant subsequent breeding losses. Therefore, we hypothesized that A. fumigatus strains with higher virulence in birds may have evolved in this environment and performed the first epidemiological analysis of invasive aspergillosis in free-ranging wild birds. Sixty-one clinical and environmental A. fumigatus isolates from six affected nesting sites were genotyped by microsatellite analysis using the STRAf-assay. The isolates showed a remarkable high genomic diversity and, contrary to the initial hypothesis, clinical and environmental isolates did not cluster significantly. Interestingly, storks were infected with two to four different genotypes and in most cases both mating types MAT-1.1 and MAT-1.2 were present within the same specimen. The majority of selected clinical and environmental strains exhibited similar virulence in an in vivo infection model using embryonated chicken eggs. Noteworthy, virulence was not associated with one distinct fungal mating type. These results further support the assumption that the majority of A. fumigatus strains have the potential to cause disease in susceptible hosts. In white storks, immaturity of the immune system during the first three weeks of age may enhance susceptibility to invasive aspergillosis. 相似文献
10.
The purpose of this experiment was to characterize a lesion of the rhamphotheca associated with tryptophan (TIRP) deficiency, search for other histological abnormalities,and determine whether bird size and housing conditions are contributing factors to these lesions. Day-old broiler chicks (Ross X Ross 308) were placed in either floor pens with fresh pine shavings or Petersime battery brooders with two pens of 10 chicks each per treatment. Broiler chicks from 0 to 21 days of age were fed adequate (0.24%) and deficient (0.09%) levels of TRP in diets based on corn, corn gluten meal, and gelatin. Separate groups of control chicks were pair fed daily with the deficient chicks. Deficient chicks grew less efficiently than did the pair-fed controls. Upon gross examination, a lesion of the maxillary rhamphotheca in the vicinity of the nares was observed in 61% of TRP-deficient birds housed in the battery and 13% of the birds housed in floor pens. A similar gross lesion was only observed in one control bird. These lesions were located along the upper portion of the beak between the nares and appeared as a crusty or scab-like area on gross examination, composed of detritus, heterophils, and plasma protein. Inflammation occasionally was observed at the dermoepidermal junction. The incidence of lesions was reduced in floor pens compared to battery brooders, but similarly sized birds did not exhibit the lesion. The number of lesions seen grossly and histologically in TRP-deficient birds, as compared to control birds, supports the hypothesis that TRP deficiency is the primary cause of these lesions around the nares of broilers. Secondary environmental factors, perhaps coprophagy, also influence the incidence of the lesion. 相似文献
11.
《The Journal of Applied Poultry Research》2015,24(2):177-185
Two 18-d studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of drought stress and carbohydrase enzyme inclusion on broiler performance and nutrient digestibility in either yellow dent corn or sorghum. Both experiments employed a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 2 growing environments (normal or stressed), and carbohydrase enzyme cocktail (yes or no). In each experiment, 256 chicks were randomly assigned with 8 birds/pen and 8 replicates/treatment. Enzyme inclusion did not affect any variable in either experiment, and environment did not alter 18-d BW, mortality, or the digestibility of DM or CP. In Experiment 1, birds consuming normal corn had improved FCR compared to those fed drought-affected corn (1.27 vs. 1.33, respectively), which was potentially driven by the difference in apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of EE. Alternatively, FCR was not affected by environment in birds fed sorghum-based diets in Experiment 2, but those that consumed normal sorghum had lower feed intake than those fed drought-affected corn (750 vs. 796 g, respectively). In summary, commercial carbohydrase inclusion did not improve growth performance or nutrient digestibility in birds fed normal or drought-affected corn or sorghum. Birds fed drought-affected corn and sorghum affected growth performance variables, but environment did not affect final weight or mortality of broiler chicks. 相似文献
12.
One-day-old White Leghorn and broiler chicks with maternal antibody to turkey herpesvirus (HVT) were vaccinated with 300 or 1,000 plaque-forming units (PFU) of cell-free or cell-associated HVT vaccine and challenged with virulent Marek's disease virus (MDV) by contact exposure. Broiler chicks receiving 300 PFU of cell-associated HVT had a 3.3% incidence of MD lesions, whereas only 2.0% of those receiving 1,000 PFU had macroscopic lesions. Broiler chicks vaccinated with 300 PFU of cell-free vaccine had 6.8% gross lesions, and 0.67% of the birds receiving 1,000 PFU had MD lesions. Unvaccinated broiler chickens had a 28.3% incidence of MD lesions. Unvaccinated White Leghorn chickens had a 48.9% incidence of macroscopic lesions, whereas 5.4% of the birds receiving 300 PFU of cell-associated HVT had gross lesions, and 8.3% of the birds vaccinated with 1,000 PFU had lesions. In contrast, 6.7% of the chicks vaccinated with 300 PFU of cell-free HVT had MD lesions, and only 4.0% of those receiving 1,000 PFU of cell-free HVT had macroscopic lesions. 相似文献
13.
由于气温的变化,原来属于夏季繁殖鸟的国家一级保护鸟类黑鹳(Ciconia nigra),在北京市出现了越冬群体.为了解黑鹳的越冬生态特点,从2004年1月到2009年3月,在北京十渡水生动物自然保护区,对其种群数量、生境选择、取食规律和集群行为进行了实地调查.结果显示,黑鹳选择该保护区的拒马河作为其越冬地,种群数量从2004-2005年冬季的28只下降到2007-2008年的17只,但随后恢复到了23只.越冬群体于11月中旬形成,次年3月中旬分散,但群体形成受到温度变化的影响.黑鹳对取食生境具有依赖性,主要食物为鱼类(＞92.4%).成年和亚成年黑鹳的食物构成没有差异(Mann-Whitney Utest,U=1.00,p=0.44).在越冬初期,取食活动主要发生在早晨和中午,越冬中期则集中于下午,而在越冬后期,分为清晨和傍晚两个取食阶段.按照每日取食6 h计算,成年黑鹳的每日进食量约538 g,亚成年个体约449 g,与人工饲养条件下黑鹳的饲喂量相近.在越冬后期,观察到取食过程中群体内部存在争斗行为.对越冬黑鹳的干扰主要来自旅游活动对取食生境的改变、人为筑坝提高水位、在滩涂开辟新的旅游场地减少了适于黑鹳取食的空间. 相似文献
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15.
1. Hubbard x Hubbard (HH) and Shaver x Shaver (SS) chicks given a dietary supplement of either 50 mg/kg oxytetracycline (OTC) or 1 g/kg Lactobacillus culture (LC) were exposed to 36 +/- 1 degrees C for 3 h daily from day (d) 21 to 42. 2. Prior to heat treatment, body weight (d 21) and weight gain (d 1 to d 21) of OTC and LC birds were greater than those fed the control diet. Chicks given LC had the best food efficiency followed by OTC and control birds during d 1 to d 21. Body weight (d 1 and d 21) and weight gain (d 1 to d 21) were greater for HH tlhan SS chicks. 3. After 3 weeks of heat exposure, birds receiving the LC diet had greater body weight and weight gain, higher food intake and lower food efficiency than OTC and control chicks. 4. Antibody production against Newcastle discase vaccine on d 21 was not affected by strain or diet. On d 42, while diet had negligible effect on this variable among the SS broilers, HH birds fed LC had higher antibody production than those on the control diet. 5. Neither strain nor diet had a significant effect on mortality. 相似文献
16.
Shuting ZAN Lizhi ZHOU Hao JIANG Baowei ZHANG Zhi'an WU Yinxu HOU 《Integrative zoology》2008,3(3):235-244
The oriental white stork (Ciconia boyciana) is a threatened species, and their numbers are still in decline due to habitat loss and poaching. China is a breeding and main wintering area for this animal and in recent years some individuals have been found breeding in wintering areas and at some stopover sites. These new breeding colonies are an exciting sign, however, little is understood of the genetic structure of this species. Based on the analysis of a 463‐bp mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region, we investigated the genetic structure and genetic diversity of 66 wild oriental white storks from a Chinese population. We analyzed the sequences of 66 storks obtained in this study and the data of 17 storks from a Japanese population. Thirty‐seven different haplotypes were detected among the 83 samples. An analysis of molecular variance showed a significant population subdivision between the two populations (FST= 0.316, P < 0.05). However, the phylogenetic analysis revealed that the samples from the different populations did not form separate clusters and that there were genetic exchanges between the two populations. Compared with the Japanese population, the Chinese population had a relatively higher genetic diversity with a haplotype diversity (hπ SD) of 0.953 ± 0.013 and a nucleotide diversity (π± SD) of 0.013 ± 0.007. The high haplotype diversity and low nucleotide diversity indicate that this population might be in a rapidly increasing period from a small effective population. A neighbor‐joining tree analysis indicated that genetic exchange had occurred between the newly arisen southern breeding colony and the northern breeding colony wintering in the middle and lower Yangtze River floodplain. These results have important implications for the conservation of the oriental white stork population in China. 相似文献
17.
Serum or plasma samples from raptors that prey or scavenge upon aquatic birds were tested by a commercially available blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the evidence of antibodies to influenza A virus. Samples were taken from birds (n = 616) admitted to two rehabilitation centers in the United States. In addition, samples from 472 migrating peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) trapped on autumnal and vernal migrations for banding purposes were also tested. Only bald eagles were notably seropositive (22/406). One each of peregrine falcon, great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), and Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperi) from a total of 472, 81, and 100, respectively, were also positive. None of the turkey vultures (n = 21) or black vultures (n = 8) was positive. No clinical signs referable to avian influenza were seen in any bird at the time of capture. These data indicate that, among raptors, bald eagles do have exposure to influenza A viruses. 相似文献
18.
I Kempf F Gesbert M Guittet G Bennejean A C Cooper 《Research in veterinary science》1992,53(2):257-259
Specific pathogen free day-old chicks were inoculated with a virulent strain of Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Birds received either danofloxacin (50 ppm), tylosin (500 ppm) or no medication in the drinking water from 24 hours after infection for three days. The effects of medication on mortality, weight gain, serology, lesions and reisolation of M gallisepticum 21 days following infection were studied. Treatment with danofloxacin and tylosin significantly decreased mortality and increased weight gain compared with infected unmedicated birds. Twenty-one days after infection, M gallisepticum was isolated from 96 per cent of unmedicated birds compared with only 6 per cent of danofloxacin-treated and 40 per cent of tylosin-treated birds, and the percentage showing positive serological tests was reduced from 100 per cent of unmedicated birds to 0 per cent of danofloxacin-treated and 29 per cent of tylosin-treated birds. In both cases, the proportion of positive birds from the danofloxacin-treated group was significantly lower than that from the tylosin-treated group. The occurrence of air sac lesions was also significantly lower in danofloxacin-treated than in tylosin-treated birds. 相似文献
19.
Two experiments were carried out to determine whether administration of lactate to biotin-deficient chicks induced fatty liver and kidney syndrome (FLKS). 2. The results suggest that increased serum lactate concentrations are a consequence of the syndrome rather than a contributory factor in its incidence. 3. The increase in liver lipids of birds affected by FLKS was not associated with an increase in the specific activity of the hepatic lipogenic enzyme acetyl CoA carboxylase accept when birds developed FLKS spontaneously in experiment 2. 4. Some biotin-deficient chicks did not show physical symptoms of deficiency although mean liver biotin concentrations were low (0.31 microgram/g liver). 相似文献
20.
B W Ritchie F D Niagro K S Latimer W L Steffens D Pesti R P Campagnoli P D Lukert 《American journal of veterinary research》1992,53(9):1512-1518
Adult umbrella cockatoos, Moluccan cockatoos, African grey parrots, and a yellow-headed Amazon parrot were inoculated IM or SC with beta-propiolactone-treated psittacine beak and feather disease (PBFD) virus. Thirty- to 45-day-old African grey parrot, umbrella cockatoo, and sulphur-crested cockatoo chicks also were vaccinated with the same inoculum. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and agar-gel diffusion tests were used to assay for post-vaccination development of anti-PBFD virus antibodies. All adult vaccinates seroconverted and had increases in HI and precipitating antibodies. The vaccinated chicks had increased concentrations of HI antibodies, but precipitating antibodies could not be detected. To demonstrate that chicks from vaccinated hens are protected from PBFD virus challenge, 3 African grey parrot chicks and 2 umbrella cockatoo chicks from vaccinated hens and 1 African grey parrot chick and 1 umbrella cockatoo chick from nonvaccinated hens were exposed to purified PBFD virus. Chicks from the vaccinated hens remained clinically normal during the 50-day test period. Chicks from the nonvaccinated hens developed clinical and histologic lesions of PBFD. Infected tissues from these birds were confirmed to contain viral antigen, using immunohistochemical staining techniques. The PBFD virus was recovered from the affected birds. These findings indicate that adult and 30- to 45-day-old psittacine birds will seroconvert following vaccination with beta-propiolactone-treated PBFD virus. Also, hens inoculated with beta-propiolactone-treated PBFD virus produce chicks that are, at least temporarily, resistant to virus challenge. 相似文献