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试验采用裂区设计,主区3个(CK、淹水10d、淹水20d),副区9个品种(系),研究淹水胁迫下棉花生长发育及生理指标的变化。结果表明:随着淹水时间的延长,棉花涝后恢复能力变弱,品种(系)间抗涝害能力缩小。在棉苗移栽后70d时,不同棉花品种(系)在淹水10d和20d后株高较对照均降低30%~60%,主茎叶数较对照分别下降35%~62%、70%~85%,果枝数较对照分别下降17%~50%、36%~50%,LAI较对照分别下降46%~80%、70%~90%,单株干物质质量较对照分别下降47%~77%、50%~87%,叶绿素含量较对照分别下降6%~32%、40%~60%。淹水10d处理下的不同棉花品种(系)在淹水结束后的10d内株高的增长率为-3.6%~14.6%,果枝数的增长率为6.9%~30.0%。在淹水10d后,赣杂108在主茎叶数和果枝数指标上均表现出耐涝,陕6353在株高、果枝数和叶绿素含量指标上均表现出耐涝。 相似文献
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采用砂培培养方法,比较研究两种水分条件和3种供氮形态处理对苗期玉米根、茎鞘、叶生物量干重及其氮、磷、钾含量及分配的影响。结果表明,非淹涝胁迫条件下铵硝态氮混合处理(AN)玉米生物量干重及氮、磷、钾累积量最高;淹涝胁迫条件下铵硝态氮混合处理(ANF)的叶片、总生物量以及硝态氮处理(NF)的根系、叶片和总生物量干重明显降低。淹涝胁迫降低3种氮形态处理叶片氮累积量,明显降低铵硝态氮混合处理和硝态氮处理植株氮、钾累积量,降低磷在铵硝态氮混合处理茎鞘、叶中的分配比例、磷在硝态氮处理根、叶中的分配比例以及钾在铵硝态氮混合处理茎鞘、叶中的分配比例。淹涝胁迫下铵态氮处理(AF)叶片含氮量、植株含钾量呈降低趋势;非淹涝胁迫下铵态氮处理(A)具有相对较高的植株氮、磷含量,且淹涝胁迫对氮、磷、钾在植株不同部位分配的影响相对较低。因此,本试验供应铵态氮苗期玉米具有相对较强的耐淹涝胁迫能力。 相似文献
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低氧胁迫下出苗率下降是限制直播稻安全生产的关键问题之一。建立准确、高效的水稻萌发耐淹性鉴定方法，并筛选强萌发耐淹性的水稻种质对直播稻新品种选育具有重要意义。本研究以20份水稻品种为供试材料，设置不同淹水深度（3 cm、6 cm、9 cm、12 cm、15 cm和18 cm）、不同处理温度（20℃、25℃和30℃）和不同淹水天数（3 d、5 d、7 d、9 d、11 d、13 d和15 d）进行萌发耐淹性鉴定，以胚芽鞘长度为指标进行萌发耐淹性评价，旨在明确水稻萌发耐淹性的评价方法。结果表明，水稻种质在淹水临界深度上存在籼粳间差异，粳稻的淹水临界深度为6 cm，而籼稻的淹水临界深度为9 cm；在温度梯度处理中，30℃时种质间的胚芽鞘长四分位差最大，因此认为30℃是水稻种质萌发耐淹性鉴定的最适温度；调查时期梯度试验表明，淹水11 d时参试种质的胚芽鞘长四分位差最大，因此认为淹水11 d是水稻萌发耐淹性调查的最适时期。本研究建立了一种以纯水隔绝空气，在温度30℃、淹水深度9 cm以上、第11 d调查胚芽鞘长度进行水稻萌发耐淹性鉴定的简便方法，为水稻种质资源的大规模鉴定提供了方法基础。依据上述确... 相似文献
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在苗期、分蘖期和抽穗期等3个生育时期对常规籼型水稻IR64和IR64 Sub1A耐淹基因导入系(IRRI149)进行淹水处理,测定各个生育时期淹水后的有效分蘖数、每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重和单株产量,以确定不同生育时期淹水对Sub1A耐淹基因导入系产量的影响。结果表明,在苗期淹水,IRRI149和IR64的单株产量分别为39.11 g、24.92 g;分蘖期淹水,分别为10.31 g、0.48 g;抽穗期淹水,分别为24.35 g、23.36 g。IRRI149在苗期和分蘖期淹水条件下,有效分蘖数、每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重、单株产量均显著高于IR64;3个处理时期中以分蘖期淹水对产量的影响最为明显。 相似文献
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拔节期杂交中稻对淹水胁迫的响应及指示性指标探讨 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
长江中下游地区夏季强降水频发,杂交中稻在拔节期易受涝害影响。为定量揭示淹水胁迫对水稻的影响和科学评估灾损,提供形态学、生理特性和产量结构的数据基础,同时筛选拔节期水稻淹水胁迫后受涝及减产程度的指示性指标,在丰两优香1号拔节期设计了不同淹深(1/4PH、1/2PH、3/4PH和全淹)及不同淹水持续时间(3 d、6d和9 d)交互试验。结果表明,拔节期杂交中稻受淹后,株高、节间显著伸长,且第2节间伸长速度快于第1节,植株黄叶数显著增多,最长叶片长度显著增长,且株高增长量(Y_(PH))、节间长度(Y_(IL))、黄叶数(Y_(YL))、最长叶片长度(Y_(LL))均与淹涝天数(D)和淹深(H)呈显著的二元一次关系;同一淹水持续时间处理,随着淹水深度的增加,水稻叶片中叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量和可溶性蛋白含量逐渐降低,而可溶性糖含量呈先增高后降低的趋势;剑叶中MDA含量均随淹水历时和淹水深度的增加而升高,在根系中,当淹水持续时间为3 d和6 d时,其MDA含量随淹水深度的增加而升高,但在淹水持续时间为9 d时,表现为先升高后降低,其拐点在1/2 PH淹水深度;同时,在同一淹水持续时间下,随着淹水深度的增加,叶片和根系中SOD活性先升高后降低,而剑叶中POD活性持续升高,且水稻受淹越深,其增加幅度愈大,但在根系中的变化趋势是先升高后降低,拐点出现在淹水第6 d的1/2 PH淹深;拔节期水稻受到不同程度涝害后,结实率和千粒重显著下降,当淹水深度达到株高的1/4且持续6 d,其结实率降低20%以上,产量减少19%以上。灰色关联度和聚类分析表明,叶绿素b、可溶性蛋白和叶绿素a可作为拔节期水稻受涝后的关键性生理指标,用于指示、监测水稻受涝及减产程度。 相似文献
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烯效唑对淹水胁迫下大豆农艺性状及生理生化指标的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
《中国油料作物学报》2017,(5)
为研究烯效唑对大豆淹水胁迫的缓解作用,以亚有限结荚习性大豆品种垦丰14(耐涝品种)和垦丰16(涝渍敏感品种)为试验材料,在大豆始花期叶面喷施烯效唑,喷药5d后进行淹水胁迫,5d后恢复正常水分管理,调查各处理大豆农艺性状和生理生化指标。结果表明:淹水胁迫抑制大豆生长,降低大豆株高,增加茎基部茎粗,减少植株叶片、叶柄、茎、根等各部位干物质重的积累;涝渍导致大豆体内抗氧化酶活性降低。喷施烯效唑处理能有效缓解淹水胁迫下植物干物质的降低;显著提高大豆体内抗氧化系统酶活性,降低MDA含量,诱导叶片中脯氨酸增加,提高根系中脯氨酸含量,增加根系中可溶性糖与淀粉的积累,为提高大豆耐涝性和恢复正常水分后产量积累提供保障。 相似文献
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《大豆科学》2013,(5)
大豆播种后遭受洪涝灾害会严重影响出苗率,往往导致减产,选育耐淹大豆品种是防灾避害的有效途径。以种子不耐淹水的2个栽培大豆南农493-1、南农86-4分别与耐淹野生大豆PI342618B杂交衍生的NJRISP和NJRINP重组自交家系群体为材料,研究其在72 h淹水处理下种子耐淹性的变异与遗传。结果表明:淹水条件下供试群体家系间发芽率存在显著差异,遗传变异大。发芽势、发芽率及豆芽根长、芽长性状有较高的遗传率,且各性状之间呈现高度正相关。主基因+多基因分离分析方法分析发现淹水条件下2个群体大豆发芽势和发芽率遗传符合4对主基因模型(H或I模型),主基因遗传率达93%以上,多基因效应较低,耐性等位基因来自野生大豆亲本。野生大豆中蕴含优异耐淹基因资源,可为大豆耐涝育种提供优异基因。 相似文献
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《Plant Production Science》2013,16(3):316-323
AbstractRice plants are damaged by flash floods with a rapid increase in water level caused by a heavy rain. However, rice plants cope with the flash floods either by an “escape strategy” involving rapid shoot elongation or by a “quiescence strategy” involving surviving under water with minimal activity. As we found in previous experiments, Saligbeli cultivar adapted well to flash floods through rapid shoot elongation. To understand the vigorous growth process during submergence, we studied the relationship between shoot elongation and changes in dry matter weight (DMW) during submergence. O. glaberrima Steud. cv. Saligbeli and O. sativa L. cv. Ballawé and IR 49830-7-1-2-2 were used. Saligbeli and Ballawé exhibit shoot elongation, and IR 49830-7-1-2-2 exhibits flash-flood tolerance due to the presence of the Sub-1 gene. Twelve-day-old seedlings were submerged for 7 days and the plant length and DMW were measured. The plant length ratio of submerged to control plants in Saligbeli was higher than that of other cultivars during 2-6 days of submergence but IR 49830-7-1-2-2 shoot elongation was inhibited by submergence. In all three cultivars, the elongation of the developing leaf sheath conferred shoot elongation during submergence. The plant length of all submerged plants showed a strong positive correlation with DMW of the leaves developed during submergence. Submerged Saligbeli and Ballawé showed strong negative correlations between DMW of the leaves developed before and during submergence (r = –0.786 for Saligbeli and –0.772 for Ballawé , P < 0.05), suggesting that the enhancement of shoot elongation during submergence is accomplished by using dry matter of the leaves developed before submergence. However, the correlation was not observed in the submerged IR 49830-7-1-2-2. Further details from studies using isotopes are also needed to understand the plant growth during submergence. 相似文献
12.
Submergence is a serious environmental condition that causes large loss in rice production in rain fed lowland and flood affected area. This study evaluated morphological and physiological responses of rice roots to submergence using two tolerant rice genotypes FR13A and Swarna-Sub 1 and two sensitive ones Swarna and IR42. The tolerant genotypes had higher survival rate and less shoot elongation but greater root elongation during submergence than the sensitive ones. After submergence,the tolerant genotypes also had higher root dry weight and more active roots than the sensitive ones.Tolerant genotypes exhibited less root injury, with less malondialdehyde production and slower electrolyte leakage after submergence. Tolerant genotypes also maintained higher concentrations of soluble sugar and starch in roots and shoots and higher chlorophyll retention after submergence than the sensitive ones.Our data showed that root traits such as root activity and root growth are associated with survival rate after submergence. This is probably accomplished through higher energy supply, and membrane integrity is necessary to preserve root function and reduce injury during submergence. These root traits are important for submergence tolerance in rice. 相似文献
13.
The present study evaluated submergence responses in 88 lowland indigenous rice(Oryza sativa L.) landraces from Koraput, India, to identify submergence-tolerant rice genotypes. In pot experiments, variations in survival rate, shoot elongation, relative growth index, dry matter, chlorophyll, soluble sugar and starch contents were evaluated in two consecutive years under well-drained and completely submerged conditions. Principal component analysis showed that the first three axes contributed 96.820% of the total variation among the landraces, indicating wide variation between genotypes. Major traits such as survival rate, relative growth index, soluble sugar and starch contents appeared to be important determinants of phenotypic diversity among the landraces. Phenotypic coefficient of variance was higher than genotypic coefficient of variance for all the traits and all showed high heritability(90.38%–99.54%). Five rice landraces(Samudrabali, Basnamundi, Gadaba, Surudaka and Dokarakuji) were the most tolerant to submergence. When submerged for up to 14 d, Samudrabali, Basnamundi and Godoba were notable for having greater survival rates than a standard submergence tolerant variety FR13 A, and also notable for elongating more vigorously and accumulating more biomass. These three landraces may therefore be especially useful in lowland rice growing areas that are affected by both moderate stagnant water and flash flooding. Molecular genotyping revealed that the submergence tolerance of Samudrabali, Basnamundi and Godoba is linked to the presence of one or more different Sub1 loci and it may well prove useful for breeding improved submergence tolerant rice varieties, thereby assising to improve yield stability in the rainfed lowland agro-ecosystem. 相似文献
14.
Prolonged submergence is a major constraint to rice production, affecting over 15 million ha in South and Southeast Asia and causing an annual yield loss of over US$ 600 million. This is because all the modern high-yielding rice varieties are sensitive to complete submergence. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL), SUB1, associated with submergence tolerance, was mapped on chromosome 9 and recently bred into popular rainfed lowland rice varieties sensitive of complete submergence, using marker-assisted backcrossing (MABC). Here, we assessed the impact of introgressing SUB1 into three rice varieties popular in farmers’ fields of South and Southeast Asia, Swarna, Sambha Mahsuri, and IR64, under control conditions as well as following submergence in the field. Under control conditions, no differences were observed between Sub1 introgression lines and their recurrent parents in grain yield or quality aspects. Submergence substantially delayed flowering and maturity, and reduced grain yield, shoot biomass, harvest index, and yield components across cultivars. The reduction in yield was more drastic in the sensitive varieties, particularly when submerged for longer duration (17 d). The significant decline in grain yield was mainly attributed to reductions in grain filling, number of grains per panicle, and grain weight. The SUB1 QTL is effective in conferring tolerance of submergence for about 12–17 d, depending on floodwater conditions. Sub1 introgression lines showed a yield advantage of up to 3.8 t ha−1 and slightly better grain quality after submergence compared with their parents. Apparently, the introgression of SUB1 into popular varieties did not have any negative impact on their performance under control conditions but considerably enhanced their yield and grain quality following short-term submergence. 相似文献
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Longer-term partial stagnant flooding, particularly when it occurs following transient complete submergence causes severe damage to modern rice varieties. Progress was made in developing varieties tolerant of complete submergence through transfer of the Submergence-1 (SUB1) gene into popular varieties. However, SUB1 may not be effective under partial stagnant flooding (SF), as the new varieties may not elongate and continue growth when fully or partially submerged because of the SUB1-mediated suppression of elongation. We tested a set of rice genotypes, including a pair of near-isogenic lines (NILs), Swarna and Swarna-Sub1, under either SF or SF following complete submergence of 12 d. Swarna-Sub1 had higher survival and yield than Swarna following 12 d of submergence, but survival and grain yield of all lines decreased substantially when SF of 15-30 cm followed complete submergence, with the sensitive lines experiencing greater reductions in growth and yield. This suggests the importance of combining SUB1 with tolerance of SF in areas where both stresses are expected during the season. Swarna and Swarna-Sub1 are more sensitive to long-term partial SF than IR49830 and IR42 because of their short stature, and Swarna-Sub1 showed slightly higher reduction in tillering than did Swarna when subjected to deeper SF alone, possibly because of further inhibition of elongation by SUB1 if induced in submerged tissue. The results suggest that tolerance of these genotypes to SF depends less on SUB1 introgression and more so on the genetic background of the recipient genotype, with better performance of the genotypes that are inherently taller, such as IR42 and IR49830. The SUB1 donor landrace FR13A and its derivative breeding line IR49830 had better survival and relatively less reduction in grain yield under SF following complete submergence and under longer-term partial SF, indicating that these genotypes may have genes other than SUB1 for submergence and SF tolerance. For better adaptation to prolonged SF, SUB1 should be introgressed into genotypes that tolerate partial SF through better tillering ability and taller shoots, because SUB1 may not be effective in shorter genotypes, as it promotes survival of submerged plants by hindering shoot elongation to conserve energy reserves. Varieties combining tolerance of prolonged SF with SUB1 will have broader adaptation in flood-prone areas and greater impacts on yield stability. 相似文献
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Background
Understanding the responses of rice to environmental stresses such as unscheduled submergence is of pressing important owing to increasing severity of weather thought to arise from global climate change. When rice is completely submerged, different types adopt either a quiescence survival strategy (i.e., minimal shoot elongation) or an escape strategy (i.e., enhanced shoot elongation). Each strategy can prolong survival depending on the circumstances. While submergence responses have been studied in rice typical of lowland and flood-prone areas, few studies have explored the physiological and molecular properties of upland rice under submergence. Here, we use seedlings of the upland rice ‘Tung Lu 3’ (‘TL3’) to analyze physiological and molecular responses to submergence. We compare them with those of ‘FR13A’, a lowland rice that tolerates submergence by adopting the quiescence strategy.Results
Plant height and distance between leaf sheaths, increased rapidly in ‘TL3’ under submergence. Although this indicated a strong escape strategy the seedlings remained totally underwater for the duration of the experiments. In contrast, ‘FR13A’ elongated much less. Consequently, after 4 days complete submergence followed by drainage, ‘TL3’ lodged much more severely than ‘FR13A’. After 10 d complete submergence, 55% of ‘TL3’ seedlings survived compared to 100% in ‘FR13A’. Chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll concentrations of the 2nd oldest leaves of ‘TL3’ were also significantly above those of ‘FR13A’ (but were lower than ‘FR13A’ in the 3rd oldest leaves) and less hydrogen peroxide accumulated in ‘TL3’. Peroxidase activity in submerged ‘TL3’ was also greater than in ‘FR13A’ 1 day after submergence. Quantitative RT–PCR showed increased expression of sucrose synthase 1 and alcohol dehydrogenases 1 after 2 days complete submergence with significantly higher levels in ‘TL3’ compared to ‘FR13A’. Expression was also higher in ‘TL3’ under non-submerged conditions.Conclusions
The upland rice line ‘TL3’ gave a stronger elongation response than ‘FR13A’ to complete submergence. This escape strategy is widely considered to prejudice survival when the plant remains totally submerged. However, contrary to expectations, ‘TL3’ survival rates were substantial although below those for ‘FR13A’ while physiological, biochemical and molecular parameters linked to adaptation differed in detail but appeared to be broadly comparable. These findings highlight that submergence tolerance is determine not only by the adoption of quiescence or escape strategies but maybe by metabolic and physiological properties unrelated to the underwater elongation rate.17.
Khandakar Md IFTEKHARUDDAULA Helal Uddin AHMED Sharmistha GHOSAL Zakiah Rahman MONI Al AMIN Md Shamsher ALI 《水稻科学》2015,22(1):16-26
Submergence tolerant high yielding rice variety was developed using BR11 as a recipient parent applying foreground, phenotypic and background selection approaches. Recombinant selection was found essential to minimize linkage drag by BC2F2 generation. Without recombinant selection, the introgression size in the backcross recombinant lines(BRLs) was approximately 15 Mb on the carrier chromosome. The BRLs were found submergence tolerance compared to the check varieties under complete submergence for two weeks at Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, and produced higher yield compared to the isogenic Sub1-line under control ed submerged condition. The BRL IR85260-66-654-Gaz2 was released as BRRI dhan52 in 2010, which was the first high yielding submergence tolerant variety in Bangladesh. BRRI dhan52 produced grain yield ranging from 4.2 to 5.2 t/hm2 under different flash flood prone areas of Bangladesh in three consecutive seasons. The study demonstrated the efficiency of recombinant selection and better adaptability of the newly released submergence tolerant high yielding variety in flash flood prone different areas of the country with respect to submergence tolerance and yield potential. 相似文献
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《水稻科学》2017,(4)
Single nucleotide polymorphisms and restriction digestion-based haplotype variations among 160 flood prone rice varieties were analyzed with enzymes Alu I and Cac8 I to generate polymorphisms at Sub1A and Sub1C loci(conferring submergence tolerance), respectively. Haplotype associated with phenotype was used to study the haplotype variations at Sub1A and Sub1C loci and to determine their functional influence on submergence tolerance and stem elongation. Three patterns at Sub1A locus, Sub1A0(null allele), Sub1A1(does not cut) and Sub1A2(one SNP), and four patterns at Sub1C locus, Sub1C1, Sub1C2,Sub1C3 and Sub1C4, were generated. Both tolerant Sub1A1 and intolerant Sub1A2 had the same length, but the difference was presence of a restriction site in the Sub1A2, but absent at the Sub1A1. Further, two types of polymorphism were detected at the Sub1C, one included major length polymorphisms(165, 170 and 175 bp) and the other was a single restriction site at different position. Eight haplotypes(different combinations of the two loci), A1C1, A1C2, A1C4, A2C2, A2C4, A0C2, A0C3 and A0C4, were detected among 160 varieties. Haplotype A1C1 was comparatively more related to haplotypes A1C2 and A1C4, having the same Sub1A allele, and these haplotypes were found only in Bangladeshi, Sri Lankan and Indian varieties. Most tolerant varieties in A1C1 haplotype showed slow elongation, having tolerant specific Sub1A1 and Sub1C1 alleles. Further, the varieties Madabaru and Kottamali(A2C2) also showed moderate level of tolerance without Sub1A1 allele. These varieties were different with FR13 A and also suspected to carry different novel tolerant genes at other loci. These materials could be used for hybridization with Sub1varieties for pyramiding additional tolerant specific alleles into a single genotype for improving submergence tolerance in rice. 相似文献
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Julia Bailey-Serres Takeshi Fukao Pamela Ronald Abdelbagi Ismail Sigrid Heuer David Mackill 《Rice》2010,3(2-3):138-147
Rice landraces tolerant of up to 2 weeks of complete submergence were collected from farmers’ fields in the 1950s. Success in fine mapping of SUBMERGENCE 1 (SUB1), a robust quantitative trait locus from the submergence tolerant FR13A landrace, has enabled marker-assisted breeding of high-yielding rice capable of enduring transient complete submergence. At the molecular level, SUB1 is a variable polygenic locus encoding two or three ethylene responsive factor (ERF) DNA binding proteins. All Oryza sativa accessions encode SUB1B and SUB1C at this locus. An additional ERF, SUB1A, is present at SUB1 in FR13A and other tolerant accessions. The induction of SUB1A expression by ethylene during submergence disrupts the elongation escape strategy typical of lowland and deepwater rice, by limiting ethylene-induced gibberellic acid-promoted elongation. Microarray and metabolite studies confirm that SUB1A orchestrates its effects on metabolism and growth in a submergence-dependent manner. Due to the conditional activity of SUB1A, new “Sub1” mega-varieties effectively provide submergence tolerance without apparent ill effect on development, productivity, or grain quality. 相似文献