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1.

Purpose

Recent trends in soil green and sustainable remediation require an increased attention on environmental effects. The physical consequences of remediation practices on soil structure are very rarely investigated.

Material and methods

A laboratory experiment was carried out by adding iron grit to a sand (S), a silt loam (L), and a clay (C) soil subjected to several wetting-drying cycles. The physical effects of the treatment on soil pore system were identified and quantified combining physical measurements on repacked samples with image analysis of pores on resin-impregnated soil blocks and micromorphological analysis on thin sections.

Results and discussion

A negligible reduction of total porosity (P) resulted in S, and a slight increase was observed in the L and C soils. However, an important impact on soil structure was identified in pore size range >10 μm for the L and C soils, with the formation of new pores related to the differential shrink-swell behavior between soil matrix and added iron grains. Different plasticity of these soils also played a role in planar pore formation.

Conclusions

Effects of the addition of iron grit on soil pore system are strongly dependent on soil physical properties. The performed experiment showed that iron-based amendments can improve soil structure in low-plastic shrink-swell soil increasing porosity in the range of transmission pores (50–500 μm). This study showed the high potential of soil micromorphology and pore image analysis in order to evaluate the environmental impact of soil remediation practices.  相似文献   

2.
The effect of three microbial dextrans of defined molecular weight, on shrinkage and porosity inside clods has been studied on two Italian clay soils, a Fluvisol and a Vertisol. Shrinkage was determined on dried soil samples using an electro-optical apparatus. The same apparatus was also used to measure porosity and pore size distribution inside the clods. For this purpose large thin sections were prepared from cracked soil samples after shrinkage measurements. Dextrans influenced shrinkage and the size distribution of clods and cracks in the two soils. The major effect was found in the Fluvisol where the arrangement of cracks was changed visibly. The dextrans caused a marked increase in total porosity in the Fluvisol but had only a small effect in the Vertisol. In both soils the pore size distribution was changed resulting in a greater number of larger pores in the dextran treated samples.  相似文献   

3.
为解决膨胀土对工程结构以及农业生态环境的危害，进行煤矸石粉改良膨胀土的试验研究。对煤矸石粉掺量为0、3%、6%、9%的膨胀土土样进行压汞试验，测得微观孔隙特征值；选取Menger海绵模型建立孔隙分分形模型，计算土体孔隙分形维数，探究土体孔隙分形维数与孔隙特征参数以及煤矸石粉掺量变化的关系。结果表明：随着煤矸石粉掺量增加，土中大孔隙所占的含量较素膨胀减少61.5%，孔隙类型从团粒间孔隙转化为颗粒间孔隙；煤矸石粉的掺入改变了土体的孔隙结构特征，煤矸石粉与膨胀土发生胶结反应，孔隙连通性降低，使得总孔隙体积、孔隙率、孔隙平均孔径、孔隙临界孔径等孔隙特征参数呈减小趋势；基于分形理论分析孔隙分形维数，分形维数随煤矸石粉掺量的增加而增加，且与孔隙特征参数呈显著相关性。孔隙分形维数反应了孔隙特征参数以及孔隙发育程度，为土的孔隙表征提供方法借鉴。  相似文献   

4.
To characterize the fabric of a wet soil sample two sets of experiments were performed. In one, water retention and shrinkage curves were determined with samples stored at the field water content, and in the other, pore size distribution curves and microscopic observations were made as samples progressively dried. The experiments were performed with soil samples of different aggregate sizes to determine the contribution of each class of pores to porosity.
Data were analysed by comparing (i) the amount of water extracted from the sample, (ii) the air-filled porosity of the sample and (iii) the accumulated pore volume by mercury injection, each in relation to the equivalent pore radius. This gives information on the geometry of pores developed during the drying process. It has shown that micrometric cracks in dried soils are not artefacts but the result of a more severe drying never reached by the material in the field.  相似文献   

5.
喷灌和畦灌对冬小麦农田表层土壤结构的影响   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
A two-year experiment was carried out on the effect of sprinkler irrigation on the topsoil structure in a winter wheat field. A border-irrigated field was used as the control group. The total soil porosity, pore size distribution, pore shape distribution, soil cracks and soil compaction were measured. The sprinkler irrigation brought significant changes to the total soil porosity, capillary porosity, air-filled porosity and pore shape of topsoil layers in comparison with the border irrigation. The total porosity and air-filled porosity of the topsoil in the sprinkler irrigation were higher than those in the border irrigation. The changes in the air-filled and elongated pores were the main reasons for the changes in total porosity. The porosities of round and irregular pores in topsoil under sprinkler irrigation were lower than those under border irrigation. Sprinkler irrigation produced smaller soil cracks than border irrigation did, so sprinkler irrigation may restrain the development of macropore flow in comparison with border irrigation. The topsoil was looser under sprinkler irrigation than under border irrigation. According to the conditions of topsoil structure, it is preferable for crops to grow under sprinkler irrigation than under border irrigation.  相似文献   

6.
ROTHAMSTED STUDIES OF SOIL STRUCTURE III   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
The response of three pairs of soils having contrasting management behaviour to changes in water content was investigated by measuring moisture characteristics, shrinkage, and pore size distributions by mercury porosimetry. Sample preparation for mercury porosimetry was by direct drying, or water replacement by methanol and liquid CO2 followed by evaporation above the critical temperature. In heavy textured horizons, water release on shrinkage between -0.05 and -15 bar matric potentials occurs when pores of 10–200 nm equivalent plate separation contract. Structure development is dependent on the stability and regeneration of pores in the size range 200 nm-30 μm during cycles of wetting and drying. Soils with little stable porosity in this size range show nearly normal shrinkage and have coarse structural units, whereas soils with stable or regenerating porosity depart more from normal shrinkage and structure in the profile tends towards a finer per unit. The application of mercury porosimetry shows promise for determining possible porosity limitations in soil profiles.  相似文献   

7.
The physical characteristics of the soil surface are of extreme importance in relation to energy and matter transfer processes between the atmosphere and the soil. Soil internal structure changes can be due to natural or artificial causes and one important natural process is the alternation of wetting and drying (W–D) processes, which induce swelling and shrinking of soil particles, causing modifications in pore size and shape. To study the consequence of these W–D events on possible modifications in pore size distribution, pore number, and pore shape of soil samples collected in metal rings pore image analysis was used. Samples were taken from profiles of three soils of different characteristics, named as Geric Ferralsol (GF), Eutric Nitosol (EN), and Rhodic Ferralsol (RF). Confined volumetric samples (50 cm3) were submitted to none (T0), three (T1), and nine (T2) subsequent W–D cycles. Image cross sections of resin impregnated soil permitted the micrometric and macrometric characterization of changes in soil structure induced by sequences of W–D cycles. Duncan's statistical test indicated that there were significant differences (α = 0.05) among treatments for all soil samples. General conclusions indicate that total pore area increased for all soils after repeated W–D processes, specifically 19.0 to 28.9% for GF, 5.9 to 11.7% for EN, and 13.0 to 17.2% for RF. Main changes of pore diameter occurred in pores larger than 500 μm, and minor changes were observed in the total number of these pores. It is demonstrated that soil samples undergo important changes in their structures after repeated W–D cycles. The information presented here is very important for the evaluation of soil water retention curves and other soil hydric properties, because soil samples used in these procedures are collected in rings and frequently submitted to several W–D cycles.  相似文献   

8.
The structural voids in vertisols contain easily available water for plants and their volume can be calculated from the shrinkage curve. Access by plants to that water depends also on the geometric arrangement of the pores so that the water can flow through them. We have devised a method for studying the structural porosity by casting the pores in resin. The intraprism pore space of wet soil clods is impregnated with a UV fluorescent polyester resin under vacuum. When this has set we use the swelling properties of the clay to separate the clay matrix from the resin. A cast so obtained is the real three-dimensional solid reproduction of the structural porosity. This representation of the pore system is easier to study than results from computerized reconstitution of the three-dimensional space from two-dimensional images of soil in thin sections. Channels, packing pores and planar voids can be observed directly in three dimensions as the method saves the integrity and continuity of pores as small as 10 μm in diameter. The geometry of the cast shapes agrees with the interpretation of shrinkage and moisture characteristic curves. The method offers direct qualitative observation of pore organization and volume measurements of the intraprism structural porosity in vertisols.  相似文献   

9.
Porosity, pore size distribution and the orientation pattern of pores were measured on thin sections prepared from undisturbed soil samples by means of electro-optical image-analysis. Total porosity was significantly higher at all sampling times in conventionally tilled plots, but the proportion of pores ranging from 30 to 500 μm, which are considered the most important both in soil-water-plant relationships and in maintaining a good soil structure, was higher in no-tilled plots. Modifications of pore orientation pattern were also observed. Micromorphological observations revealed some differences between the two series of soil samples; the formation of surface soil crusts was strongly reduced in no-tilled plots.  相似文献   

10.
The water in replicate samples from sub-surface horizons of a clayey and a fine-silty soil was removed either by oven-drying, freeze-drying or by acetone-replacement prior to resin impregnation. Pore space photograms (pores >60 μm diam.) from thin sections were analysed on a Quantimet 720 image analysing computer following each drying technique. During oven- and freeze-drying the clayey soil contracted considerably and subsequently satisfactory impregnation of these samples was either difficult or impossible. This macro-shrinkage caused a decrease in number and lengths of most planar pores and a decrease in size and number of all intra-aggregate pores. The loss in pore space and continuity obviously affected resin impregnation. The clayey samples in which water was replaced by acetone, and all samples of the silty soil, however pretreated, showed no measurable macro-shrinkage and all impregnated well. Oven-drying the silty soil appears to increase the porosity, causing an increase in size of all pores. A mechanism for this apparent enlargement is proposed. It is evident that acetone-replacement of the soil water prior to resin impregnation is the best of the three methods used here and should be seriously considered when image analysis is to be carried out on resin-impregnated blocks from soils of similar or related textures.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

Porosity, pore size distribution and a pore shape factor were measured from resin impregnated soils by means of a fast technique of image analysis. Images are directly captured by a video camera from polished impregnated blocks. Micromorphology was also used to assist in the comprehension of soil porosity changes in three differently managed soils: dry‐farming plus tillage, irrigated plus grass‐covered, steppe natural soil. Under study, alluvial soils from a semi‐arid region in NE Spain.

Even if there are no significative differences in total macro‐porosity between the differently managed soils, pore size distributions are significatively different Both natural and irrigated permanently‐covered soils have a larger amount of pores bigger than 1 mm in diameter, most of them of biological origin, greatly favouring aeration. Tillage contributes significantly to change the relative distribution of pore shape: the amount of rounded pores (vughs) decreases and elongated pores as well as fissures appear.  相似文献   

12.
Total porosity and pore size distribution in untilled and tilled loess soils . Soil core samples were taken from untilled and tilled soils of a no-tillage experiment to determine total porosity and pore size distribution. The soil samples were collected at short time intervals during 1969–1971 from 2–6 cm depth of a Grey Brown Podzolic Soil (Typudalf) deriverd from loess. 1. Total porosity differed in untilled and tilled plots on the average by 4.7 vol.% (table 2). The seasonal changes are more pronounced on the tilled soil. Higher values of total porosity are observed during spring and fall, as compared to summer. Values are influenced by soil cultivation, rainfall and green manure crops (fig. 1a, b). 2. The changes of the fraction of large pores (> 30 μ), expressed on a volume basis, are similar to the changes in total porosity in direction but greater in extent. On the contrary the seasonal changes of the fractions of medium pores (3–30 μ), small pores (0,2–3,0 μ) and very small pores (< 0, 2 μ) appear to be independent from changes in total porosity (fig. la, b). 3. Fig. 2, showing the relation between total porosity and pore size distribution, may induce the wrong impression, that a decrease in total porosity results in an increase of the quantity of small and very small pores, accompanied with an excessive reduction of the quantity of large pores. If this relation is based on weight (100 g of solid soil particles) and not on volume (100 cm3 of soil particles and pores), it becomes clear, that compacting and loosening the soil investigated affect mainly the amount of large pores. 4. The seasonal changes of soil water content in the field influence pore size distribution. Under the condition of constant total porosity increasing water content at sampling date induces a pore size redistribution in favour of the pores > 300 μ and 1,5–3,0 μ (table 3). 5. A decrease in total porosity does not induce an increase in the homogeneity of the soil investigated (fig. 3). 6. The average total porosity of the untilled and tilled soil is near the lower and upper limit respectively of the range, which is considered to be the optimum for air capacity.  相似文献   

13.
基于低场核磁技术研究土壤持水性能与孔隙特征   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
为研究常规水稻土和设施蔬菜地土壤持水性能与孔隙分布特征,利用低场核磁共振技术,获取田间持水量状态的土壤T_2谱线特征,在此基础上分析了土壤失水时信号幅值、弛豫时间与土壤含水量和孔隙大小分布的关系。结果表明:水稻土和设施蔬菜地土壤中孔隙分布均比较分散,小孔隙居多,大孔隙较少,水稻田转化为设施蔬菜地后,土壤孔隙半径整体变小,土壤结构恶化。在土壤失水过程中,波峰消减与谱线偏移同时发生,小峰优先消失且消减速率大于主峰,表明该过程中孔隙收缩与水分散失同时发生,土壤孔隙由大到小依次不断排水。低场核磁共振作为一种快速、无损的测量工具,能够更直接、更准确地反映出土壤水分迁移过程和孔隙分布规律,从而为设施栽培土壤退化机理和土壤改良提供新的理论和技术支撑。  相似文献   

14.
利用计算机断层扫描技术研究土壤改良措施下土壤孔隙   总被引：12，自引：5，他引：7  
为探明不同土壤结构改良措施（秸秆覆盖、免耕、有机肥、保水剂）对土壤孔隙特征及分布的影响,采用计算机断层（computed tomography,CT）扫描法定量分析了土壤孔隙的数目、孔隙度及孔隙在土壤剖面上的分布特征。结果表明：不同措施均提高了土壤总孔隙数、大孔隙数及0.13～1.0 mm孔隙数,且其孔隙度也相应提高。同时孔隙成圆率也得到了改善。各处理中以有机肥和免耕处理效果较佳,其次为保水剂和秸秆覆盖,对照最低。此外,不同措施显著提高了土壤的田间持水量和＞0.25 mm 水稳性团聚体含量,降低了土壤容重,且各处理中,仍以有机肥和免耕处理效果最佳,其田间持水量分别较对照提高了15.9%和16.4%,而土壤容重较对照降低了6.8%和8.8%。相关分析表明：田间持水量、容重和＞0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量与土壤总孔隙度和大孔隙度呈显著或极显著正相关;而土壤容重对于总孔隙度和大孔隙度及孔隙成圆率呈显著负相关。  相似文献   

15.
Chao-Sheng Tang  Yu-Jun Cui 《Geoderma》2011,166(1):111-118
Laboratory tests were conducted to investigate the effect of wetting-drying (W-D) cycles on the initiation and evolution of cracks in clay layer. Four identical slurry specimens were prepared and subjected to five subsequent W-D cycles. The water evaporation, surface cracks evolution and structure evolution during the W-D cycles were monitored. The effect of W-D cycles on the geometric characteristics of crack patterns was analyzed by image processing. The results show that the desiccation and cracking behaviour was significantly affected by the applied W-D cycles: the measured cracking water content θc, surface crack ratio Rsc and final thickness hf of the specimen increased significantly in the first three W-D cycles and then tended to reach equilibrium; the formed crack patterns after the second W-D cycle were more irregular than that after the first W-D cycle; the increase of surface cracks was accompanied by the decrease of pore volume shrinkage during drying. In addition, it was found that the applied W-D cycles resulted in significant rearrangement of specimen structure: the initially homogeneous and non-aggregated structure was converted to a clear aggregated-structure with obvious inter-aggregate pores after the second W-D cycle; the specimen volume generally increased with increasing cycles due to the aggregation and increased porosity. The image analysis results show that the geometric characteristics of crack pattern were significantly influenced by the W-D cycles, but this influence was reduced after the third cycle. This is consistent with the observations over the experiment, and indicates that the image processing can be used for quantitatively analyzing the W-D cycle dependence of clay desiccation cracking behaviour.  相似文献   

16.
Total porosity and width, length and irregularity of elongated pores from thin sections, prepared from undisturbed Ap horizon samples taken from a zero versus conventional-tillage field experiment, were analysed by means of a Quantimet 720 System 23 image analysing computer. Both total porosity and elongated pore area were significantly higher in conventionally-tilled plots. On the contrary, both the total number of pores and the proportion of elongated pores were significantly higher in no-tilled plots. Thus, zero tillage reduced the size of pores. Conventional tillage caused an increase in the length of a few large, elongated pores which also showed very strong irregularity. In samples from no-tilled plots the total length of elongated pores was smaller, but these pores were more numerous and more regular than in samples from conventionally-tilled plots. Consequently, soil conditions for root growth were better.  相似文献   

17.
露天煤矿排土场由于排土过程中大型机械压实等作用会对土壤的孔隙结构产生影响,重构适合于植被生长的土壤孔隙结构是排土场土地复垦的重要工作。为对排土场重构土壤孔隙结构进行定量分析,该文采用高精度无损计算机断层扫描技术(CT)对山西平朔矿区安太堡露天煤矿排土场平台全黄土母质覆盖的不同复垦年限(0、20、23 a)以及原地貌的土壤进行分层扫描成像,并利用Photoshop和Arcgis软件对扫描图像进行处理和统计分析,探讨了排土和复垦对土壤孔隙数量和孔隙度的影响,分析了排土场重构土壤大、中和小孔隙的变化。结果表明:原地貌土壤孔隙数量和孔隙度最大,其次是复垦23和20 a的土壤,排土后未复垦土壤孔隙数量和孔隙度最小。采矿和排土等活动由于大型机械压实作用降低了土壤孔隙数量和孔隙度,尤其是大孔隙数量和大孔隙度;土地复垦对增加土壤孔隙数量和孔隙度有一定的作用,但是过程比较缓慢。采矿和排土等活动对表层土壤孔隙数量和孔隙度的影响要高于底层土壤。该研究可为黄土区大型露天煤矿排土场重构土壤结构的优化与土地复垦措施选择提供依据。  相似文献   

18.
Soils are typically subjected to multiple wetting–drying (WD) cycles due to irrigation and seasonal climate cycles, which directly impact soil pore structure and soil aggregate stability. Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a polymer used to improve soil water holding capacity and plant growth. However, the impact of γ-PGA on soil pore structure requires further research, particularly under WD cycles. Therefore, we investigated the different amounts of γ-PGA on soil structure, including soil aggregate stability, macropore (>100 μm) structure characteristics and the relationship between macropore characteristics (equivalent pore diameter, pore shape factor, soil porosity, fractal dimension (FD), soil connectivity and the percentage of aggregate content with particle size larger than 0.25 mm) and soil aggregate stability by structural equation modelling (SEM) under WD cycles. A sandy soil and a loam soil were studied, and amended with γ-PGA at three different concentrations: 0 (P0), 0.4% (P4) and 0.8% (P8) (w/w, %). Results showed that γ-PGA amendment increased the mean weight diameter (MWD) and the percentage of aggregate content with particle size larger than 0.25 mm (R0.25) under WD cycles in both sandy and loam soils, while the MWD between P4 and P8 did not differ significantly. As the number of WD cycles increased, soil porosity (TP) increased due to an increase in pores of 100–500 μm. With γ-PGA added to soil, large microporosity (>1000 μm) increased in sandy soil, but decreased in loam soil. In addition, 8WD cycles also increased the FD (2.6%–4.2%) and pore connectivity (Con) compared with 4WD. Structural equation modelling (SEM) revealed that soil pore characteristics accounted for 74% and 98% of the variation in sandy and loam soils, respectively. TP, FD, Con and R0.25 directly contributed to MWD, according to the SEM. These findings improve our understanding of pore characteristics and aggregate stability, which are key factors influencing soil quality when amended with γ-PGA during the seasonal WD period.  相似文献   

19.
Soil structure can be greatly affected, and hence manipulated, by agricultural management practices, such as crop rotation. This study aims to illustrate how soil structure under a stockless organic system differed between contrasting crop types using quantified data derived from image analysis. Undisturbed soil samples were collected from five organic conversion strategies in the second year of conversion, during two contrasting seasons in 2001 and following one uniform crop (oats) grown on all the plots in 2004. The samples were impregnated and images of soil structure collected at selected depth intervals. The images were analysed for macroporosity, pore size distribution and pore‐perimeter fractal dimension. Significant differences were found between treatments in terms of overall macroporosity (%) and average pore size (mm2) in 2001. The red clover (Trifolium pratense) treatments had the highest soil macroporosity in 2001, but showed a dramatic drop in 2004 accompanied by a reduction in average pore size (mm2). Pore–perimeter fractal dimensions for four of the five crop treatments in 2001 did not show significant differences. However, there was a significant decrease in the fractal dimensions in 2004, indicating the presence of pores with less rough and irregular pore boundaries following a uniform cereal crop. Benefits to soil structure and porosity from clover were large and significant but were not lasting.  相似文献   

20.
The drying process of volcanic ash soils often results in the formation of shrinkage cracks with consequences for their physical properties (i.e., decrease of water retention capacity) and land use management. This study presents the soil water characteristics and shrinkage behaviour (shrinkage phases in terms of void and moisture ratio), the shrinkage potential (COLE index), and the pore shrinkage capacity (PSI) for 5 and 20 cm depth of a Haplic Arenosol (tephric) and two Silandic Andosols under pasture management along a soil gradient from the Andean mountains to the coastal range in southern Chile. The main focus of the presented study is on the effect of soil development in conjunction with the weathering of volcanic ash soils on the shrinkage properties. The water retention and shrinkage curves were continuously determined for undisturbed soil samples (100 cm3) during a drying process under laboratory conditions. In addition, the shrinkage curve data were modelled to distinguish different shrinkage zones. The results suggest that the investigated soil properties vary depending on soil development. The more developed Andosols had higher total porosities (up to 70 cm3 cm?3) than the less developed Arenosol. The shrinkage behaviour of the Haplic Arenosol showed a wide structural shrinkage phase, whereas the Silandic Andosols revealed a more pronounced proportional shrinkage phase, which is related to the pore size distribution. In addition, wide and narrow coarse pores of the Haplic Arenosol and medium and fine pores of the Silandic Andosols determine the shrinkage potential (COLE) and the pore shrinkage capacity, respectively. The finer‐grained and organic matter‐rich Andosols indicate a higher COLE index (> 0.03–0.09) compared to the Arenosol (≤ 0.03). The pore shrinkage index (PSI) of the total pores (TP) varied significantly (P < 0.05) with values of 0.042–0.149 in 5 cm depth and 0.04–0.091 in 20 cm depth of sites 1–3, respectively.In summary, the shrinkage potential and pore shrinkage capacity are positively correlated to the organic carbon content and decrease with increasing dry bulk density. The study points out a higher risk of soil degradation due to irreversible drying processes for the more clayey and allophane containing Andosols than the Arenosol.  相似文献   

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