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1.
Aldicarb is taken up by earthworms from aqueous solution to give concentrations in the worms comparable to that in the external aqueous solutions. Uptake from waterlogged soils is similar, but much less aldicarb is taken up from drier soils. Aldicarb sulphoxide [2-methyl-2-(methylsulphinylpropionaldehyde O-methylcar-bamoyloxime], aldoxycarb and oxamyl are poorly taken up, giving concentrations in the worm of about 5% of the external aqueous concentration. In worms, aldicarb is rapidly converted to the sulphoxide which has a half-life in worms of 19 h at 15°C, and 50 h at 5°C. 相似文献
2.
Jrgen Stenersen 《Pest management science》1979,10(1):66-74
The action of seven cholinesterase-inhibiting pesticides [aldicarb, carbaryl, carbofuran, oxamyl, paraoxon (diethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate) parathion and trichloronate], the organochlorine insecticide, gamma-HCH, and the nematicide potassium N-hydroxymethyl-N-methyl(dithiocarbamate) (PHMD) on four earthworm species was investigated by laboratory toxicity tests. Eisenia foetida was the most tolerant species to the pesticides tested. Aldicarb was the most toxic pesticide to this species, causing severe dehydration prior to death or at sublethal concentrations. Aldicarb was also toxic to the other species (Allolobophora caliginosa, A. chlorotica and Lumbricus rubellus), while oxamyl, the other oxime carbamate, was not toxic to any of them. Carbaryl and carbofuran at low concentrations were lethal to A. caliginosa, A. chlorotica and L. rubellus, but E. foetida could tolerate high concentrations without dying, although low concentrations severely affected its ability to work the soil or to disappear from the soil surface. Paraoxon, parathion, trichloronate and gamma-HCH were moderately toxic with low lethal effect to all species. The ability to work the soil was moderately affected by parathion, trichloronate and gamma-HCH. PHMD was toxic to all the species. The lethal and non-lethal effects of the pesticides are discussed in relation to their possible biochemical mode of action in earthworms, and the data are compared with published information from field trials. 相似文献
3.
Jrgen Stenersen 《Pest management science》1979,10(2):113-122
The degree of inhibition and the rate of recovery of total cholinesterase level were investigated after in-vivo treatment of the earthworm Eisenia foetida (Savigny) with aldicarb, carbaryl, carbofuran, oxamyl, and the O-analogues of bromophos (bromo-phosoxon), parathion (paraoxon), parathion-methyl (paraoxon-methyl), and trichloronate (trichloronatoxon). The results can be explained by the presence of two cholinesterases (E1 and E2), which were demonstrated by in-vitro inhibition studies. E1 was the most sensitive to all the inhibitors tested. The in-vivo reactivation rate after inhibition with paraoxon was very high for E1 and very low for E2. Therefore, pretreatment with paraoxon probably increased the toxicity of carbaryl. It was concluded that the toxicity towards E. foetida can be explained in terms of cholinesterase inhibition, provided that the action on the two cholinesterases and the worms' tolerance for a transient but almost total cholinesterase depression are taken into account. Data are given showing that two other species of earthworms also contain different types of cholinesterases with respect to reactions with inhibitors. 相似文献
4.
Kenneth A. Lord Geoffrey G. Briggs Michael C. Neale Rosemary Manlove 《Pest management science》1980,11(4):401-408
The uptake of pesticides by earthworms from aqueous solutions was examined and shown to be a reversible physical process. Measurements of distributions of pesticides between aqueous solutions and worm solids showed that adsorption coefficients were related to octanol-water distribution coefficients, as are soil-water distributions. From these relationships it was calculated that concentration factors of stable chemicals in earthworms from soil should be similar, except for polar substances which penetrate poorly, and be determined mainly by the soil organic matter content. Examination of uptake from soils indicated that the calculated concentration factors are unlikely to be achieved because of slow diffusion of chemicals in soils and because of metabolism in the soil or the worm. 相似文献
5.
Dense infestations of a peregrine oligochaete worm, Eukerria saltensis (Beddard), have been linked to rice crop failures in southern New South Wales, Australia. The influence of E. saltensis on water quality and rice plant establishment was investigated in a series of laboratory experiments using a flooded Riverina clay soil. Worm densities of 20 and 40 per container (2548 and 5096 worms/m2, respectively) significantly increased water turbidity after 7 days incubation. Longer incubation periods led to turbidity levels of over 500 NTU being achieved (40 worms per container, 21 days incubation). Water pH was significantly reduced by densities of 10, 20, and 40 worms per container after 7 days under cyclical illumination, however in continuous darkness significant changes in pH related to worm density were only found after 21 days incubation. Nitrogen as NH4+ and total phosphorus increased significantly in the overlying water in response to increasing worm densities after 21 days incubation, however nitrogen as nitrate/nitrite and soluble phosphorus did not. Algal production (measured as extracted chlorophyll a concentration) was unaffected by the worms, reflecting the low concentrations of available phosphorus in all treatments. Rice plants grown in containers with worms produced significantly longer and heavier shoots than control plants. Root systems were unaffected, and there was no evidence of root abrasion. Evaluation of rice seed stratification in the soil profile indicates that rice seeds can be passively transported below the soil surface by the feeding and tunnelling activity of E. saltensis. Our results suggest that E. saltensis impedes the establishment of aerially-sown rice crops primarily by increasing water turbidity. Plants respond to high turbidity by partitioning more of their growth into shoot production, and consequently become vulnerable touprooting through wave action, particularly as the soil loses compaction because of worm activity. Maintaining the lowest possible water levels during rice crop establishment has helped farmers to minimize these effects. 相似文献
6.
The movement and breakdown of the insecticide and nematicide oxamyl was monitored in fallow sandy loam soils under field conditions. Using measurements of rainfall and evaporation from a water surface, the water flow in soil was simulated by a computer model, and the results were compared with the measured soil-moisture profiles. The model was extended to simulate the behaviour of oxamyl, using laboratory data for adsorption and rates of degradation in soil. The model generally underestimated oxamyl movement in the first month, whereas it tended to overestimate later movement. The rate of breakdown of oxamyl, as affected by soil type, temperature and soil-moisture content, was fairly well described. After about 2 months only small amounts of oxamyl remained. Accumulation of oxamyl near the soil surface in dry periods was overestimated, indicating deficiencies in the modelling procedure under these conditions. 相似文献
7.
Rachel K Osborn Simon G Edwards Andrew Wilcox Patrick PJ Haydock 《Pest management science》2010,66(3):253-261
BACKGROUND: The potential for enhanced degradation of the carbamoyloxime nematicides aldicarb and oxamyl and the organophosphate fosthiazate was investigated in 35 UK agricultural soils. Under laboratory conditions, soil samples received three successive applications of nematicide at 25 day intervals. RESULTS: The second and third applications of aldicarb were degraded at a faster rate than the first application in six of the 15 aldicarb‐treated soils, and a further three soils demonstrated rapid degradation of all three applications. High organic matter content and low pH had an inhibitory effect on the rate of aldicarb degradation. Rapid degradation was observed in nine out of the ten soils treated with oxamyl. In contrast, none of the fosthiazate‐treated soils demonstrated enhanced degradation. CONCLUSION: The potential for enhanced degradation of aldicarb and oxamyl was demonstrated in nine out of 15 and nine out of ten soils respectively that had previously been treated with these active substances. Degradation of fosthiazate occurred at a much slower rate, with no evidence of enhanced degradation. Fosthiazate may provide a useful alternative in cases where the efficacy of aldicarb and oxamyl has been reduced as a result of enhanced degradation. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
8.
The systemic movement of several xenobiotics was compared in soybean and barley. The more symplastic compounds were also compared to the movement of sucrose. The uptake and efflux from potato tuber tissue was studied and related to the in vivo translocation patterns. The patterns of translocation ranged from primarily apoplastic to ambimobile to symplastic. When the percentage of xenobiotic available for translocation was evaluated there were major differences in patterns of translocation, between plant genera. In barley fenapanil, fenarimol, and oxamyl exhibited primarily apoplastic transport while all three were more ambimobile in soybean. Basipetal transport of oxamyl was 4.2% in barley compared to 30.8% in soybean. Basipetal translocation of benomyl remained very low at 3.0 and 4.1% in barley and soybean, respectively, while sucrose was about 60% in both species. Glyphosate and sucrose were translocated in a similar pattern. The transport of 2,4-D was primarily symplastic, however, retention in the tissue appeared to limit the rate of movement when compared to sucrose. Uptake and efflux of fenapanil, fenarimol, and 2,4-D illustrated the possible role that cellular binding or partitioning may play in systemic translocation. In conjunction with the uptake and efflux, and systemic movement in plants, the octanol/water partition coefficients, log P, for fenarimol and fenapanil, 0.67 and ?0.03, respectively, are correlated with the possible role of cellular binding or partitioning in the systemic movement of xenobiotics. 相似文献
9.
Zev Gerstl 《Pest management science》1984,15(1):9-17
A study was conducted of the behaviour of oxamyl in Israeli soils of varying clay and organic matter contents. The adsorption isotherms for oxamyl were linear, and the adsorption coefficient (Kd) could be correlated to the clay content of the soils, as well as to the organic matter content of the soil. Oxamyl adsorption was underestimated by using published correlations between the adsorption and the chemical properties of pesticides, such as their solubility or octan-1-ol-water partition coefficient. The decomposition of oxamyl in soils followed first-order kinetics. The half-life ranged from 4 to 33 days in a Bet Dagan soil. The reaction rate increased with increasing moisture content of the soil until field capacity was reached, at which point it levelled off. The Arrhenius relationship was followed, with degradation proceeding more rapidly at higher temperatures. In several soils of varying composition, which were kept at field capacity, no difference in the degradation rates was observed. Oxamyl was applied to a Bet Dagan soil from a point source in a single pulse, as a split application, and on a continuous basis. The distribution patterns of oxamyl under the various treatments differed significantly. After the single-pulse application, oxamyl was leached out of the emitter zone. While the split application decreased the oxamyl-free zone, the best results were obtained by continuous application, which gave a nearly uniform distribution of oxamyl in the soil. 相似文献
10.
Evaluating Pochonia chlamydosporia in a double-cropping system of lettuce and tomato in plastic houses infested with Meloidogyne javanica 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The effect of Pochonia chlamydosporia , a facultative fungal parasite of nematode eggs, alone or in combination with oxamyl was evaluated in a double-cropping system of lettuce and tomato in unheated plastic houses infested with Meloidogyne javanica at two sites for two consecutive growing seasons. An additional treatment of methyl bromide fumigation was included to compare crop yield in nematode-free vs. nematode-infested soil. Final population densities, reproductive rate, root gall rating, and egg production were determined after each crop. Pochonia chlamydosporia was isolated from nematode eggs up to nine months after application to soil. The fungus survived in the rhizosphere for the entire growing season at one site, but only at low densities. Final population densities of M. javanica decreased after cultivation of lettuce and increased after tomato, and this pattern of population fluctuation was unaffected by treatment, experiment or site. The reproductive rate on lettuce was equal to or below 1, and it was similar among treatments in both experiments at both sites. Eggs were not found on lettuce roots. On tomato, the reproductive rate in the fungus + oxamyl treatment was significantly lower ( P < 0·05) than other treatments in experiment 1 at both sites. Fungus + oxamyl consistently reduced root gall ratings on tomato in all cases, but numbers of eggs per g root varied depending on treatment. Methyl bromide-treated plots remained free of M. javanica at the end of the 2-year study. 相似文献
11.
Seven species of fishes, Catostomus commersonii (Lacépède), Etheostoma nigrum Rafinesque, Micropterus dolomieu Lacépède, Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill), Notropis hudsonius (Clinton), Perca flavescens (Mitchill), and Percina caprodes (Rafinesque) from the St. Lawrence River, Quebec, Canada, were found infected with progenetic specimens of Neochasmus spp. in the orbits and/or the body musculature. Worms displayed varying degrees of maturation. Eggs occupied the entirety of the worm in late stages of development and persisted as distinct clusters in situ after worm death. Populations of parasites were studied monthly in E. nigrum from one site between May and October in order to follow parasite recruitment, development and maturation. Recruitment of parasites was observed in young-of-the-year fish primarily in July and continued through October. Worms matured rapidly, displaying egg production within a month. Later developmental stages, in which eggs occupied most of the worm, and clusters of eggs became abundant by September. Infections in overwintered fish collected in May consisted mainly of worms in early stages of egg production and of clusters of eggs. When hatched artificially, eggs from the clusters released viable miracidia, indicating that they survive beyond the lifespan of the adult worm. It is suggested that progenesis is a fixed characteristic of the life cycle of these species, that egg dispersal requires the death of the host and that it is facilitated by predation. All prior records of Neochasmus spp. are examined, leading us to conclude that the role of the putative definitive host (primarily basses) has been reduced to that of a dispersal agent. Current hypotheses concerning the evolution and maintenance of progenesis are considered, but it is concluded that they do not apply to this host-parasite system. 相似文献
12.
Richard H. Bromilow Robert J. Baker Martin A. H. Freeman Katrina Grg 《Pest management science》1980,11(4):371-378
The breakdown of oxamyl was studied in three downland chalk soils, a peat loam, a sandy loam, and the same sandy loam modified by adding peat. The kinetics of aldicarb degradation via its sulphoxide and aldoxycarb (aldicarb sulphone) were also studied in these two sandy loam soils. All the reactions followed first-order kinetics, the reaction being faster in the original than in the modified sandy loam. Rates of reaction were slower at low moisture contents, and decreased markedly when the temperature was reduced from 10 to 5°C though less so than from 15 to 10°C. 相似文献
13.
The effects of an organophosphate pesticide phorate on cytoplasmic malate dehydrogenase (cMDH), mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), supernatant and mitochondrial proteins of an epigeic (Perionyx sansibaricus), anecic (Lampito mauritii) and endogeic (Metaphire posthuma) earthworms were studied. The treatment of different concentrations (20, 40, 80 and 160 ppm) of phorate for 16 days gradually decreased the specific activities of cMDH, mMDH and LDH as well as cytoplasmic and mitochondrial protein contents. This showed the inhibitory effect of phorate on metabolic enzymes and proteins in tropical earthworms. The inhibition was dose- and time-dependent. The inhibitory response in mitochondrial enzyme (mMDH) and protein was somewhat earlier and more as compared to the inhibitory effect of phorate on cytoplasmic enzymes (cMDH, LDH) and protein. This indicates a greater interference of phorate in cellular respiration of earthworms. The phorate related decreases in enzyme and protein profiles were about 60% and 58% in P. sansibaricus, 54% and 49% in L. mauritii and 47% and 42% in M. posthuma, respectively. It reflects phorate-induced substantial decline in protein synthesis and aerobic and anaerobic capacity of earthworms. The maximum effect of phorate was on epigeic earthworm followed by anecic and endogeic species. The present findings suggest the differential sensitivity of different earthworm species in enzymatic and protein responses to phorate and the sensitivity was associated with the ecophysiological categories of earthworms. 相似文献
14.
Jrgen Stenersen 《Pest management science》1979,10(2):104-112
The earthworm, Eisenia foetida, eliminated parathion and carbofuran at first order rates when continually rinsed in water after treatment with the pesticides. This experiment was also carried out on Lumbricus rubellus for comparison. Carbofuran which is more soluble in water, was eliminated quicker than parathion. The later rate of elimination was very similar for the two species, but immediately after injection the rate was much higher in E. foetida. The metabolism of 1-ethyl14C labelled parathion and paraoxon (diethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate) was studied in E. foetida. The worm was able to convert parathion to paraoxon by a rather slow process although this metabolite could not be detected in the worms due to its rapid transformation to diethyl hydrogen phosphate. Indirectly, paraoxon can be postulated as a parathion metabolite because of a progressive depression of cholinesterase level observed after treatment with parathion. Small amounts of diethyl hydrogen phosphate were detected as a metabolite of parathion; this is also an indication of paraoxon formation. During the 30 h following injection of parathion, only 4.4% of the applied dose was recovered as water-soluble metabolites (2.8% in the worms and 1.6% in the sand surrounding them), while 52% was recovered as unmetabolised parathion. Because of inefficient injection, only 70-59% of the dose thought to be injected was recovered. Therefore the part of the actual applied dose that remained unmetabolised was probably even greater (88%). Five days after injection of parathion, 15 and 9.3 % of the recovered radioactivity in the surrounding sand and in the worm extracts, respectively, was identified as O,O-diethyl O-hydrogen phosphorothioate, 3.7 and 7.0% as diethyl hydrogen phosphate, 8.8 and 3.3% as O-ethyl O-4-nitrophenyl O-hydrogen phosphorothioate (desethylparathion) and/or O-4-aminophenyl O,O-diethyl phosphorothioate, while 70.3 and 80.4% was unmetabolised parathion. Paraoxon was very quickly hydrolysed to diethyl hydrogen phosphate in vivo and in vitro. The in-vitro hydrolysis was associated with a microsomal fraction and was not inhibited by ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid or 4-(chloromercuri)benzoic acid, and incompletely by aldicarb. Cholinesterase and arylesterase were therefore excluded as enzymes responsible for the activity. 相似文献
15.
Daniel A Potter Carl T Redmond Kumudini M Meepagala David W Williams 《Pest management science》2010,66(4):439-446
BACKGROUND: Earthworm casts are a worldwide problem on golf courses and sports fields when they disrupt the playability, aesthetics and maintenance of closely mowed playing surfaces. Currently, no pesticides are labeled for earthworms in the United States. Tea seed pellets (TSPs), a saponin‐rich byproduct of Camellia oleifera Abel oil manufacture, were tested for expelling earthworms and reducing casts on creeping bentgrass turf. The fate of expelled worms, methods for removing them and impacts on pest and beneficial arthropods were also evaluated. RESULTS: Application of TSPs at 2.93 kg 100 m?2, followed by irrigation, quickly expelled earthworms from the soil. A single application reduced casts by 80–95% for at least 5 weeks. Mowing or sweeping removed expelled earthworms from putting green surfaces. Most expelled earthworms burrowed down when transferred to untreated turf, but few survived. Bioassay‐guided fractionation confirmed the vermicidal activity results from a mix of saponins. TSPs did not reduce the abundance of beneficial soil arthropods, nor did they control black cutworms or white grubs in treated turf. CONCLUSION: TSPs are an effective botanical vermicide that could be useful for selectively managing earthworm casts on closely mowed turfgrass. They might also be used to suppress earthworms in grassy strips alongside runways to reduce bird strike hazard at airports. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
16.
The β-D -glucoside conjugate of [14C]‘hydroxymonolinuron’, [phenyl-14C]-3-(4- chlorophenyl)-1-(hydroxymethyl)-1-methoxyurea-β-D -glucoside (HM-β-G) and its soil-bound residues, prepared as described, were used to estimate its bioavailability to earthworms and ryegrass plants. The results demonstrate that these bound residues were available to both earthworms and ryegrass. The concentration in the earthworms, expressed on a dry weight basis after 42 days of exposure, was equal to the surrounding soil. The earth worms were found to be more efficient in remobilising and absorbing soil-bound residues than ryegrass plants after 59 days of cultivation. Fractionation of the soil-bound residues showed that 29% of the radiocarbon was associated with fulvic acid, 20% with humic acid and 9% with the humin fraction. 4-Chlorophenylurea, a metabolite of HM-β-G proved to be a key compound in the formation of soil-bound residues. The amount of radioactivity (bound residues), recovered from soil through solubilisation by means of 0.5M -acid and alkali, seems to be a criterion for predicting the bioavailability of bound phenylurea residues. The half-life of soil-bound residues was estimated to be about 4.6 years. 相似文献
17.
Fred Heimbach 《Pest management science》1984,15(6):605-611
Three different laboratory methods for determining the toxicity of chemicals to earthworms were tested with a variety of pesticides and other chemicals. These methods, proposed by the EEC (Determination of Ecotoxicity of Chemicals), were: the Contact Filter Paper Test, in which the skin contact toxicity is tested by placing the organisms on treated filter paper; the Artificial Soil Test, in which the toxicity by skin and gut uptake is determined by adding the earthworms to an artificial soil made of sand, clay mineral and peat; and the Artisol Test, in which the toxicity by skin and gut uptake is determined by placing the worms in an artificial substrate consisting of silica, water and glass balls. (In the Artisol Test, the earthworms ingest the silica paste as they do soil.) With several chemicals, the Artificial Soil Test was conducted as described in an early guideline of the BBA. This test is similar to that proposed by the EEC. Results from the Contact Filter Paper Test were poorly correlated to those obtained by the other two methods (correlation to the Artificial Soil Test, r=0.55; correlation to the Artisol Test, r=0.48). In contrast, there was a high correlation between the Artificial Soil Test and the Artisol Test (r=0.91). This indicated that the mode of uptake of the chemicals (skin uptake and/or gut uptake) may be the same. As the Artisol Test seems to be readily handled and standardised, it could be useful for obtaining reproducible data on the ecotoxicity of chemicals to earthworms. 相似文献
18.
The Raillietascaris varani (Baylis et Daubney, 1922), parasitic in the Indian monitor lizard, Varanus monitor (L.), was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A surface topography of the worm, especially the head and male tail, were described, illustrated and discussed with regard to the available data on this species, and also other species of ascaridoid nematodes. The present study confirms the previous observations from Sprent (1985), and also provides some additional information concerning the microtopography of the worm which might be useful in comparative studies on the Ascaridoidea. 相似文献
19.
Elizabeth A. Curl Peter J. Edwards Clare Elliott John P. LeAhey 《Pest management science》1987,20(3):207-222
When earthworms are maintained in soil containing [14C]cypermethrin they accumulate radioactive residues. These residues are not eliminated when the worms are transferred to untreated soil. The accumulated radioactive residue is a complex mixture of conjugates of two metabolites of cypermethrin (3-phenoxybenzoic acid and (1RS)-cis, trans-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid). One major constituent of this mixture of conjugates has been identified as N1, N12-di-(3-phenoxybenzoyl)spermine. Feeding studies with quail and rats have established that the residues accumulated by the earthworms are not further bioaccumulated by earthworm predators. 相似文献