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1.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential effects of different particle fractions in non‐pelleted (meal) and pelleted diets on the development of pre‐ulcerative gastric alterations. Furthermore, the effect of increased crude fibre supply (lignocellulose) on the integrity of gastric mucosa were investigated. For that purpose, 49 piglets were divided into eight feeding groups and fed pelleted diets differing in grinding intensity (very coarse/coarse/fine/very fine) and addition of lignocellulose (0/2.5%) for 6 weeks. A coarsely ground meal was used as control diet. Mucosal integrity of the pars non‐glandularis was characterised by macroscopical and histological score and basal epithelial conductance. Feed structure was assessed by sieve analysis (wet/dry). The use of coarsely ground meal (25% >2 mm, 29% <0.4 mm) had almost no negative effects on the gastric wall: three of seven pigs had slight histological and none had macroscopical lesions. Irrespective of the original grinding intensity before pelleting, offering pelleted diets led to mucosal changes similar in severity (one out of seven pigs fed coarsely ground and pelleted diets had no macroscopical alterations, whereas all pigs fed finely ground and pelleted diets showed altered tissues). Increasing the proportion of coarse particles in the pellet (from 25 to 29% >2 mm) did not show any ulceroprotective effect. An increase of crude fibre content (42–54 g/kg dm) by adding lignocellulose did not result in a decreased ulcerogenity. Unpelleted diets are recommended as more favourable for alleviating the problem of gastric ulcers in pigs as the pelleting process is equal to a secondary grinding process. According to our results, an upper level of fine particles seems to be reasonable (a minimum level of coarse particles is not ulceroprotective). In this study, an amount of 30% <0.4 mm resulted in higher risks for ulcerations.  相似文献   

2.
Maintaining an optimal pelleting production rate can be difficult when manufacturing feeds for meat birds. Increased production time may be required to fill feed demand and feed outages occur if demand is not met. Identifying management strategies to enhance overall feed production rate without compromising broiler performance is warranted. This study examined the effects of adding varying amounts of corn, ground through a roller mill, to pelleted supplements on feed production parameters, growth performance, and intestinal strength of broiler chickens. Four treatments were used from 18 to 41 d, which included a control (total diet pelleted), and addition of rolled corn to pelleted supplements at 15, 25, and 35% of the corn required in diet formulation. The final diets fed were identical in nutrient composition. Decreasing the amount of ground corn in the pelleted supplement did not affect pellet durability index in the grower diet, but pellet quality declined in the finisher diet. The dietary treatments did not adversely affect final BW gain or feed conversion. Progressive additions of ground corn to pelleted supplement did not affect gizzard weight or peak force intestinal strength. These data indicate that 35% of the formula corn can be added postpellet to reduce electrical cost for grinding and pelleting and improve overall production rate without adversely affecting cumulative growth performance of broilers.  相似文献   

3.
压辊数量对虾料制粒机的颗粒品质有很大影响。文章分别对两压辊、三压辊结构进行分析,研究表明,两压辊制粒机较三压辊制粒机,更适宜用于虾料制粒。  相似文献   

4.
Nine multiparous Holstein cows (DIM = 56 ± 5 day) were randomly assigned to three experimental diets containing fine‐dried (T1), normal‐dried (T2) and pelleted (T3) beet pulp (BP) at 12% on a dry matter basis in a 3 × 3 change over design in three 21 day periods to evaluate the effects of three types of BP. Bulk density, functional specific gravity and water‐holding capacity of ration and intake were similar, but intake of physically effective fibre was different among treatments. Without significant differences, nutrients' digestibility in T1 trended to be higher than T2 and T3. Ruminal liquid pH and N‐NH3 concentration were lower in T1 and higher in T3 than T2. Grinding and pelleting of BP increased and decreased volatile fatty acid concentration respectively. Grinding decreased acetate and propionate and increased butyrate and lactic acid. In contrary to pelleting, grinding of BP increased the particulate ruminal passage rate, but decreased ruminal mean retention time and lower compartment mean retention time. Pelleting of BP decreased ruminal passage rate, but increased ruminal mean retention time and lower compartment mean retention time. Grinding increased 5.64, 5.9 and 5.8% eating time, rumination and total chewing activity in comparison with normal BP respectively. Pelleting increased 2.7%, 16.3% and 10.0% eating time, rumination and total chewing activity in comparison with T2 respectively. Milk yield had no significant difference, but milk yield adjusted to 4% fat, and milk fat (kg/day), fat, protein, casein and total solid of milk (%) were affected by the treatments. Results from this experiment show that based on milk fat assay, grinding did not reduce effectiveness of BP, but pelleting significantly increased effectiveness of BP. In addition, based on total chewing activity, grinding did not reduce physically effectiveness of BP, but pelleting of BP increased its physically effectiveness.  相似文献   

5.
The first aim of the experiment was to study the effect of wheat (Triticum aestivum) particle size on the digestibility of starch in a pelleted diet given to broilers. The second aim was to study the consequences of food deprivation before the excreta collection period (from 21 to 24 d). Wheat from a strong hardness cultivar was incorporated at 546.1 g/kg in diets. The other main ingredients were soybean meal (353.5 g/kg) and rapeseed oil (55.0 g/kg). Diets were given as pellets. The experimental design was a 2 x 2 factorial design testing two particle sizes of wheat flour and two procedures of a balance experiment (with or without food deprivation). Birds given diet C (wheat coarse grinding before pelleting) had significantly greater gizzard weight than birds fed on diet F (wheat fine grinding before pelleting). Starch digestibility value was significantly increased when birds were fed on diet F. This effect was halved by food deprivation. No significant effect of grain particle size was observed for protein and lipid digestibility values. However, food deprivation decreased apparent protein digestibility, with an effect which was more pronounced for fine than for coarse grinding. AMEN of the diet was significantly improved by fine grinding of wheat and decreased by food deprivation. However, no significant differences in growth performance were induced by differences in wheat grinding. No significant effect of grinding was observed on the water excretion:feed intake ratio. No significant difference was observed for vent score between treatments. There was over-excretion of starch in the first hours of refeeding following food deprivation.  相似文献   

6.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of processing method (grinding vs. steam flaking) and increasing densities of steam‐flaked barley grain on dry matter intake (DMI), rumen pH and fermentation characteristics, digestibility of dry matter in the total digestive tract (DDTT), and milk production of dairy cows. Eight multiparous mid‐lactation Holstein cows averaging 103 ± 24 DIM, 44.5 ± 4.7 kg milk/day and weighing 611 ± 43 kg at the start of the experiment were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21‐day periods. Cows were fed diets consisting of (DM basis) 23.8% corn silage, 13.5% chopped alfalfa hay and 62.7% concentrate. The dietary treatments were either ground barley (GB) using a hammer mill or steam‐flaked barley (SFB) – varying density at 390, 340 or 290 g/l. Processing method (GB vs. SFB) did not affect DMI (23.6 kg/day on average), DDTT (71.0% on average), milk yield (43.4 kg/day on average), milk components, rumen pH and molar proportions of acetate, propionate, butyrate and sorting activity. Ruminal isovalerate concentration tended (p = 0.06) to be higher for cows fed GB than those fed SFB‐based diets. Decreasing the density of SFB from 390, 340 to 290 g/l tended to linearly increase DMI (p = 0.09), decrease total solids percentage of milk (p = 0.10) and linearly decreased milk urea nitrogen (12.8, 12.4 and 12.1 mg/dl; p = 0.04); also, the sorting index (SI) of the particles retained on the 19.0‐mm sieve without affecting the SI of the particles retained on 8.0‐mm, 1.18‐mm or passed through 1.18‐mm sieve (p = 0.05). These results indicated the limited effects of processing method (grinding vs. steam flaking) and densities of SFB (390, 290 or 290 g/l) on cows’ performance and feed utilization for dairy cows fed low‐forage diets. Therefore, both processing methods could be recommended under current feeding conditions of dairy cows.  相似文献   

7.
Growth and behaviour of chicks fed on pellets or mash   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
Newly hatched hybrid and Brown Leghorn chicks were fed on diets in either pellet or mash form and growth and feeding behaviour were studied. The mash was made by re‐grinding the pellets. All chicks fed on pellets were heavier after 40 d, but had eaten no more than those fed on mash. The apparent digestibilities of pellets and mash were about the same in the hybrid chicks but was greater for mash than pellets with the Leghorn birds. All chicks fed on mash spent more time feeding than those fed on pellets, but the times spent on drinking and resting were similar with both food forms. Chicks which were given a choice of food form consistently preferred mash to pellets. It is concluded that pelleted food was converted more efficiently than mash mainly because chicks spent less time feeding on pellets and so expended less energy, and in the case of the Leghorns there may have been improved digestibility when the food was pelleted.  相似文献   

8.
This study was conducted to determine the effect of pelleting on in situ dry matter degradability of pelleted compound feed containing brown rice for dairy cows. Mash feed of the same composition was used as a control and the in situ study was conducted using three non‐lactating Holstein steers fitted with a rumen cannula. The feeds contained 32.3% brown rice, 19.4% rapeseed meal, 11.4% wheat bran and 10.6% soybean meal (fresh weight basis). Except for moisture content, the chemical composition of the feed was not affected by pelleting. In situ dry matter disappearance of the feed increased from 0 to 2 h and after 72 h of incubation with pellet processing. Integration of the dry matter disappearance values over time revealed that degradability parameter a (soluble fraction) increased with pellet processing, whereas parameter b (potentially degradable fraction) decreased. Parameter c (fractional rate of degradation) and effective degradability (5% passage rate) were not affected by pellet processing. We concluded that pellet processing promotes rumen degradability at early incubation hours when the pelleted feed contains brown rice.  相似文献   

9.
Pelleting technique can affect feed form and nutrient availability. Increasing mixer-added fat (MAF) decreases frictional heat and pressure within the pellet die, but reduces pellet quality (PQ). The use of calcium lignosulfonate (CaLS) may enable use of moderate inclusions of MAF while maintaining PQ. A series of experiments with treatments consisting of CaLS (0, 0.5, or 1%), MAF (1 or 3%), and feed form (pellet or ground pellet) were performed to explore feed mill efficiency, PQ, broiler performance, digesta viscosity, and true amino acid digestibility (TAAD). Increased MAF and CaLS independently reduced energy use of the pellet mill, pellet temperature postextrusion, and decreased and increased PQ, respectively. A 3-way interaction of main effects for FCR demonstrated that the 0.5% CaLS + 3% MAF treatment improved pelleted treatment FCR. The 0.5% CaLS + 3% MAF treatment combination also increased digesta viscosity, demonstrated by a CaLS by MAF interaction effect. Additionally, a 3-way interaction of main effects demonstrated that the 0.5% CaLS + 3% MAF treatment maintained a high level of TAAD in pelleted treatments. The ratio of CaLS to MAF was found to be important to PQ, as well as broiler performance, digesta viscosity, and TAAD. Adding 0.5% CaLS to treatments containing 3% MAF improved PQ, and feeding these pellets improved FCR and increased TAAD.  相似文献   

10.

This study was performed with the main objective of evaluating the effect of the combination of pelleting and monensin on fatty acids (FA) composition, the concentration of total polyphenols and flavonoids, and the oxidative stability of milk in cows fed a concentrate containing soybean seeds. Eight Holstein multiparous cows were distributed in a replicated Latin square design. The four supplement treatments consisted of the combination of two factors (pelleting and monensin) and one concentrate as follows: (1) unpelleted concentrate with no monensin (CO); (2) pelleted concentrate with no monensin (PE); (3) unpelleted concentrate with 96 mg of monensin/kg of dry matter, DM (MO); and (4) pelleted concentrate with 96 mg of monensin/kg of DM (PM). There was no interaction between pelleting and monensin for milk production and concentration of milk protein, lactose, total polyphenols, flavonoids, conjugated dienes (CD), and reducing power. Fat and total solids concentration in milk were decreased when cows were fed pelleted (PE and PM) concentrates. Feeding cows with PE and PM concentrates increased the CD concentration in milk. Regarding milk FA concentration, there was no difference among treatments for total saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated FA. The most prominent result was that pelleting increased the milk concentration of omega-3 FA. Altogether, the present study suggests that the pelleting process can improve the milk fat quality by increasing the omega-3 FA, while the combination of pelleting and monensin in the diet of grazing dairy cows fed soybean-based concentrate adds no further improvements to FA profiles and oxidative stability of milk.

  相似文献   

11.
L. Lahaye  Y. Riou  B. Sve 《Livestock Science》2007,109(1-3):138-140
Two experiments were performed in order to test the effects of grinding and pelleting wheat (experiment 1) or maize (experiment 2) on amino acids (AA) standardized (SID) and true (TID) ileal digestibility. Basal ileal endogenous losses (IEL), used to calculate SID from apparent digestibility, were determined by feeding a protein-free diet. Total IEL required to calculate TID were estimated as the difference between total and dietary losses determined according to the isotope dilution technique using 15N-labeled crops. Wheat and maize were ground to compare two different mean particle sizes (d50 500 μm and 1000 μm). Then, a fraction of the 500-μm mash was further pelleted through two dies of different thicknesses (16 vs. 20 mm for wheat and 16 vs. 24 mm for maize), holes diameter 4 mm in both cases. Cereals were incorporated in 4 isoproteic diets either in mash form (fine vs. coarse mash) or in pelleted form (thin vs. thick die). In experiment 1, wheat was associated with rapeseed meal diets, while in experiment 2, maize was associated with soybean meal. The reduction of wheat particle size affected neither AA SID nor TID. In contrast, the pelleting treatment significantly improved protein and most AA SID and TID. In addition, total IEL of protein and several AA were significantly reduced when the thicker die was used. Numeric improvements of protein and AA SID were observed with reduction of maize particle size and this was associated with a significant decrease in total IEL so that TID was not modified. Further improvements of AA SID and TID occurred with pelleting of maize, without significant effect on IEL regardless of die thickness.  相似文献   

12.
A review of past literature revealed inconsistencies in recommended grain particle size for optimal broiler performance. Changing diet formulation and subsequent processing variables may alter pellet texture and potentially affect broiler performance. In the current study, ground corn, varying in size (781, 950, 1,042, 1,109, and 2,242 μm), was added to a soybean-based premix to create 5 different mash diets. Water and a commercial pellet binder were added separately to corn-soybean-based diets before steam pelleting to create 2 pelleted diets differing in texture (soft and hard, respectively). The objective was to evaluate corn particle size, pellet texture, and feed form variation of compound diets on 3- to 6-wk broiler performance, nutrient retention, carcass characteristics, TMEn, feed passage time, and particle size preference. Soft and hard pellets had similar pellet durability (90.4 and 86.2%, respectively) and fines (44.5 and 40.3%, respectively). Increasing particle size of mash diets improved nutrient retention. However, broiler performance and energy metabolism were decreased when corn particle size exceeded 1,042 μm. This observation was due, in part, to increased size and maintenance requirement of the gastrointestinal tract. Broilers fed hard pellets (1,856 g of pellet breaking force) had improved nutrient retention, TMEn, and subsequent performance compared with broilers fed soft pellets (1,662 g of pellet breaking force). Pellet texture may affect broilers in a manner similar to particle size.  相似文献   

13.
Two lots of straw pellets (supplemented with 10% molasses), produced either with a 5 mm sieve in a hammer mill (lot A) or with a 12 mm sieve (lot B) from wheat straw, were tested with 4 sheep (wethers, average live weight 43 kg) and 4 bulls (average 170 kg). After carrying out a digestibility experiment, the mean retention time (mrt), the 80%-excretion of the markers and the transit time were ascertained with the help of 51Cr-EDTA and 103Ru-phenanthroline. The digestibility of carbohydrates (both crude fibre and N-free extracts) was significantly higher for the bulls than for the sheep. Mrt, transit time and 80%-marker excretion were ascertained as follows: (Table: see text) The better digestion performance of carbohydrates from pelleted wheat straw in bulls in contrast to the sheep is due to the longer retention time of the digesta in the digestive tract of bulls. In connection with the considerably higher ruminating capacity of cattle in comparison to sheep, a longer retention time of the straw particles (Welch, 1982) in the reticulo-rumen must be considered.  相似文献   

14.
Grain processing (e.g. grinding, steaming, pelleting, flaking) has been reported to modify the incidence of ruminal disturbances in feedlot cattle. This study investigated the effects of two grain processing methods widely used in Spanish feedlots (grinding and pelleting) on animal performance, blood acid–base balance, blood electrolyte levels and serum lactate in a 140-day feedlot experiment with double-muscled Belgian Blue steers. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the way in which these two feeds modify blood acid–base balance, which is closely associated with ruminal pH. In light of our results we conclude that the animals that received the pelleted feed showed a more stable acid–base balance over time than those fed a ground feed. Nevertheless, higher levels of L-lactate and lower base excess (BE) and HCO3 − values for cattle fed pelleted grain reflect a greater risk of grain-acid overload.  相似文献   

15.
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding rations in the form of mash, pellets or ground pellets on the performance of the broiler chicken when the ration contained varying levels of fat.

When a low‐fat ration was fed, chicks consuming pellets or ground pellets gained more body weight, consumed more food and utilised food more efficiently than chicks fed mash. Concurrently, feeding of this ration as pellets or ground pellets increased the quantitative gain in carcass dry matter, fat and gross energy. These increases were accompanied by an improved efficiency of metabolisable energy utilisation. The response of chicks to feeding the low‐fat ration in the form of ground pellets indicates that the pelleting process per se caused a change in the ration constituents which improved efficiency of energy utilisation and increased weight gain. The observation that the performance of pellet‐fed chicks surpassed that of chicks fed ground pellets suggests that feeding pellets was inducing a response beyond that which could be attributed to the beneficial effects of the pelleting process per se. In general, increasing the fat level by 10 per cent of the ration decreased the chicks’ response to pelleting although, in the case of efficiency of energy utilisation, the beneficial influence of pelleting was still apparent.  相似文献   


16.
Poor pelleting production rates can raise the milling cost and increase the frequency of feed outages for broiler integrated operations. The number of broilers marketed to heavy BW has been increasing, and meeting feed delivery schedules can be problematic with “big bird” complexes. Adding rolled corn post pellet is a management strategy to increase feed production rate while concurrently decreasing energy use of the grinding and pelleting processes. This study evaluated the addition of screened rolled corn to pelleted feed on live performance and meat yield of broiler chickens during a 56-d grow-out. Four dietary treatments were provided: A) a control, no added corn post pellet from 18 to 56 d of age; B) addition of 25% of the formulated corn post pellet from 18 to 56 d of age; C) addition of 10, 20, and 30% of the formulated corn post pellet from 18 to 35, 36 to 46, and 47 to 56 d of age, respectively; and D) addition of 20, 30, and 40% of the formulated corn post pellet from 18 to 35, 36 to 46, and 47 to 56 d of age, respectively. Final BW, cumulative feed conversion, 38-d BW uniformity, and 57-d breast meat weight and yield were similar among the dietary treatments. These results indicate screened rolled corn can be added post pellet without adversely affecting broiler performance and meat yield.  相似文献   

17.
Three experiments were conduced to quantify the potential negative effect of fine particles (<0.5 mm diameter) in the feed on fast- and slow-growing broiler growth performance. In the first experiment, chickens were fed mash or pellets of 2.5 and 4 mm diameter between 15 and 35 d of age. During this period, fast-growing broiler fed pelleted feed had a 19% higher final BW, a 12% higher feed intake, and a 12% lower (improved) feed conversion ratio than those fed mash. Feed form had no significant effect on feed intake, BW gain, or final BW of slow-growing chickens. Feed conversion ratio, however, was 6% lower with pellet than mash. In the second and the third experiments, fast and slow-growing chickens weighed 1.2 kg at the beginning of the experiment. In the second experiment, the effects of a transition from pelleted feed to mash or a mixture between the 2 feed forms on the short-term feed intake and growth was investigated. After the transition from pellet to mash or the mixture, both fast- and slow-growing chickens adapted their feed intake in less than 10 min. The mixture between mash and pellets led to a 25% higher feed intake and an 18% lower feed conversion ratio for fast-growing chickens. There was no significant difference between mash and the mixture on slow-growing feed intake, but feed conversion ratio was 9% lower. In the third experiment, the effect of fine particles concentration in the feed on short-term growth response was measured. Increase in the concentration of fine particles in the feed linearly reduced feed intake and BW gain of both fast- and slow-growing chickens. However, the slope was 5 times greater for fast-growing chickens than for slow-growing chickens. These 3 experiments showed that fast-growing chickens are more sensitive to feed form than slow-growing chickens. Therefore, physical form of the feed can be a major limiting factor of performance.  相似文献   

18.
In an experiment with wethers the effect of the feeding with pelleted feed rations and the partial replacement of coarse fodder by non-treated beech sawdust on the motorial activity of the rumen was observed. The rumen motility was measured through a rumen fistula by means of the balloon method with the help of a capacitator primary unit, an electric manometer and a recording instrument. Over a period of 24 weeks the animals consumed 1.3 kg dry matter per day. It consisted of 41.8% meadow hay, 25.3% barley, 15.4% sawdust, 15.0% molasses, 1.3% urea, 0.76% mixed minerals and 0.48% hexametaphosphate in the form of pellets (test group) or the traditional classical form (control group). The feeding of pellets diminished the frequency (P less than 0.001) and the intensity of rumen contractions before and 1, 3 and 5 hours after feeding. Maximal frequency values were registered one hour after the food intake. During this time the number of secondary contractions of the rumen increased; differences of the frequency were, however, not registered, which means that the different physical form of the diet had no influence on the motorial activity of the rumen and that the food intake as such is the decisive factor. The diminished rumen motility in further hours after feeding was effected by treating the feed (grinding and pelleting).  相似文献   

19.
Versazyme (VZ) is an approved keratinase-based feed additive produced naturally as a fermentation product of Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1. The experiment was designed to test the recovery and efficacy of VZ using typical feed industry pelleting parameters. The pelleted diets were conditioned to 85°C for 30 s and pelleted using a 4 × 32 mm die, cooled, and crumbled. A total of 192 male broiler chicks were fed a corn-soybean meal starter diet formulated at 18.5% CP to 21 d of age. The 4 treatments used in the feeding study were as follows: VZ 0.0%-mash, VZ 0.0%-pellet, VZ 0.1%-mash, and VZ 0.1%-pellet. Body weight and feed consumption were determined at 21 d of age. The recovery of VZ in feed was 93% in the mash diet and 66% in the pelleted diet. There was a 55-g increase in BW gain and 0.17 improvement of FCR when birds were supplemented with 0.1% VZ. Pelleting improved BW gain (P < 0.05) but did not significantly improve the FCR. Growth performance results indicate that pelleting did not affect the efficacy of VZ.  相似文献   

20.
The effects of pelleting and storage of a complex nursery pig diet (28% lactose and 1.4% lysine) on lysine bioavailability were assessed in a chick bioassay. The nursery diet was steam-conditioned at 60 degrees C for 45 s and then pelleted through a 5-mm die with a depth of 38 mm. Samples of meal and pelleted diet were placed in metallic feeders in an occupied nursery facility for 1 wk (warm) or were stored at 4 degrees C (cool). For the standard-curve bioassay, a total of 144 8-d-old chicks were offered the following dietary treatments: 1 to 3) a basal diet (lysine deficient) and two levels (.08 and .16%) of added lysine (from L-lysine-HCl); 4 and 5) two positive controls (.7% added lysine with or without 10% of the nursery diet); and 6 to 9) basal diet plus 10% of one of the four nursery diet samples (meal or pellet stored cool or warm for 1 wk). Pelleting had no effect (P>.10) on lysine bioavailability, probably because pelleting conditions (temperature, humidity, and pellet size) were not aggressive enough to result in detectable effects on lysine utilization. However, storage in the nursery facility for 1 wk reduced (P<.03) lysine bioavailability by an average of 10%. No significant (P>.10) interactions were observed. Furthermore, true digestibility of lysine in the four pig diet samples was estimated in a cecectomized cockerel digestibility assay using 15 adult Single-Comb White Leghorn cockerels. Lysine digestibility in all samples was high (average of 94%) and was not affected (P>.10) by treatment. We conclude that the pelleting conditions used in our experiments did not decrease lysine utilization. More research is needed to define thermal processing conditions that might cause protein quality deterioration. However, typical warm and humid environmental conditions encountered in modern nursery facilities have a negative effect on protein quality of diets rich in reducing sugars and lysine.  相似文献   

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