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1.
塔中一号公路防沙体系不同地貌部位风沙危害差异研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
塔中一号沙漠公路是塔里木盆地石油物资运输的主要干线之一 ,它深入沙漠腹地 ,走向与风向夹角很大 ,因此沙害严重且频繁。通过对公路防沙体系实地调查测量 ,得出以下结论 :垄间平沙地沙害较轻 ,以风沙流滞留积沙为主 ,固沙带平均全埋宽度 9.0 9m;沙垄迎风坡较严重 ,平均全埋宽度 0 .94m、压埋 1 .96m、风蚀 0 .43m;垄顶最严重 ,平均全埋宽度 1 5 .5 9m、压埋 6.68m、风蚀 3.1 5 m;沙垄背风坡较轻 ,平均全埋宽度 2 .85 m,压埋 0 .0 4 m。 相似文献
2.
塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地高大复杂纵向沙垄区简单横向沙丘形态特征的空间变异 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探讨小尺度风沙地貌形态的空间变异过程,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地高大复杂纵向沙垄横断面上简单横向沙丘形态特征进行了研究。沙丘形态野外测量采用RTK(real-tim e k inem atic)技术,并通过南方测绘软件(South Survey)量算形态特征参数。结果表明:简单横向沙丘形态特征参数及其相互关系具有空间变异性。在8个地貌部位之间,沙丘形态特征参数(不包括迎风坡度)存在显著性差异,主要体现在:垄顶、沙垄背风坡、其他地貌部位(包括垄间地和沙垄迎风坡)三者之间的差异。地貌部位、输沙风强度以及沙丘活动强度是驱动沙丘形态空间变异的因素。沙丘高度与翼展度余弦有负对数关系,发育指数与高度、迎风坡度成负线性相关,这些相关性的显著程度在垄顶、背风坡较高,在垄间和迎风坡较低。 相似文献
3.
塔里木沙漠公路沿线沙物质特征及环境意义 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6
本文对沙漠公路沿线风沙地貌和沙物质的特征、如粒度特征，矿物成分，化学成分以及微量元素组成等进行了分析，为沙漠公路的生物防沙规划，道路的沙害治理提供科学数据。用聚类分析的方法对沙物质分析特征在沙漠环境研究中的应用进行了初步探讨。 相似文献
4.
塔克拉玛干沙漠大气降尘粒度特征——以塔里木沙漠公路沿线为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
选择塔里木沙漠公路沿线典型下垫面,通过连续野外定点观测、室内粒度分析等手段,研究塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地与复合纵向沙垄区不同地貌部位近地表大气降尘的粒度特征及其空间分异规律.结果发现:沙漠公路沿线大气降尘的平均粒径在3.28Φ～3.47Φ之间,以细砂、极细砂为主,粒径分布呈双峰态,表明降尘来源的多样性.沿线不同下垫面降尘中粒径＜50μm的细粒物质组成差异明显,位于沙漠北部和中部开阔的垄间区是沙尘的潜在源地.复合纵向沙垄区不同地貌部位的降尘细粒物质组成(粒径＜50μm)差异明显,垄间区降尘中的细粒物质含量最高.非尘暴降尘较之尘暴降尘偏细,粉砂和黏土含量更多,分选性更差.大气沉降颗粒的粒度分形维数可以从整体上反映出颗粒物的粒度分布和级配特征,是描述大气沉降颗粒物粒度特征的重要指标. 相似文献
5.
库布齐沙漠穿沙公路沙害综合防治技术 总被引：20，自引：4，他引：20
库布齐穿沙公路修建在库布齐沙漠高大的流动沙丘区 ,风沙流侵袭与沙丘整体前移埋压公路是主要沙害形式。现有防沙措施是沙障保护下的人工植被及天然植被相结合的综合防护体系 ,固沙及阻沙效益明显。目前要解决的是尽快形成公路两侧稳定的植被群落 ,以保证公路的长期畅通 相似文献
6.
塔里木沙漠公路风沙危害研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
通过分析沙漠公路不同时段和地段风沙危害的特点 ,找出了从北向南风沙危害强度趋于减弱 ,公路及防沙体系受害程度逐渐降低的规律。注意到防沙体系所受风沙危害类型和程度在公路东西两侧和不同地貌部位差异明显。并且查明随着时间推移 ,公路受害面积扩大 ,重型沙害所占比例明显增长的公路沙害发展状况。 相似文献
7.
库姆塔格沙漠南部的风积地貌特征 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
通过考察结果和TM影像解译,库姆塔格沙漠的东南分布高大的沙山,沙丘形态复杂;南部和西南缘分布有多条南北走向的荒漠沟谷,两岸分布沙垄,高18~65m,垄脊点(金字塔型)线交错,沙垄走向与沟的走向一致,阶地上覆盖一层深色矿物组成的砂砾(粒径3~1mm)。沙漠的中心区域,孤立的新月型沙丘、沙丘链占优势。下伏地形强烈影响着库姆塔格沙漠的风沙地貌形态。沙漠南部的低山、阿尔金山及其山前洪积沟谷形成的沟谷效应,塑造了沙漠南部复杂的地貌形态。沙漠沙丘砂的粒径由南向沙漠中心减小,0.25~0.05mm细砂占80%左右。 相似文献
8.
为了研究温带固定半固定沙漠土壤化学性质与地表植被的关系,本文以古尔班通古特沙漠西南缘莫索湾地区沙漠-绿洲过渡带为研究区,分别选取植被覆盖度为10%和15%的半固定沙垄及植被覆盖度为30%的固定沙垄。采集了各沙垄不同地貌部位的土壤样品,室内测试了土壤pH、电导率、有机质、全氮和全磷等指标。结果表明:①随着植被覆盖度下降,沙垄西坡、坡顶和东坡,土壤pH、电导率、有机质、全氮和全磷呈逐渐降低趋势;②不同地貌部位的分布格局各沙垄表现不一致,沙垄A和沙垄B的pH、电导率、有机质、全氮和全磷含量最大值均出现在垄间地,其他部位之间没有明显的规律,沙垄C的pH和电导率最大值出现在垄间地,而土壤养分含量在坡顶部位富集;③各沙垄不同土层土壤性质分布规律相对一致,土壤pH、电导率随着土层深度的增加呈上升的趋势,而土壤养分随着土层深度的增加而降低;④土壤化学性质空间分布异质性与植被的分布格局密切相关,相互影响,当植被覆盖度较高时,生物作用起主导作用,当植被覆盖度较低时,风蚀、地形等非生物因素作用加强,影响生物作用,植被对土壤颗粒和养分的拦截及富集作用逐渐减弱或消失。 相似文献
9.
为了研究温带固定半固定沙漠土壤化学性质与地表植被的关系,本文以古尔班通古特沙漠西南缘莫索湾地区沙漠–绿洲过渡带为研究区,分别选取植被覆盖度为10%和15%的半固定沙垄及植被盖度为30%的固定沙垄。采集了各沙垄不同地貌部位的土壤样品,室内测试了土壤pH、电导率、有机质、全氮和全磷等指标。结果表明：①
随着植被覆盖度下降,沙垄西坡、坡顶和东坡,土壤pH、电导率、有机质、全氮和全磷呈逐渐降低趋势;②
不同地貌部位的分布格局各沙垄表现不一致,沙垄A和沙垄B的 pH、电导率、有机质、全氮和全磷含量最大值均出现在垄间地,其他部位之间没有明显的规律,沙垄C 的pH和电导率最大值出现在垄间地,而土壤养分含量于坡顶部位富集;③
各沙垄不同土层土壤性质分布规律相对一致,土壤pH、电导率随着土层深度的增加呈上升的趋势,而土壤养分随着土层深度的增加而降低;④
土壤化学性质空间分布异质性与植被的分布格局密切相关,相互影响,当植被覆盖度较高时,生物作用起主导作用,当植被覆盖度较低时,风蚀、地形等非生物因素作用加强,影响生物作用,植被对土壤颗粒和养分的拦截及富集作用逐渐减弱或消失。 相似文献
10.
库姆塔格沙漠综合考察的主要进展 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过对库姆塔格沙漠的实地观测、样品分析和资料收集,获得了沙漠地区的基础数据。沙漠面积约2.29×104km2(2001年),沙漠存在向东南方向移动和周边扩大的趋势;库姆塔格沙漠沙丘形态以新月形沙丘链为主,羽毛状沙丘为特色,星状和其他复合型沙丘大量分布的特点;羽毛状沙丘的"羽轴"是一种较特殊的复合型沙垄,由单个新月形沙丘前后相连,在沙垄和沙垄之间的沙平地有地形起伏,形成较宽大的弧形沙埂,基本与沙垄走向垂直,由这些沙垄和沙埂组成了独特的羽毛状沙丘;沙漠内部羽毛状沙丘分布区全年盛行东北风,全年平均风速5.94m/s,年总输沙势944.46 VU;调查记录了沙漠区107种植物和79种脊椎动物,发现野骆驼在沙漠西部的水源地,3种稀有荒漠植物的新分布区;提出沙漠最早形成于70万年的中更新世。 相似文献
11.
塔克拉玛干沙漠的大地貌格局是高大复合沙垄和宽广垄间地相间分布,而垄间地是研究简单沙丘发育过程的良好试验场地。基于Google Earth影像,以分形理论为基础,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地复合纵向沙垄区垄间地上覆沙丘在主导风方向上的分形特征进行了分析,结果表明：① 垄间地沙丘形状指数（面积-周长关系）的标度-频度双对数关系非常显著,分形关系客观存在,并且不受统计时所用标度的影响;② 垄间地各类沙丘的分维值存在差异,其中,饼状沙堆和沙片分维值最大（1.337）,新月形沙丘次之（1.170）,简单线性沙丘最小（1.087）;③ 垄间地沙丘分维值的空间差异较大,在1.187~1.656,其分维数：背风坡脚（1.24）＜垄间地中部（1.40）＜迎风坡脚（1.50）,变异系数为0.106;④ 垄间地沙丘稳定性指数与分维值的空间分布相反,即背风坡脚（0.26）＞垄间地中部（0.16）＞迎风坡脚（0.10）;⑤ 垄间地沙丘分维值空间差异主要与沙丘发育程度有关,其中,风信是动力基础,沙源是物质基础。在流动沙漠,沙丘分形维数可以作为反映其风沙环境特征的定量指标。 相似文献
12.
Riverine sand dunes develop as a result of fluvial-aeolian interactions. The primarily barchan dune chains along the Xiangshui River (a branch of the Xar Moron River in the western part of the Horqin Sandy Land of China) form a typical riverine dune field. We collected a series of samples from the riverine sand dunes parallel to the direction of the prevailing wind and investigated the sand sources and formation mechanisms of these dunes by determining the grain size, heavy mineral content and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) of the samples. The sand of the near-river dunes was coarser than the sand of the dunes distant from the river, indicating that coarse sand of the valley mainly deposited on near-river dunes. The heavy mineral analysis suggested that wind-sand activity levels were intense on the upwind dunes, but relatively weak on the downwind dunes. This indicated that the sand sources for the near-river dunes were more abundant than those of the distant dunes. Our OSL analysis of samples suggested that the deposition rates on dunes near the river were greater than the deposition rates on dunes distant from the river. The development of dunes along the river indicated that the river played an important role in dune formation and development. In addition, airflow fluctuation and the formation of the waveform dunes had a type of feedback relationship. Grain size, heavy mineral and OSL analyses are widely used methods in wind-sand research. Sand dune grain size characteristics reflect the effects of airflow on the transport and separation of sand materials, as well as the physical characteristics of the sand sources. Heavy mineral characteristics are often used to investigate the relationships between sediments and sand sources. OSL indicates dune age, revealing formation of dunes. Therefore, it is useful to explore dune sand sources, as well as the mechanisms underlying dune formation, by determining grain size, heavy mineral content and OSL. This study investigated the sand sources of riverine dunes and provided new information about riverine dune formation and development. 相似文献
13.
Underlying terrain strongly influences dune formation. However, the impacts of underlying terrain on the dune formation are poorly studied. In the present research, we focused on dunes that formed in the alluvial fans and dry salt flats in the Qaidam Basin, Northwest China. We quantified the dunes' sediment characteristics on different types of underlying terrain and the terrain's effects on the surface quartz grains by analyzing grain-size distribution, soluble salt contents and grain surface micro-textures. Results showed that barchan dunes were dominated by medium sands with a unimodal frequency distribution, whose peak corresponded to the saltation load. Linear dunes were mainly composed of fine sands with a bimodal frequency distribution, whose main peak represented the saltation load, and whose secondary peak represented the modified saltation or suspension load. Sand was transported from source area by running water (inland rivers) over short distances and by wind over relatively longer distances. Thus, quartz grains had poor roundness and were dominated by sub-angular and angular shapes. Surface micro-textures indicated that dune sands were successively transported by exogenic agents (glaciation, fluviation and wind). Soluble salt contents were low in dunes that developed in the alluvial fans, which represented a low-energy chemical environment, so the grain surface micro-textures mainly resulted from mechanical erosion, with weak micro-textures formed by SiO2 solution and precipitation. However, soluble salt contents were much higher in dunes that developed in the dry salt flats, which indicated a high-energy chemical environment. Therefore, in addition to micro-structures caused by mechanical erosion, micro-textures formed by SiO2 solution and precipitation also well developed. Our results improve understanding of the sediment characteristics of dune sands and the effects of underlying terrain on dune development in the Qaidam Basin, China. 相似文献
14.
The formation and development of dunes depend on wind-blown sand movement which is affected by the characteristics of sand material, topography, wind regimes and other factors. In this paper, we investigated two sand shadow dune groups in Shigatse and Za’gya Zangbo of Tibet and an individual dune in Da Qaidam of Qinghai, and analyzed their topographies and morphologies, and the physical characteristics of the sand, wind regime and sand transport. Formed under harsh conditions behind hills, these mature sand shadow dunes are hundreds of meters long, have significant ridges and crescent dunes downwind, and have a hill pass on one or both sides. Wind tunnel experiments revealed that the hill gap and wind velocity are important factors in the formation of these dunes. Sand shadow dunes formed only when the gap spacing is two-thirds of the hill height. When wind velocities are 20 m/s, the sand body is divided into two parts. The hill pass allows the transport of sand by wind, creating a "narrow-pipe effect", which causes the transported material to gradually accumulate in the center of the shadow zone. We observed that the following are needed for sand shadow dunes to form:(1) strong winds, sufficient sand, suitable obstacles and a dry climate;(2) one or both sides of the obstacle forming the shadow zone must have a hill pass; and(3) the windward side of the obstacle must have a wide, flat area, providing adequate spacing for wind flow and transport of material and the leeward side must have a sufficiently broad, flat area to allow the release of the transported material. Research results on these newly discovered dunes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau could contribute to the understanding of dune geomorphology. 相似文献
15.
塔里木沙漠公路风沙危害形成研究 总被引：30，自引：10，他引：30
塔里木沙漠公路南北横贯塔里木盆地 ,全长 5 6 2km ,其中近 80 %的路段穿行于塔克拉玛干沙漠之中 ,是世界上穿越流动沙漠最长的等级公路 ,因而风沙危害是制约沙漠公路正常运行的主要病害。研究表明 ,1)沙漠公路沿线风力强劲 ,沙丘形态各异 ,地表组成物质松散 ,为风沙危害形成提供了动力条件和奠定了物质基础 ;作为风沙危害的受灾对象 ,沙漠公路防沙体系结构以及公路纵横断面也直接作用于风沙危害形成过程 ;2 )沙漠公路风沙危害主要源于防沙体系沙物质的侵入和防沙体系内部因近地面气流变异而产生的风蚀与堆积 ;目前沙漠公路风沙危害的主体是防沙体系 ,危害的形式包括风蚀、风沙流滞留积沙和沙丘前移压埋。 相似文献
16.
随机抽样必要样本容量的确定方法及其应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在随机抽样中,常通过样本均值来估计总体均值,而样本容量的选择是估算样本均值的关键。以统计理论为基础,并结合半干旱区科尔沁沙地的土壤含水量、有机质、氮、磷和钾含量;植物种组成与植被高度、盖度及密度等历史数据集,得到了这些生态指标在随机抽样中的必要样本容量和确定方法。分析结果表明：当这些指标的变异系数不超过相应的变异系数时,① 沙地农田土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、全磷、有效磷和速效钾含量的必要样本容量在7~15之间;② 沙质草地和固定沙丘植被高度、盖度、密度和植物种数的必要样本容量分别为11, 8, 28和15;③ 固定沙丘和半固定沙丘0~30 cm土壤含水量的必要样本容量分别为32和12。这为今后在该区域或者类似地区研究这些指标,对样本容量的合理选取有一定的指导作用和参考价值。 相似文献
17.
Grain size distribution at four developmental stages of crescent dunes in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert,China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Although scientists have performed many studies on crescent (barchan) dunes in the Taklimakan Desert,few studies reported the changes in grain size at different development stages of crescent dunes.In order to evaluate the changing trends of surface sediment grain size with dune development,we investigated the grain size characteristics at four developmental stages (oval sand pile,shield dune,incipient crescent dune and mature crescent dune) of crescent dunes by measuring the morphology of sand dune and observing the near-surface wind regime.The dunes have developed in a wide inter-dune corridor between high compound longitudinal ridges in China's Taklimakan Desert.The surface sediments at four developmental stages of the crescent dunes were primarily composed of fine sands,followed by very fine and medium sands.Mean grain sizes ranged from 2.8 to 3.1 φ,with a unimodal distribution.The sands were moderately well-sorted,their distribution varied from platykurtic to very platykurtic,and symmetrical or skewed towards the fine particles.From oval sand piles through shield and incipient crescent dunes to mature crescent dunes,incipient grain size gradually increased,particles became finer,sorting became better,kurtosis and skewness increased.Grain sizes on the surface layer became coarser upwards from the toe of the windward slope and then became finer towards the bottom of the leeward slope.We found that the coarsest particles at different positions at the four developmental stages were different.The coarsest particles were distributed at the top of the oval sand piles and shield dunes,versus at the middle of the windward slope of the incipient and mature crescent dunes.Correlations between the mean grain size and other grain size parameters showed that as mean grain size became finer,sorting became better and kurtosis became wider,but skewness changed only slightly.In addition,grain size variation in the surface sediments correlated with the movement speed of the dunes in the study area.In the open ground among tall-complex longitudinal ridges in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert where aeolian environment is characterized by comparatively strong wind and unsaturated sand flow,faster dune movement corresponded to coarser grain size. 相似文献
18.
阿拉善高原频发沙尘暴因素分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
阿拉善高原是几条强冷空气的主要交汇处,冷空气活动频繁,干旱荒漠区风的作用十分强烈,年大风日数西北部多达50~100d,东南部较少,也达15~30d。阿拉善高原上的尘源物质丰富,有流动沙丘79928km2,半固定沙丘13113km2,粉粒含量在1.18%-2.00%。阿拉善高原有11个干旱湖盆,总面积达10581.3km2。粉粒平均含量达到63.08%。人类活动对沙尘暴加强作用主要表现在三个方面:不合理用水导致湖泊萎缩,形成干旱湖盆;破坏地表植被及土体结构;采矿业增加工业粉尘。 相似文献
19.
沙漠油田基地路生物防沙试验段林木生长状况 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
对沙漠油田基地路生物防沙技术示范工程中不同立地条件下所种植的梭梭、柽柳、沙拐枣三类灌木的生长状况进行了调查，对盐水灌溉后各种立地类型的沙地土壤水盐状况进行了取样分析。研究结果表明：在塔中沙漠油田基地路生物防护体系建设的过程中，在沙丘和平沙地上应选用沙拐枣和梭梭，如种植柽柳则需采取适当的土壤保水措施（如在种植坑内加施草碳、固水剂、粘土等）。在含有下伏亚粘土层的沙地上应选用柽柳和梭梭，在丘间板结沙地上要想营造防护林，必需采取适当的技术措施，使土壤疏松（如深开沟、回填流沙等）。 相似文献
20.
毛乌素沙地东南缘不同类型沙丘土壤水分分布特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
通过对横山县境内毛乌素沙地东南缘的实地考察,根据植被类型和植被覆盖度,将沙丘分为裸露流动沙丘、灌木覆盖沙丘、乔木覆盖沙丘,分别在各类沙丘不同地貌部位实施4 m深度钻孔取样,并进行含水量测试和粒度分析,研究沙地土壤含水量变化。结果表明:对于垂直方向0～4m深度的沙地、灌木和乔木覆盖沙丘平均含水量变化为:丘间洼地>迎风坡>背风坡,而裸露流动沙丘平均含水量变化为:丘间洼地>背风坡>迎风坡;不同类型沙丘在各地貌部位不同层段含水量变化差异明显,变化趋势不统一。沙丘的地貌部位相同,地表的植被类型和覆盖度差异是影响沙地土壤含水量的重要因素,测试结果显示,迎风坡含水量为:灌木覆盖沙丘>乔木覆盖沙丘>裸露流动沙丘;背风坡含水量为:灌木覆盖沙丘>裸露流动沙丘>乔木覆盖沙丘;丘间洼地含水量为:灌木覆盖沙丘>乔木覆盖沙丘>裸露流动沙丘。灌木覆盖沙丘土壤含水量变异系数最大,水分含量在不同层位波动较大,裸露流动沙丘和乔木覆盖沙丘含水量波动差异较小。沙丘上生长的灌木和乔木明显地改变了沙丘含水量的变化特征,灌木比乔木对沙丘含水量及其垂向变化的影响更显著。灌木对地表大气中的粉尘有较强的拦截能力,灌木沙丘平均的粉砂和黏土含量高,灌木的覆盖有利于沙地的土壤化进程和保持沙地水分,在沙地绿化过程中,应充分考虑灌木植物的作用。 相似文献