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火是管理生态系统的重要自然工具。草地火包括自然和人为火，长期在自然界生态系统中起着作用。草地火管理可用计算机模型予测自然火烧或计划火烧等火行为，来取得可予测的资源管理目标，开展研究和监测保证。 相似文献
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<正> 由于火在草地植物群落的历史发展和演替过程中一直起着重要的作用,所以在全世界很多的草地生态系统中,火被认为是一种重要的生态因子。尽管有人对火烧这种草地管理措施的运用持消极态度,尽管火烧草地有时可能对人畜造成威胁,临时中断牲畜对牧草的采食,加上野火的破坏性,这就进一步助长了一些人对草地进行火烧的偏见。但是,火烧草地作为一种古老的草地改良措 相似文献
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草地火灾生成原因及火管理系统的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
火是管理生态系统的重要自然工具。草地火包括自然火和人为火,长期在自然界生态系统中起着作用。草地火管理可用计算机模型预测自然火烧或计划火烧等火行为,来取得可预测的资源管理目标、灾情评估数学模型和减灾系统工程,开展研究和监测保证。 相似文献
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火烧影响着草地植物种群的繁殖策略和形成过程,控制着群落的组成、外貌特征、动态变化和演替进程。本文通过对比黄土高原典型草原未火烧区和火烧区火后第一年地上植被特征、群落结构、物种组成和繁殖更新,探讨了黄土高原典型草原地上植被和繁殖更新对火烧的响应机制。结果表明,火烧显著降低了群落盖度、枯落物厚度与生物量,显著提高了群落的密度。火烧对物种丰富度影响不显著,却显著降低了4个物种多样性指数(Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数)。火烧干扰明显改变了植物群落结构和物种组成。火烧显著提高了草地的繁殖更新密度和无性繁殖密度,而对有性繁殖密度和草地繁殖更新的物种丰富度影响不显著。火烧显著提高根茎型和分蘖型植物的密度,而对根蘖型、分枝型和匍匐型植物密度影响不显著。黄土高原典型草原是以多年生克隆植物为主的草原生态系统,地上植被的繁殖更新更依赖于无性繁殖。植物繁殖更新贡献高低与火烧无关,而与草地群落物种组成相关。 相似文献
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草地火灾生成原因及火管理系统的研究与应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
1生成原因草地火是燃烧产生的现象,亦是自然生态系统的一部分,从生态意义上的火烧称为野火。草地火灾包括草原、山地林区和一切植被的火灾,主要由于雷击、闪电、滚石磨擦和长期气候干旱等原因而发生的自然火源,而人为因素也是我国发生草地火灾的主 相似文献
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以2010年1月21日发生于青藏高原亚高山草甸草地火灾的过火草地为对象,通过对比2010年生长季火烧与未火烧草地生产力及植物群落的变化,发现火烧后第1年草地生产力有不同程度提高,以高寒灌丛草甸线叶嵩草+发草+苔草草地增产影响最大(P0.05)。火烧对植物群落中的种类成分没有明显影响,但在各火烧草地牧草经济类群中,以占优势的莎草科植物呈现出明显的增产效果(P0.05),说明火烧对根茎型莎草科植物起着刺激生长的作用。群落中禾本科植物产草量均有较大幅度下降(P0.05),表明火烧对根茎型禾本科高草的叶层高度有明显的抑制。火烧对各类草地植物生长期产生不同的影响,牧草返青期提前15~25d,生长期延长。 相似文献
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摘要：以云雾山典型草原本氏针茅（Stipa bungeana）群落为对象,研究了火烧后2年、10年和未烧草地群落的物种重要值、群落平均高度、盖度、密度、地上生物量、多样性指数及枯落物积累量的变化。结果表明,1）3个样地中,本氏针茅和白颖苔草（Carex rigesoens）是共优势种;火烧后2年和未烧地,铁杆蒿(Artemisia sacrorum)成为次优势种,而火烧后10年,赖草（Leymus secalinus）成为次优势种。2）火烧后2年地,群落的平均高度显著减小(P<0.05);火烧后10年地,群落的平均盖度显著减小(P<0.05);火烧后2年和火烧后10年地,群落的平均密度显著增加(P<0.05)。3）火烧后,群落的地上生物量、多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数差异均不显著(P>0.05)。4）枯落物积累量变化表现为：未烧地>火烧后10年地>火烧后2年地,差异显著(P<0.05)。 相似文献
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在沈阳浑河满融段北岸,测定了火烧、刈割耙除处理下草地早熟禾返青期的生理指标和土壤指标。结果表明:与正常生长管理的草地早熟禾草地对照相比,对草地早熟禾草地进行火烧和刈割耙除处理,均能够加快草地早熟禾返青速率,提高叶绿素含量,提高表层土壤的温度,降低表层土壤的含水量,降低表层土壤的全氮和全磷含量。与火烧处理相比,刈割耙除处理更加温和,在除去枯草层的同时,没有破坏草地原有的腐殖质层,而降低土壤含水量和氮磷含量的幅度也更低,同时也避免了火烧处理带来的环境污染和安全隐患。因此,生产中刈割耙除,可作为代替火烧的草地早熟禾草地返青期的养护管理措施。 相似文献
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Fire plays a central role in influencing ecosystem patterns and processes. However, documentation of fire seasonality and plant community response is limited in semiarid grasslands. We evaluated aboveground biomass, cover, and frequency response to summer, fall, and spring fires and no fire on silty and clayey sites in semiarid, C3-dominated grassland. The magnitude of change in biomass between years was greater than any differences among fire treatments. Still, differences existed among seasons of fire. Summer fire reduced non-native annual forb frequency (3% vs. 10% ± 2%) and Hesperostipa comata, reduced native annual forbs the first year, increased Poa secunda and bare ground, and increased Vulpia octoflora the second year. Fall fire increased grass biomass (1224 vs. 1058 ± 56 kg ? ha? 1), but fall fire effects were generally similar to those of summer fire. Spring fire effects tended to be intermediate between no fire and summer and fall fire with the exception that spring fire was most detrimental to H. comata the first growing season and did not increase bare ground. All seasons of fire reduced litter, forb biomass, and frequency of Bromus japonicus and Artemisia spp., and they reduced H. comata, V. octoflora, and native annual forbs the first year, but increased basal cover of C3 perennial grasses (2.2% vs. 0.6% ± 0.4%). Fire during any season increased dominance of native species compared with no fire (6.6% vs. 2.0% ± 1.0% basal cover) and maintained productivity. Seasonal timing of fire manipulated species composition, but increased C3 perennial grass cover and native species dominance with fire during any season indicated that using fire was more important than the season in which it occurred. In addition, fire effects on the vegetation components tended to be counter to previously observed effects of grazing, suggesting fire and grazing may be complementary. 相似文献
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松嫩草原火干扰状况研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
松嫩草原自然状态下火周期为４年，最易着火的季节—时间是每年４月和１０月，以４月份最为敏感。松嫩草原火提高的地下０．５ｃｍ处土壤温度与燃掉的可燃物量成直线正相关。燃烧指数以每年的４月份最高，大于６０，形成炙热速进火。草原火管理工作中，应着重加强对每年４月份的警戒。 相似文献
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《African Journal of Range and Forage Science》2013,30(3):199-208
Few assessments of the effects of fire and grazing on the herbaceous components of savannas have been reported for Africa. In the Kruger National Park, South Africa, range condition was monitored at three savanna sites spanning a rainfall gradient of 450 to 700 mm and subject to grazing by wildlife. The sites were burnt at 1-, 2- and 3-year intervals, in different seasons and included a control treatment excluding fire for >40 years. Initial surveys of the herbaceous vegetation were conducted between 1954 and 1957 and repeated between 1998 and 2001. Grass species were categorised as either decreaser or increaser species, which decline or increase with over- or under-utilisation, respectively, and their potential to provide forage and fuel for fires indicative of range condition were derived. Range condition improved with regular burning in the moist sites, but deteriorated in the arid sites over all seasons and frequencies of burning. It is concluded that the current homogenous approach to burning across the Park needs to be adapted by reducing the frequency of fires at more arid sites and can be achieved by burning according to the proportions of decreaser and increaser species reflecting the ecological status of the herbaceous vegetation. 相似文献
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Policymakers and managers are promoting Rangeland Fire Protection Associations (RFPA) as one way to better incorporate private citizens as active participants who contribute to fire suppression efforts on public rangelands. While the RFPA program is growing in popularity, little is known about the way that RFPAs establish and operate. This is especially true in mosaic management scenarios characterized by fragmented landownerships and a variety of land or fire management entities responsible for wildfire suppression. Our goal was to investigate how an RFPA forms and functions in a management scenario characterized by: 1) proximity to exurban residential development; 2) agreements with multiple local, state, and federal wildfire suppression entities; and 3) a geographically disperse protection district. We conducted in-depth interviews with RFPA members, land or fire management professionals, emergency managers, and local interest groups who interact with the Black Canyon RFPA (BCRFPA) in southwestern Idaho. We found that the BCRFPA leveraged the insights, documents and support of existing RFPAs during their establishment, but ultimately had to adapt the RFPA idea to specific elements of their local context. Members of nearby rural fire districts were initially apprehensive about the formation of the BCRFPA due to concerns about resource competition (e.g., funding and large equipment). RFPA members with professional firefighting experience helped alleviate those tensions by explaining how the RFPA would integrate into existing wildfire management networks. The BCRFPA provided local knowledge about road conditions, water resources, and fuel conditions and initial attack to fill in gaps in landscape-level wildfire protection. However, the proximity of residential areas to the BCRFPA protection district made decisions about fire suppression more complex by introducing trade-offs between residential and rangeland resource protections. Ultimately, our results indicate that RFPAs can help rangeland human populations better adapt to wildfire risk, but that social fragmentation may challenge RFPA functioning. 相似文献
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E. W. Herbert 《Equine Veterinary Education》2018,30(4):177-186
Eight horses with varying degrees of burns sustained in an Australian bushfire were treated over several months. The horses were attended at the scene of the fire and then hospitalised from 4 days to 4 months for burns sustained to the head, ventral body and legs. The clinical findings and treatment of two of the horses are described. Variations with barn fire injuries and treatment are noted. While some horses were subject to euthanasia, or died at the scene of the fire, all hospitalised horses recovered. 相似文献
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生物质燃烧是重要的气候强迫因子,也是影响空气质量的重要污染源。黑龙江作为农林业大省,森林、草地、农业资源丰富,研究和分析黑龙江生物质燃烧情况,能够为秸秆资源综合利用、森林草原防火、环境质量改善等提供依据。本研究基于MODIS卫星数据、土地利用数据及高程数据,对黑龙江2010-2017年生物质燃烧火点时空分布特征进行了分析,包括秸秆焚烧火点、林火、草地野火。结果表明,黑龙江省火点主要集中在松嫩平原、三江平原以及小兴安岭中北部;黑河市火点占总火点的30%,齐齐哈尔次之,占16%;秸秆焚烧火点占总火点的68%,林火占32%。年内火点在春、秋两季最为明显,呈双峰分布,春秋季火点数占比分别为51%、45%。2010年以来林地与草地火点数量波动较小;秸秆焚烧火点数量自2014年起显著增加(P<0.05),2016年禁烧政策的开展下火点数量得到控制,秋季火点减少,但春季依旧呈现增加趋势。 相似文献
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3S技术的广泛应用及信息技术的迅速发展,为草原火灾信息的获取、管理等技术的发展提供了技术支撑条件。我国自20世纪80年代开始应用遥感技术获取草原火灾信息,加快了草原火信息管理技术的发展,到90年代草原火灾信息获取、管理技术的研究进一步深入,并直接服务于生产实践。 相似文献
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Abstract The major portion of the fuel load in the savanna areas comprises surface fuels in the form of the standing grass sward. The disc pasture meter was successfully calibrated for estimating grass fuel loads in the main landscapes of the Kruger National Park. The calibration comprised estimating the mean disc height of a 4 m2 quadrat and harvesting the grass as close to ground level as possible. Using a large quadrat gave highly satisfactory results indicating that this procedure should be considered as a standard method of calibration, particularly in grass swards having a low basal cover. 相似文献
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羊草草甸草原火烧地凋落物的分解与积累速率变化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
草原经常着火,火烧是草原生态系统中正常而重要的自然生态因子。羊草草甸草原火烧后土壤温度升高,湿度下降,微生物区系组成也发生显著变化,导致枯落物分解和积累速率产生差异。对比研究表明:火烧地羊草枯落物第一年分解消失率为0.25489g·g~(-1)·a~(-1),第二年为0.17344,而未烧地分别为0.34956和0.19913;火烧地群落枯落物分解消失率第一年为0.40797,第二年为0.25443;未烧地分别为0.46204和0.27003。火烧地群落枯落物干重损失99％需3.6年,而未烧地损失99％需3.3年;火烧地羊草枯落物干重损失99％需5.0年,而未烧地需4.1年。火烧地群落枯落物积累量达到50％稳定需2.0年,未烧地需0.4年,火烧地枯落物积累量达到95％稳定需6.7年,未烧地需6.9年。自火烧后第4年起,火烧效应消失。 相似文献
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