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1.
金华火腿发酵成熟现代工艺及装备研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
跟踪金华火腿传统工艺方法，研究火腿发酵成熟现代工艺、研制工艺装备；发酵成熟现代工艺保持“低温脱水、中温发酵、高温成熟”传统工艺特色，按照“强化高温成熟、缩短工艺时间”原则正交试验，并优化现代工艺参数。结果表明：现代发酵成熟45～80 d比传统工艺时间缩短55.5%～70%；火腿脱水率和工艺时间与温、湿度密切相关，80 d火腿脱水率(29.43%±1.16%)已超过传统工艺水平，风味达到传统一级火腿水平，且火腿肉面没有霉菌斑点；现代发酵成熟工艺装备能实现温湿度和进风量等工作参数的自动控制，以火腿脱水率为目标函数进行的现代工艺回归优化结果与火腿感官品质评定结果有良好的一致性。 相似文献
2.
为了改善传统香肚制作周期长,风味单一的不足,本研究添加鸭肉与猪肉混合,以木糖葡萄球菌和嗜酸乳杆菌为发酵菌种,通过单因素及正交试验优化发酵香肚工艺条件,并对发酵香肚的游离氨基酸和挥发性风味物质进行测定。结果表明,发酵香肚的最佳工艺条件为鸭肉、猪肉添加比例1∶1、木糖葡萄球菌∶嗜酸乳杆菌菌种配比1∶2、发酵温度20℃、发酵时间16 h,此条件下制得的发酵香肚具有较好的感官特性和抗氧化性。发酵香肚游离氨基酸中谷氨酸、丙氨酸、亮氨酸、苏氨酸和苯丙氨酸含量较高。挥发性风味物质检测出74种,主要为芳香族化合物、萜烯类和醛类。其中,茴香脑、右旋柠檬烯、己醛和苯甲醛是发酵香肚成品的主要风味成分。与市售香肚相比,发酵香肚游离氨基酸的含量和挥发性风味物质的种类显著增多。本研究为香肚的发酵工艺研究提供了一定的理论依据。 相似文献
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4.
基于判别分析法的金华火腿挥发性风味物质的形成过程分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了弄清金华火腿风味物质的形成过程,以60只杂交猪后腿为原料,按照传统工艺加工金华火腿,用气质联用仪(GC-MS)分析了6个工艺点的肌肉中挥发性风味物质的出峰面积,并用判别分析法分别研究了用挥发性风味物质的出峰面积和出峰面积占总出峰面积的百分率建立的判别函数判断金华火腿加工程度的可能性.研究结果表明,用金华火腿挥发性风味化合物的峰面积进行逐步判别分析,有20种挥发性化合物进入判别函数,而用峰面积占总出峰面积的百分率进行逐步判别分析,有17种挥发性化合物进入判别函数,建立的两套判别函数都能准确判别火腿的加工程度.结果提示:金华火腿风味化合物是在加工过程中逐步形成的,在不同加工阶段,火腿特征风味化合物的含量及其比例各具特征,可以用以辨别火腿的加工时间. 相似文献
5.
通过单因素试验和正交试验对细菌型黑豆豆豉的发酵工艺条件进行了研究,并对黑豆豆豉的功能性成分进行了分析。结果表明,适宜发酵工艺条件为:黑豆蒸煮时间35min,黑豆厚度6cm,接种量40mL·kg-1(湿基),发酵温度37℃,发酵时间28h。在该发酵条件下制备的细菌型黑豆豆豉感官品质较好,以干基计,豆豉的纤溶酶活性70.44±8.37 IU·g-1,总游离氨基酸32.91±1.13mg·g-1,酸可溶性多肽27.74±2.51mg·g-1,每mg豆豉的DPPH自由基清除能力与0.43±0.09μg Trolox相当。 相似文献
6.
研究了一种微生物接种发酵技术与传统糟鱼制备工艺相结合的新方法,以期实现传统糟制水产品的工业化、标准化改造.利用MRS选择性培养基从传统糟鱼产品中分离得到优势微生物,采用基础微生物学结合MIDI微生物自动鉴定系统进行鉴定.采用传统糟制工艺和微生物接种制备发酵鳓鱼,测定不同条件下蛋白质含量、总酸、挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)、氨基态氮、pH等指标的变化.通过单因素试验确定糟/鱼比、发酵温度和接菌量3个影响因素的水平,利用响应面法得到最佳工艺.结果表明:传统糟鱼中分离出的菌株鉴定为发酵乳杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum);发酵温度对发酵鱼的影响表现为,温度过高时鱼肉还未形成糟鱼风味已快速软化、腐败,过低不利于微生物繁殖而使发酵不成熟.酒糟量影响糟鱼口感,接菌量对发酵时间影响显著;响应面法优化鳓鱼的最佳工艺为:糟/鱼比2.5％、发酵温度20℃、接菌量2.28％.验证试验表明:此工艺可使熟化时间从传统糟制的30d以上缩短至12d;和纯乳酸菌接种发酵相比,虽发酵时间稍长,但产品更具传统糟鱼的独特风味. 相似文献
7.
温度和料液浓度对牛粪高浓度厌氧水解酸化的影响 总被引：10，自引：4，他引：6
该文在室温为20℃的实验室条件下,对牛粪进行了批量式高浓度厌氧发酵试验,在以往研究的基础上进一步探讨发酵物料温度为32℃、35℃和40℃,料液浓度为9%和10%,发酵时间为12d时,温度和料液浓度对牛粪高浓度水解酸化的影响情况,找出较优的厌氧水解酸化条件。结果表明,当温度分别为32℃、35℃和40℃时,水解酸化产物各主要成份的含量差异较小,但在日均挥发性脂肪酸CODVFA产率方面32℃要远高于35℃和40℃,32℃和40℃之间的差值最大可达452mg/(L·d),约占最大日均CODVFA产率1227.00mg/(L·d)的37%;当料液浓度为9%和10%时,水解酸化产物各主要成份的含量差值较小,而在日均CODVFA产率方面9%组要远高于10%,差值最大可达463.38mg/(L·d),约占最大日均CODVFA产率1227.00mg/(L·d)的37.77%,因此牛粪高浓度厌氧水解酸化过程的较优工艺条件为温度32℃,料液浓度9%,发酵时间6d。 相似文献
8.
利用风味蛋白酶深度酶解蓝园鱼参蛋白,通过比较酶解液的水解度曲线和蛋白质利用率曲线之间的差异、对TCA不溶性氮的变化趋势以及不同酶解时间的凝胶过滤图谱进行分析,探讨了深度酶解过程中蛋白质的降解。酶解6 h后大部分蛋白质在酶的作用下降解为水溶性多肽,蛋白质利用率达到83.3％;6 h以后蛋白质利用率增长速度降低,这可能是由于可被降解的底物含量降低。此后,风味蛋白酶以水溶性多肽为底物将其进一步降解为小分子肽和氨基酸;21 h时水解度达到59.7％。21 h以后水解度增长速度降低,这可能是由于亮氨酸氨肽酶难于分解氨基末端上带有甘氨酸和酸性氨基酸的肽。21 h以后酶解的主要底物分子量范围在6214到10700的多肽。 相似文献
9.
利用风味蛋白酶深度酶解蓝园鲹蛋白，通过比较酶解液的水解度曲线和蛋白质利用率曲线之间的差异、对TCA不溶性氮的变化趋势以及不同酶解时间的凝胶过滤图谱进行分析，探讨了深度酶解过程中蛋白质的降解。酶解6h后大部分蛋白质在酶的作用下降解为水溶性多肽，蛋白质利用率达到83。3％；6h以后蛋白质利用率增长速度降低，这可能是由于可被降解的底物含量降低。此后。风味蛋白酶以水溶性多肽为底物将其进一步降解为小分子肽和氨基酸；21h时水解度达到59．7％。21h以后水解度增长速度降低．这可能是由于亮氨酸氨肽酶难于分解氨基末端上带有甘氨酸和酸性氨基酸的肽。21h以后酶解的主要底物分子量范围在6214到10700的多肽。 相似文献
10.
为延缓三疣梭子蟹品质劣变,延长其货架期,本试验研究了冰温贮藏、冷藏、冰藏对蟹肉挥发性风味、腺苷三磷酸(ATP)关联物及游离氨基酸含量的影响,并对其呈味物滋味强度值(TAV)及味精当量(EUC)进行分析。结果表明,冰温组蟹肉挥发性风味在贮藏前6 d 无明显变化,而冷藏和冰藏组蟹肉挥发性风味分别在贮藏第2和第4 天开始出现明显变化。冰温组蟹肉肌苷酸(IMP)和腺苷酸(AMP)的滋味强度值、游离氨基酸总量、鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸和甜苦味氨基酸占总游离氨基酸的百分比、EUC均高于同期冰藏、冷藏。组综上所述,冰温贮藏能有效保持蟹肉良好风味,缓解蟹肉风味劣变。本研究结果为冰温贮藏技术在梭子蟹保鲜中的应用提供了一定的理论依据。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
15.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
16.
Thomas Larsen Jesper Luxhøi Jakob Magid Lars Stoumann Jensen Paul Henning Krogh 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,44(1):59-68
We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization
and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition
with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the
decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots
with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass,
soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration,
N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially
(<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation
in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils,
indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but
the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation
for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community
performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea. 相似文献
17.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(7)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
18.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(6)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
19.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
20.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献