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1.
为探究农户饮食多样性得分和食物消费得分2种食物安全测量指标的差异以及影响食物安全的因素,采用陕西省镇安县、洛南县,云南省武定县、会泽县和贵州省盘县、正安县2015年1 368户农户实地调研数据,并运用Logit模型进行影响因素实证分析。研究结果表明:1)农户饮食多样性得分和食物消费得分的相关性较高,但从定义、测量方法到结果都有差异,饮食多样性得分的食物消费追溯期短,获取的食物消费情况更准确,而食物消费得分设定不同的食物种类权重更能识别真正食物不安全人群;2)家里有婴幼儿、劳动力平均受教育年限、家庭人均年收入、家里养殖牲畜对农户食物安全具有显著的正向影响。基于以上分析,食物安全评估和测量指标应该根据不同的需要进行选取,且在减贫的同时应关注贫困地区农户的食物获取能力以减轻农户食物不安全的状况。 相似文献
2.
Stephen E. gareau 《Agriculture and Human Values》2004,21(4):273-285
Food insecurity, and its extreme form, hunger, occur whenever the accessibility to an adequate supply of nutritional and safe foods becomes restricted or unpredictable. They are recurring problems in certain regions of the US, as well as in many parts of the world. According to nation-wide surveys conducted by the US Bureau of the Census, between 1996 and 1998 an estimated 9.7% of US households were classified as food insecure (6.2% being food insecure without evidence of hunger, and 3.5% being food insecure with moderate to severe hunger). This means that approximately 10 million households each year did not always have access to enough food to meet basic needs. A potential tool in the fight against food insecurity and hunger is information technology (IT), since its use and range of application continue to grow at astonishing rates. The study presented here examined the question of how information technology, particularly the Internet, can be used to promote food security. The study used an action science research approach, and a case study strategy, with the food security system of Oktibbeha County, Mississippi selected as the case for study. The research design was a two-phase process. Phase one consisted of a needs assessment among food assistance organizations in Oktibbeha County, and included interviews of key food assistance personnel. Phase one also included a survey of IT subject matter experts to seek their opinions about the current state of Web-based information technology. Phase two involved an analysis of various IT implementation issues, as well as the development of a Web-based food security information system prototype tool. The needs assessment results indicated that (a) certain food security system and information needs existed among the food assistance organizations in Oktibbeha County, and (b) appropriate information technologies existed that could be applied to these needs. The food security needs related to better communication and coordination of information, such as program information, food site inventory information, client history information, food donation information, and nutrition education information. In regard to technology development, a variety of scenarios were examined. These included client-side approaches, server-side approaches, simple e-mail-based systems, Java-based systems, systems based on the Common Gateway Interface (CGI), and commercial database systems. In applying the needs assessment and survey results, the researcher developed a prototype Web site (including a series of online database tools) that could be used to promote food security in counties such as Oktibbeha County. The results of this research show that appropriate, Internet-based, IT holds promise for the reduction of certain social problems, such as food insecurity and hunger. 相似文献
3.
We demonstrate that social capital is associated with positive food security outcomes, using survey data from 378 households in rural Uganda. We measured food security with the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale. For social capital, we measured cognitive and structural indicators, with principal components analysis used to identify key factors of the concept for logistic regression analysis. Households with bridging and linking social capital, characterized by membership in groups, access to information from external institutions, and observance of norms in groups, tended to be more food secure. Households with cognitive social capital, characterized by observance of generalized norms and mutual trust, were also more food secure than others. However, we established that social capital is, by itself, insufficient. It needs to be complemented with human capital enhancement. We recommend that development interventions which focus on strengthening community associations and networks to enhance food security should support activities which enhance cognitive social capital and human capital skills. Such activities include mutual goal setting, trust building and clear communication among actors. Education efforts for community members, both formal and non-formal, should also be supported such that they potentially strengthen social capital to improve food security in rural Uganda. 相似文献
4.
Lydia Zepeda 《Agriculture and Human Values》2018,35(1):243-254
This is a community based research project using a case study of 20 people living in middle America who are food insecure, but do not use food pantries. The participants’ rate of actual hunger is twice that of food insecure community members who use food pantries. Since most of the participants are not poor, the Asset Vulnerability Framework (AVF) is used to classify causes of food insecurity. The purpose of the study is to identify why participants are food insecure and why they do not use food pantries. Findings reveal that the participants restrict the quality and quantity of food eaten as a strategy to manage their budget. Following AVF, this strategy allows them to offset lower returns to labor assets, cover rising costs of human capital investment, protect their two most important productive assets of housing and transportation, and compensate for household relationships that increase their vulnerability. In addition, food insecurity itself inhibited social capital formation, further increasing vulnerability. The main reasons the participants do not use food pantries is to protect their social capital assets: almost all of the participants hid their hunger from colleagues, friends, relatives, and even the people they lived with. The participants described fear of societal shaming and blaming as motivations for hiding their hunger. However, using food pantries could reduce their food insecurity. Therefore, there was a feedback loop between food insecurity and social capital: food insecurity reduced social capital and efforts to protect social capital prevented participants from improving food security by using food pantries. 相似文献
5.
Lois Wright Morton Ella Annette Bitto Mary Jane Oakland Mary Sand 《Agriculture and Human Values》2008,25(1):107-119
Reciprocity and redistribution economies are often used by low-income households to increase access to food, adequate diets,
and food security. A United States study of two high poverty rural counties and two low-income urban neighborhoods reveal
poor urban households are more likely to access food through the redistribution economy than poor rural households. Reciprocal
nonmarket food exchanges occur more frequently in low-income rural households studied compared to low-income urban ones. The
rural low-income purposeful sample was significantly more likely to give food to family, friends, and neighbors and obtain
food such as fish, meat, and garden produce from friends and family compared to the urban low-income group. Further, 58% of
the low-income rural group had access to garden produce while only 23% of the low-income urban group reported access. In a
rural random sample of the whole population in the two high poverty counties access to garden produce increased chances of
attaining recommended vegetable and fruit servings controlling for income, education, and age. Access to a garden also significantly
increased the variety of fruits and vegetables in diets.
相似文献
| Lois Wright MortonEmail: |
6.
Urban agriculture, social capital, and food security in the Kibera slums of Nairobi, Kenya 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Courtney M. Gallaher John M. Kerr Mary Njenga Nancy K. Karanja Antoinette M. G. A. WinklerPrins 《Agriculture and Human Values》2013,30(3):389-404
Much of the developing world, including Kenya, is rapidly urbanizing. Rising food and fuel prices in recent years have put the food security of the urban poor in a precarious position. In cities worldwide, urban agriculture helps some poor people gain access to food, but urban agriculture is less common in densely populated slums that lack space. In the Kibera slums of Nairobi, Kenya, households have recently begun a new form of urban agriculture called sack gardening in which vegetables such as kale and Swiss chard are planted into large sacks filled with topsoil. This paper examines relationships among sack gardening, social capital, and food security in Kibera. We used a mixed methods approach, combining qualitative interviews with a household survey, as well as focus group discussions with both farmers and non-farmers. We present evidence that sack gardening increases social capital, especially for those households that undertake sack gardening in groups. We also find that sack gardening in the Kibera slums has a positive impact on household food security by improving household dietary diversity and by reducing the need to resort to painful coping mechanisms that are used during food shortages. 相似文献
7.
数字普惠金融在降低家庭金融准入门槛的同时也增加了家庭的财务风险。基于CHFS2013-2019年微观调查数据进行实证检验,以家庭过度负债为研究重点分析数字普惠金融对家庭财务风险的影响,探究数字普惠金融对家庭部门财务风险的影响机制与作用路径。研究发现,数字普惠金融通过增加家庭高风险型债务的方式扩大家庭过度负债风险,进而导致家庭偿债能力与资产流动性降低,增大家庭财务风险。进一步研究发现,中低收入家庭与农村家庭等财务弱势家庭更易受到数字普惠金融影响从而导致过度负债与财务风险扩大。政府应完善数字金融监管制度,加强社会金融福利保障体系建设,引导数字普惠金融市场良性发展。 相似文献
8.
Pro-poor value chains intend to integrate smallholding farmers into high value markets to contribute to poverty alleviation and food security. Although income benefits of pro-poor value chains have been found, scant evidence exists regarding the potential for these markets to enhance food security. This study focuses on components of food access—dietary diversity, physical and financial access, and social acceptability—among households that participate in pro-poor value chains and non-participating households in the central highlands of Peru where development interventions have created high value market niches for the native potato varieties that smallholding farmers have conserved for thousands of years. Using a mixed methods approach, this study assessed dietary diversity among households that participate and do not participate in pro-poor value chains, as well as their perceptions of their food access. Findings indicated that households that participate in value chains have higher dietary diversity than non-participating households but that these differences are likely due to pre-existing differences in socioeconomic status rather than any causal effect provided by value chains. The study also concluded that while participation in pro-poor value chains sometimes enhance the purchasing power of participating households, they may also weaken financial access, important for both purchasing food and travel to make those purchases. Community perspectives also indicated concerns with the acceptability of diets, which cannot likely be comprehensively addressed by pro-poor value chains. Collectively, the findings from this study cast doubt on the assumption that a linear flow exists between pro-poor value chains and enhanced food access. 相似文献
9.
There is, at present, little precise understanding of the relative contributions of the various income streams used by impoverished rural households in southern Africa. The impact of household profiles on overall income also is not well understood. There is, therefore, little consideration of these factors in national economic accounting. This paper is an attempt to reduce this gap in knowledge by reflecting on the relative contribution of agro-pastoralism, secondary woodland resources, and formal and informal cash income streams to households in the semi-arid rural village of Thorndale, Limpopo Province, South Africa. In the absence of jobs and confronted with high migrant labor, households with open access to natural resources derived more benefits from land-based livelihoods than cash income streams (i.e., 57.5 % vs. 42.5 %). Total livelihood income was valued at US$2887 per household per annum. A significant correlation between monetary values derived from crops and formal wages was established, and it was found that households with high cash incomes tended to invest more in crop production. Over 80 of households were male-headed. Of these heads of household, more than 60 were long-term migrants to urban areas, leaving household decision-making to the women. The low literacy rates of women have deprived them of paid jobs outside the area and, therefore, have increased their dependence on crops (62%) and secondary woodlands resources (60%). This was further reflected in the proportion of households in which females were the main contributors of cash income (9.7%), or joint contributors with men (24.4%). Various positive correlations were established between the number of women per household and the three land-based livelihoods. This implied that womens total control over such activities was mostly a result of the absence of men and not a typical phenomenon. In spite of this control, it was not positively reflected in the lives of majority of the women. Households differed in their participation in livelihood activities. Household size influenced the level of production and was positively correlated with the value of secondary woodland resources and crops. The study shows the interdependence of land-based livelihood sources and the impact of household features on production and consumption. Policies that focus on livelihood options need to recognize and accommodate associated household dynamics.Delali B. K. Dovie is a conservation biologist with interests in agricultural and natural resource economics and conservation, rural sociology, and global environmental change issues. He is currently a START/IGBP African Doctoral Fellow, and Honorary Research Fellow, School of Animal, Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.E. T. F. Witkowski is an ecologist with expertise in eco-physiology, restoration and plant ecology, and ethnobotany. He is Professor and Director of the Restoration and Conservation Biology Research Group, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa.Charlie M. Shackleton is an ecologist and Professor at the Department of Environmental Science, Rhodes University with many years of experience and good working knowledge of agro-ecological research, natural resources, plant population dynamics, and ethnobotany. 相似文献
10.
粮食主产区农户采用农业新技术及其影响因素的实证分析 ——以吉林省榆树县为例 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
【目的】为粮食主产区农业新技术的普及提供参考,促进粮食生产能力的提升。【方法】采用参与性农户评估方法（PRA）对东北粮食主产区榆树县245户农户进行了分层随机抽样调查,从农业新技术的接受途径,农户主要的技术需求以及影响农户接受新技术的因素等方面进行分析。【结果】96.3%的被调查农户主要收入来源于种植业;38.4%的农户获取农业新技术主要来源是农业技术推广,64.9%的农户通过向邻居学习来获得农业技术信息;48.2%和51.4%的农户需求新型肥料和新型农机等农业新技术;90.2%的农户认为栽培粗放制约了玉米产量的提高;89.4%的农户对农技推广是很欢迎的,但有近50%的农户得不到推广服务。【结论】粮食主产区农业技术进步需要重点选育抗逆性强的高产品种,研究新型长效肥技术,研制适合单个农户的农业机械以及开发与品种配套的栽培管理模式。农业新技术的推广应注重技术的增产和增收,加大公益性技术推广服务和典型农户的示范带动。 相似文献
11.
选取典型移民示范区宁夏永宁县闽宁镇为研究区域,采用参与式农村评估方法,在划分农户生计方式的基础上对不同生计方式农户的土地利用变化和土地利用效率进行研究。结果表明：不同生计方式农户的土地利用方式与用地效率之间存在明显差异。表现为纯农户种植结构单一,以种植粮食作物为主;非农户种植结构单一,以种植经济作物为主;兼业户的种植结构最为复杂。兼业户和非农户的土地利用效率高于纯农户。比较3种土地利用方式,纯农户所获得的收益最高。农业兼业化现象,使得农户对农业的投入减少和农业管理弱化。 相似文献
12.
在摆脱贫困发展经济的过程中,资金起着十分重要的作用。与财政投资和社会捐赠等相比,信贷则是一种最为适合农村特别是贫困农户摆脱贫困、扩大生产的资金来源。在我国,小额信贷已经得到推广,但是贫困农户获取小额信贷的需求与供给不平衡现象严重。该研究基于在湖北省农村的问卷调研数据,运用离散选择模型,实证研究了贫困农户小额信贷获取的决定因素。结果表明,家庭收入、自营职业和官方地位是农户获得小额信贷的3大影响因素。偿还能力和获得小额信贷之间密切相关,说明提高农户的债务偿还能力有助于他们获得小额信贷。 相似文献
13.
重庆市农村家庭能源可持续消费研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
以重庆市域内14个村565户农户家庭生活能源消费及相关问题的调查为基础,分析了农村家庭能源消费水平和结构的主要特征.研究表明,调查地区农村人均家庭能源消费为1332.0 kgce,能源消费水平与温饱型经济水平基本一致;在农村家庭生活用能结构中,生物质能占总消费量的82.8%,煤炭占12.0%,农村家庭生活能源消费仍主要依赖当地自然资源;在自然资源条件和生活观念相近的条件下,农村家庭人均能耗与家庭经营人均收入和人均生猪饲养量正相关,与户均人口负相关;电能在农村家庭能源消费总量中的比重较小,但随着农村经济发展水平提高而呈适上升趋势,而天然气是未来农村居民的首选能源. 相似文献
14.
从老年农户流出农地的现象入手,基于理论推导,使用“中国农村发展调查”数据,采用面板固定效应回归和倾向得分匹配等计量方法,分析农业劳动力老龄化对农地流转的影响。结果表明:(1)缓解了样本缺失问题后,老龄化对农地流转的估计系数得到增强。(2)对于拥有足额养老金、家庭劳均农业收入较少(低于村平均水平)或家庭农业收入占比较低(<0.25)的农户家庭,其在老龄化影响下流出的农地面积更大。(3)如果村庄被新型农村合作医疗保险政策覆盖或拥有养老院,老年农户流出的农地面积趋于增加。(4)如果村庄提供灌溉设施、机械化耕地服务等改善效率的公共品,家庭劳均农业收入较少或家庭农业收入占比较低的家庭将进一步流出农地。据此,提出加大对农村地区老年人的社会保障力度、积极投资改善农业生产效率的公共品的对策建议。 相似文献
15.
基于CFPS数据库实证探讨农村家庭贫困脆弱性水平和关键影响因素。结论如下：中国农村家庭贫困脆弱性总体先下降、后反弹上升，且不同地域分布的农户和不同家庭特征的农户家庭贫困脆弱性存在显著差异。同时，农村贫困脆弱家庭中长期脆弱家庭和动态脆弱家庭也并存；农户家庭特征和外部发展条件显著影响农村家庭贫困脆弱性，户主年长、家有患病人员、家有较多老人与未成年子女以及经历自然灾害等情况加剧家庭贫困脆弱性。户主高学历、家有较多劳动力，家庭成员参与医疗、养老保险以及家庭可便捷获取教育、医疗和信息服务，家庭贫困脆弱性有效缓解。农民职业技能培训、耕地占有量和家庭社会关系网络及农村农业机械化与合作组织发展未产生有效的贫困脆弱缓解效应。 相似文献
16.
为理解我国养殖业结构调整中农户大量退出生猪散养这一突出现象,本研究尝试在经典可持续生计分析框架的基础上,提出局部生计系统、生计功能、生计依赖和生计突破等概念,构建农户退出生猪散养的分析框架,并将农户按照生计功能分为收入多样化户、猪肉自给户和风险防范户3类,同时利用农户调查数据展开实证研究。结果表明:退出现象表现为各类农户同时但不同程度的退出;不同类型农户退出的驱动因素可能不同,同一因素对不同类型农户退出的作用机制也可能不同;有利的地理和交通条件、户主低龄化、耕地资源短缺和非农就业等因素相互交织是收入多样化农户退出的主要原因;交通条件、非农务工、非农经营和总收入增长引起的消费偏好改变是猪肉自给农户退出的主要原因;生存风险显著降低是风险防范农户退出的主要原因。最后提出了应对农户退出生猪散养的政策建议。 相似文献
17.
农户退出宅基地意愿影响因素分析——基于陕西杨凌、武功214家农户的调研 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
宅基地退出作为宅基地流转的重要环节,在控制宅基地存量、解决空心村问题、提高农村建设用地效率等方面具有重要作用。通过对陕西杨凌、武功两地农户调研,分析了目前城市化过程中影响农户退出宅基地意愿的影响因素,并利用Logistic模型对农户退出宅基意愿影响因素进行深入研究。结果表明,农户退出宅基地的意愿与户主年龄、户主工作稳定程度、未婚男性比例、人口数、对耕地的依赖程度成负向关系;与家庭人均收入、宅基地数量、社保参与程度、政策认知程度成正向关系。 相似文献
18.
This study uses the Locke and Okali gender analysis framework to explore gender relations surrounding grain storage management and marketing in Binga District of Zimbabwe. The study was conducted during one grain storage season and involved multiple visits to selected households, which were used as case studies. The main question that the study sought to address was: “What bargaining goes on between men and women in the area of stored grain management and marketing?” Data were collected from four households, fitting into the following categories: simple monogamous, complex monogamous (two scenarios), and polygamous. Participatory rural appraisal tools and techniques were extensively used and formed the backdrop of all the data collection. The study established that much bargaining and strategizing occurs within the household in order for women to exercise control over the use of stored grain. The bargaining process was found to be a complex one of give-and-take without an immediately recognizable winner. There is evidence that women use this bargaining power to exert influence on their relative position in the household in terms of independent income generation and management, seniority, and overall household food security policies. While bargaining between and within gender remains shrouded in subtleness, individuals in a household consciously use their skills to manipulate the situation to their best advantage. This article is expected to initiate broader debate in the area of gender roles and bargaining in grain post-harvest management, an area often kept private by smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. 相似文献
19.
Commercial cash crop production and households’ economic welfare: Evidence from the pulse farmers in rural China 
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下载免费PDF全文 Whether promoting cash crop production can increase household welfare has long been the focus of the food policy debate. This study first investigated the determinants of household behavior in commercial pulse farming. It then examined how households’ commercial pulse production improves their economic welfare. We used a dataset of 848 households collected from 2018 to 2019 to estimate the determinants of household behavior in commercial pulse farming by the Heckman two-step model. The endogenous treatment regression (ETR) method was employed to examine the impact of commercial pulse farming on household economic welfare. The results showed that factors such as market purchase prices, agricultural technology services, farmers’ access to loans, and government subsidies promoted smallholders’ commercial pulse farming; production costs and perceptions of climate change risks constrained smallholders’ commercial pulse production. Overall, commercial pulse production has increased household farm income but there was a limited impact on household off-farm income. Our findings suggest that policies aiming to increase households’ cash crop production and market access could significantly improve the economic welfare of pulse farmers. 相似文献
20.
中国农村家庭能源消费现状与发展 总被引：18，自引：2，他引：18
王效华 《南京农业大学学报》1994,17(3):134-141
以中国６县３２４０户农村家庭生活能源消费及相关问题的抽样调查为基础，揭示了农村家庭生活用能水平和构成在各地区间存在的差异，这种差异主要取决于当地能量资源的可获得量。自前农村家庭生活年户用能源一般为７００～１２００ｋｇｃｅ，其中炊事用能占４０％～６０％，生物质能占６０％～９０％，柴草灶的热效率在１０％～２０％。生物质的使用在一些地区已超过合理水平。商品能耗随收入的增加而增加，其中电力增加最为迅速，未来一段时期虽可能出现多元化的能源消费结构，但以生物质燃料为主的能源消费结构不会有重大改变。 相似文献