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1.
生物多样性保护和农业可持续发展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
农业耕作范围的不断扩张和农业生产对外部资源的依赖导致了农业生态系统生物多样性的丧失,反过来直接影响到农业生态系统健康发展.随着世界人口的不断增长,农业面临的挑战是在可接受的环境代价基础上保证人类粮食安全.目前,对于主要农业生产过程中重要的生态关系和生态系统功能缺乏深层次理解,过分功利性看待农业产品生产功能和经济功能不利于从长远角度理解农业环境及其与经济相关性,更不利于建立健康的农业生态系统战略,因此需要在生态、社会、经济、政治、教育等层面对农业功能进行综合研究和管理,将生态学理论融入农业生产,基于环境成本和收益进行农业生态系统的科学决策和管理,最大程度地降低农业生产与生物多样性之间的冲突及提高它们之间的协调性.有机农业生产强调和利用农业生态系统自身的调节功能,有利于避免或减少农业活动对生物多样性的影响,有利于生态平衡和生物多样性保护,促进农业可持续发展.  相似文献   

2.
康虹  林惠花 《广东农业科学》2014,41(23):188-194
将能值分析方法引入特色农业生态系统的可持续发展研究中,对漳州市特色农业生态系统进行动态定量分析与评价.结果表明:该系统2011年的净能值产出率、能值投资率和可持续发展指数分别为6.88、1.14、8.29,与2001年相比均有提高,说明系统具有较好的可持续发展潜力;2011年的环境承载率为2.07,与其他地区相比,系统发展的环境压力较小.据此,在环境容许的情况下适当加大辅助能值特别是有机能值的投入,促进区域特色农业的产业化发展,将使漳州市特色农业生态系统更具可持续发展的优势.  相似文献   

3.
粮食安全战略是我国农业可持续发展的重要战略部署。保障粮食安全有助于改善农业生产环境,降低农林资源损耗,实现农业强国目标,是我国农业走向可持续发展的必由之路。在粮食安全战略实施过程中,我国农村地区的“人”“地”“财”资源得到高效利用,粮食不断增产增收,粮食供给与需求日渐平衡,我国农业也由此走向长远健康发展。该文在阐述农业可持续发展意义的基础上,分析粮食安全对我国农业可持续发展的影响,并提出推动我国农业可持续发展的具体策略。  相似文献   

4.
可持续发展是我国农业发展的现代化阶段,也是我国当今农业发展的必须趋势.我国现代化农业的发展方向是走集约化农业的道路,在保证粮食安全的基础上发展商品经济,并实现高产、高效,坚持可持续发展.庆阳地区农业生产正处在由传统农业向现代化农业过渡和由粗放经营向集约经营发展的新阶段,在农业可持续发展的过程中还面临着人口与粮食、资源与环境、产品与市场、体制与管理、科技与发展等新问题.现根据我区自然资源优势和农业生产现状,并结合西部大开发战略的实施,对我区在今后农业可持续发展中面临的形势和存在的问题进行初步分析,并提出技术对策和改进措施,以供在科技兴区中参考.  相似文献   

5.
农业是经济发展和人民生活的物质基础。面对不断增加的人口、资源与环境压力 ,农业可持续发展已成为科学界关注的热点之一。在对河北省农业资源条件、生态环境状况和农业发展现状再认识的基础上 ,通过选取复种指数、土壤有机氮与无机氮投入比率、森林覆盖率、土壤盐碱性治理率和系统抗灾系数等综合评价指标对河北省农业生态系统的可持续性进行评价 ,同时对农业生态系统的非持续性因素进行分析 ,并就转变农业增长方式、调整农业结构、推广生态农业、保护生态环境、推动科技进步和知识创新等方面为河北省农业的可持续发展提出对策。  相似文献   

6.
大连市2000～2004年农业生态系统能值分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
能值为环境、资源、人类劳务、信息和发展决策的分析评价提供了新尺度.为了更好地评价大连市农业种植业对太阳能资源的利用情况和大连市农业的可持续发展情况,本文在简单阐述能值分析理论基础上,运用能值分析方法,计算分析大连市2000年到2004年农业生态系统的能值投入与产出,并根据实际情况构建了能值分析指标体系.从净能值产出率和环境负荷力角度来量化分析大连市农业系统的发展状况.结果表明:从2000年到2004年,大连市农业生态系统净能值产出率分别为9.48、9.24、8.52、8.00和7.59,环境负荷力分别为10.21、11.49、6.26、10.41和9.03.大连市农业生态系统发展整体处于较好态势,但对环境的压力较大,应进一步加大其高科技含量的能值投入,以促进农业系统的更好发展.  相似文献   

7.
罗文 《农业考古》2005,(6):251-254
农业可持续发展是当今学术界及农业管理部门关注的热点,制订科学的、合理的农业可持续发展指标体系有助于区域农业可持续发展战略的顺利实施.本文通过对农业活动、农业政策与农业环境变化关系的研究,提出了反映农业可持续发展状态指标分析框架,并建立了综合评价的多目标线性加权函数模型.评价方法具有可操作性和一定的推广应用价值.  相似文献   

8.
黄淮海地区农业生态经济系统能值分析   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  
为了更好地评价黄淮海地区农业生态经济系统的运行特征和可持续发展状况,本文利用能值分析理论通过构建评估指标体系.对黄淮海地区农业生态系统的能值投入产出状况、环境承载情况和生态系统运行效果进行了定量分析.结果表明黄淮海地区农业生态系统能值产出率相对较高,整体运行状况较好,具有较强市场竞争力,环境承受能力较强和可持续发展能力较强,但仍处于石油农业发展阶段,其化肥、农药和地膜等工业辅助能值大幅度增加,其发展可持续性有一定下降趋势,造成对生态环境的较大压力应引起关注.为促进黄淮海地区农业的可持续发展,应调整其能值投入和产出结构,加大农业科技的研究和推广力度,适"-3降低以化肥为代表的工业辅助能投入,改变化工农业生产模式,走农业可持续发展的道路.  相似文献   

9.
农业可持续发展的六大支持系统   总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10  
农业的可持续发展实质不同尺度农业生态系统内部各子系统之间以及农业系统与外部系统或环境之间相互协调同步演进的一个动态过程,它需要通过以下六个支持系统的不断协调与完善来实现和完成,即：环境与资源支持系统、生产与管理支持系统,经济与市场支持系统、技术与信息支持系统、政策与法律支持系统和社会与伦理支持系统。  相似文献   

10.
城市化区域农业的多功能性与可持续发展   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
随着城市化进程的加快,经济社会发达地区普遍出现了资源短缺、环境恶化等生态危机.就其农业而言,不仅在国民经济中的比重较低,发展空间萎缩,而且农业环境污染严重,负面功能逐渐突出.为推动经济发达的城市化地区可持续发展,非常需要保持农业的适度发展,因为农业具有不可替代的生态服务功能,对城市可持续发展有强大的推动作用.保持发达地区农业可持续发展的策略是维持农业生态系统的健康,以及采取科学的、生态的农业环境、资源和技术管理手段.  相似文献   

11.
•Agricultural green transformation of China requires restructuring of cropping systems.•Ecosystem services enhanced by crop diversification is key to sustainable agriculture.•Crop diversification improve ecosystem services at field, farm and landscape scales.•Cropping system design should meet regional characteristics and socio-economic demand.Intensive agriculture in China over recent decades has successfully realized food security but at the expense of negative environmental impacts. Achieving green transformation of agriculture in China requires fundamental restructuring of cropping systems. This paper presents a theoretical framework of theory, approaches and implementation of crop diversification schemes in China. Initially, crop diversification schemes require identifying multiple objectives by simultaneously considering natural resources, limiting factors/constraints, and social and economic demands of different stakeholders. Then, it is necessary to optimize existing and/or design novel cropping systems based upon farming practices and ecological principles, and to strengthen targeted ecosystem services to achieve the identified objectives. Next, the resulting diversified cropping systems need to be evaluated and examined by employing experimental and modeling approaches. Finally, a strategic plan, as presented in this paper, is needed for implementing an optimized crop diversification in China based upon regional characteristics with the concurrent objectives of safe, nutritious food production and environmental protection. The North China Plain is used as an example to illustrate the strategic plan to optimize and design diversified cropping systems. The implementation of crop diversification in China will set an example for other countries undergoing agricultural transition, and contribute to global sustainable development.  相似文献   

12.
• Intercropping is a useful practice when agricultural sustainability is emphasized.• We integrate biodiversity-ecosystem functioning and intercropping.• Intercropping optimizes ecosystem services such as stabilizing yield and reducing use of chemicals.• Intercropping benefits are attributed partly to complementarity and selection effects.• Application of ecological principles is key to sustainable agricultural development.Intercropping is a traditional farming system that increases crop diversity to strengthen agroecosystem functions while decreasing chemical inputs and minimizing negative environmental effects of crop production. Intercropping is currently considerable interest because of its importance in sustainable agriculture. Here, we synthesize the factors that make intercropping a sustainable means of food production by integrating biodiversity of natural ecosystems and crop diversity. In addition to well-known yield increases, intercropping can also increase yield stability over the long term and increase systemic resistance to plant diseases, pests and other unfavorable factors (e.g. nutrient deficiencies). The efficient use of resources can save mineral fertilizer inputs, reduce environmental pollution risks and greenhouse gas emissions caused by agriculture, thus mitigating global climate change. Intercropping potentially increases above- and below-ground biodiversity of various taxa at field scale, consequently it enhances ecosystem services. Complementarity and selection effects allow a better understanding the mechanisms behind enhanced ecosystem functioning. The development of mechanization is essential for large-scale application of intercropping. Agroecosystem multifunctionality and soil health should be priority topics in future research on intercropping.  相似文献   

13.
浙江省农业产业结构调整的现状与对策   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文
近20年来,浙江省农业产业结构调整成效显著:在农村经济中,三大产业协调发展,农业生产力水平明显提高;在大农业中,种植业的地位仍然强化,林业、牧业、渔业和副业全面发展;在粮食生产中,水稻优质品种扩大,秋杂粮比例增加,粮田种植制度逐步优化.同时,在农业产业结构调整中也面临着不少问题,主要表现在:环境问题日趋突出,农业的可持续性受到威胁;粮食作物面积过大;农产品缺乏特色,出口创汇能力不强;经营规模过小,社会化服务体系不够完备;市场发育不健全,产业化程度不高;信息不畅,资金不足,缺少技术支撑.在浙江省新一轮的农业产业结构调整中,建议在总体策略上,要紧紧围绕保证供给、增加收入、保护环境、提高品质和效益这一中心环节,重点在技术、信息、资金和市场等四个方面切实做好服务工作;具体方法上要针对三大产业、农林牧副渔、粮食作物与经济作物、粮食作物内部存在的问题,有目的、有步骤地按照区域化布局、专业化生产、产业化经营的思路,采取相应的对策措施,以进一步促进我省的农业现代化建设及农业和农村的可持续发展.  相似文献   

14.
Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  
During the next 50 years, which is likely to be the final period of rapid agricultural expansion, demand for food by a wealthier and 50% larger global population will be a major driver of global environmental change. Should past dependences of the global environmental impacts of agriculture on human population and consumption continue, 10(9) hectares of natural ecosystems would be converted to agriculture by 2050. This would be accompanied by 2.4- to 2.7-fold increases in nitrogen- and phosphorus-driven eutrophication of terrestrial, freshwater, and near-shore marine ecosystems, and comparable increases in pesticide use. This eutrophication and habitat destruction would cause unprecedented ecosystem simplification, loss of ecosystem services, and species extinctions. Significant scientific advances and regulatory, technological, and policy changes are needed to control the environmental impacts of agricultural expansion.  相似文献   

15.
● For 8000 years, agricultural practices have affected atmospheric CO2 concentrations. ● Paddy rice cultivation has impacted atmospheric CH4 concentration since 5000 years ago. ● Modern agricultural practices must include carbon storage and reduced emissions. ● Sustainable management in agriculture must be combined with decarbonizing the economy and reducing population growth. Since humans started practicing agriculture at the expense of natural forests, 8000 years ago, they have affected atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Their impact on atmospheric CH4 started about 5000 years ago, as result of the cultivation of paddy rice. A challenge of modern agricultural practices is to reverse the impact cropping has had on greenhouse gas emissions and the global climate. There is an increasing demand for agriculture to provide food security as well as a range of other ecosystem services. Depending on ecosystem management, different practices may involve trade-offs and synergies, and these must be considered to work toward desirable management systems. Solution toward food security should not only focus on agricultural management practices, but also on strategies to reduce food waste, more socially-just distribution of resources, changes in lifestyle including decarbonization of the economy, as well as reducing human population growth.  相似文献   

16.
知识经济与中国农业现代化   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
论述了知识经济影响下,现代农业的内涵和特征。包括知识武装农业,生产要素智能化;经济活动信息化;农业产业高级化;资源和资本高效利用;环境与经济的持续发展以及农业,农民,农村“三位一体”;农业现代化,农村工业化,农村城市化,农民知识化“四化”联动;生产,生活生态“三生”统一等。  相似文献   

17.
节水农业是水资源高效利用和农业可持续发展的重大问题，对于节约水资源具有极其重要的意义。为了解当前绿色农业高效节水领域的最新研究热点和发展趋势，本文梳理总结了我国现代化节水农业领域的基础背景、研究现状以及发展态势。结果表明，“灌溉设备与技术开发”、“农业用水精量调配与控制”、“作物高效用水机理”及“农业用水对环境变化的响应”等是近年来的研究热点，并建议开展水肥一体化智能技术与管理及其对作物、土壤、环境、社会等综合效应等的相关研究，以期为我国农业绿色高质量发展提供帮助。  相似文献   

18.
我国绿色食品发展中存在的问题及对策   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6  
发展绿色食品是农业可持续发展的需要，也是未来我国农业发展的主要方向这一。本文在界定绿色食品的基础之一，剖析了绿色食品发展过程中存在的六大问题，并从市场开拓、保障体系、监督管理、投入、宣传力度五个方面，提出了绿色食品发展的政策体系。  相似文献   

19.
日趋严重的环境问题使人们更加关注农业的命运,生态农业的兴起,使人类看到了农业持续发展的希望。从农业管理生产中的生活型选择、限制因子、生化他感、群落时空格局构建、边缘效应、食物链原理等多角度探讨了生态学原理在农业管理系统中的应用。  相似文献   

20.
A short time ago the idea of sustainable agriculture was accepted only at the extreme margins of the U. S. agricultural systems. Although sustainability has now become a major theme of many U. S. agricultural groups, there remains much under-explored terrain in the meaning of sustainable agriculture. A thorough examination of who and what we want to sustain and how we can sustain them is critical if sustainable agriculture is to be a practical improvement over conventional agriculture. In order to begin this effort, this article analyzes contemporary sustainable agriculture discourse and suggests alternatives for reconceptualizing sustainable agriculture. In particular we look at three arenas of sustainable discourse—family farm/rural community preservation, food safety, and agricultural science—and address issues of class, race/ethnicity, and gender found in current sustainability positions. We find that while advocates of sustainability have succeeded in pushing agricultural researchers and policy makers to address environmental issues, we need to go much farther both in theory and practice in order to deal with equally important issues of social equity.Patricia Allen is senior analyst with the Agroecology Program at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Her work concentrates on the political economic aspects of sustainability issues in food and agricultural systems. Her edited book,Food for the Future: Conditions and Contradictions of Sustainability, will be published this spring by John Wiley & Sons.  相似文献   

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