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1.
以色列的现代化农业 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
贺学礼 《干旱地区农业研究》2001,19(2):127-129
以色列位于中东地区，北部与黎巴嫩接壤，东北部与叙利亚、东部与约旦、西南部与埃及为邻，西濒地中海。国土面积约27 800 km2，呈狭长形，长约470 km，而东西最宽处约135 km。山脉和平原，沃土和沙漠经常只相隔几分钟的路程。以色列境内，既有温带气候，也有热带气候，阳光充足，只有两个差别显著的季节，即从11月至来年3月的多雨冬季和延续7个月的干旱夏季，荒漠几乎占全国土地面积的一半。以色列的农业是一部长期同不利条件进行艰苦斗争和最大限度地利用珍贵水资源和可耕地的成功史，也是充分利用先进科学技术进行农业生产的发展史。节水灌溉，沙漠农业，高科技农业等方面的成果使以色列的农业生产位居世界前列，现代化农业也为以色列创造了巨大的社会和经济效益。 相似文献
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Data are presented on 25 species of aphids recorded in Israel during the last 25 years. Information is provided on their host plants, localities and dates of collection. The occurrence of 11 of these species has not been reported previously. Three of the species are noxious:Cinara cupressi (Buckton),Monellia caryella (Fitch) andAphis citricola van der Goot (= ?A. spiraecola Patch). 相似文献
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以色列农作物病虫害综合防治现状 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以色列虽然是一个土地贫瘠、气候干旱的国家,但农业生产较为发达。尽管病虫害发生种类多,但综合防治措施应用普遍,农产品品质好、产量高,大量有机瓜、果和蔬菜出口欧、亚地区。这既得益于其节水灌溉技术、设施栽培技术,更得益于病虫害综合防治技术(IPM)。其病虫害综合防治技术是基于生态友好、可持续发展的、高度重视农业、生物等非化学措施、最低限度地使用化学措施的综合防治策略。农业栽培预防、物理机械防治、生物防治与化学防治措施在病虫害防治中的应用比例呈金字塔形递减。在当前全社会对农产品安全不断重视的形势下,病虫害防治中… 相似文献
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M Wysoki 《Phytoparasitica》1977,5(3):187-188
A survey of macadamia pests was made in Israel in 1975. A number of pests were found, but none was of economic importance. 相似文献
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The occurrence of a new type of canker on stems and branches of cypress trees(Cupressus sempervirens L.) in Israel is reported.Pestalotiopsis funerea (Desm.) Steyaert was isolated from the cankers. Its pathogenicity was confirmed by formation of typical disease symptoms
in inoculated plants and reisolation of that fungus from the cankers. Canker development was significantly enhanced when extreme
water stress (water potential of -4.7 MPa) was imposed prior to inoculation. 相似文献
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A study was conducted to determine the extent of resistance to malathion in field populations of insects collected from nine granaries located in different regions of Israel. The results showed that the maximum resistance factor calcuated from the LCso s of the different insect species tested was:Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), x 538.0;Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.), x 8.0;Sitophilus oryzae (L.), x 1.2; andRhyzopertha dominica (F.), x 9.0. There were significant differences between the resistance level among strains collected from different locations in Israel. By using triphenyl phosphate (TPP), an inhibitor of carboxyesterase, it was shown that, in the case ofT. castaneum andR. dominica, the resistance is a malathion-specific type and that in the case ofO. surinamensis it is partially non-specific to malathion. The significance of these findings in selecting new insecticides to replace malathion as a grain protectant was considered. 相似文献
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A collection of 205 strains ofErwinia amylovora isolated in Israel over a period of 12 years has been established. The strains were isolated from different varieties of
pear, apple, loquat and quince grown in Israel, and collected from different locations in the country. They were characterized
in respect to degree of virulence on several hosts and serological and molecular characters. Pathogenicity tests carried out
on flowering branches of pear and apple, shoots of pears, and on trees of pear and loquat grown in containers outdoors, revealed
no significant differences in the severity of blossom blight or shoot blight among the various strains. ELISA and immunofluorescence
assays revealed no serotypic groups among the Israeli strains. Genomic diversity was studied by random amplified polymorphic
DNA (RAPD) analysis using 24 arbitrary 10-base primers. All the strains examined (45 Israeli and 11 from Egypt, Cyprus and
Greece) produced the same RAPD patterns with each of the primers used. Amplification patterns were indistinguishable from
those produced by strains isolated from the neighboring countries. Results presented in this study suggest that the population
ofE. amylovora in Israel is homogenous. 相似文献
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Reuben Ausher 《Phytoparasitica》1997,25(2):119-141
Supervised control programs were initiated by the Extension Service in the deciduous orchards of Upper Galilee and the Golan
almost 20 years ago. The integrated pest management (IPM) project on fruit crops and vines, launched as a systematic state-wide
program in 1991, covered 23% of the total acreage at the end of 1996. The program has reached a critical mass and generates
a steady demand for this new kind of advisory service. The project has set the right pattern for intensive and continuous
collaboration among research, extension and grower. The program has been successful in reaching out to growers with the help
of a newly formed group of local and regional pest scouts; the field-level implementation is the responsibility of the extension
system. A reduction of approximately 30% in the use of pesticides has been achieved. The project prepares the ground for environment-friendly
and sustainable cropping systems, generating produce competitive on both the local as well as foreign markets. The program
on indoor vegetables, flowers, herbs and spices initiated in 1992, had to address first the problem of the sweetpotato whitefly.
The field program methodology relies on the establishment of model farms and plots. The model plots are used to examine supervised
control scenarios which could, in turn, be diffused to all growers. A 30-50% reduction in the use of pesticides was achieved
on the model farms. The program represents an integration of supervised control, fully fledged IPM, and biological control
practices. The program on corn and cotton covers the entire acreage under these two crops. The cotton program is supported
by an integrated resistance management component. Three area-wide pest management programs were initiated: in the Arava and
Bet She’ an valleys, and in the Golan. 相似文献
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A set of differentials of corn plants(Zea mays L.) containing Ht1, Ht2, Ht3 or HtN genes was used to identify races ofExserohilum turcicum in Israel. Plants were inoculated with 14 isolates ofE. turcicum collected from various regions in Israel (from Ayyelet HaShahar in the north to Sa’ad in the south). Differentials containing Ht1, Ht2, Ht3 or HtN genes were resistant to the 14 isolates tested, whereas the inbred lines without Ht genes were highly sensitive. Resistance was characterized by the formation of non-sporulating chlorotic lesions. When plants containing Ht1, Ht2 or Ht3 genes were inoculated with relatively high inoculum concentrations (over 50 conidia/drop), chlorotic lesions were associated with necrosis in the center of the lesions. Sporulation of the fungus in the necrotic parts of the lesions was significantly less than on plants without Ht genes. No necrosis was observed in plants with the HtN gene. Our results indicate that the physiological race ofE. turcicum in Israel is race 1. 相似文献
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Fifty-one single conidial isolates ofExserohilum turcicum were collected from seven locations in Israel and three in the USA and tested for mating type and aggressiveness. Sixteen isolates mated were mating type a; 29 were mating type A; and six failed to mate with either the A or the a mating type. Isolates differed significantly in their ability to cause lesions of different sizes, and in their ability to produce conidia on the susceptible corn hybrid Jubilee. They also differed in their rate of growth on lactose casein agar. No significant difference in lesion size or conidial production was noted between mating types. Conidial production and radial growth were significantly lower for isolates with no mating capacity as compared with conidial production of defined mating types. Pseudothecia were produced after 14–16 and 21 days when mating occurred onSorghum halepense straw or barley straw, respectively. The average number of pseudothecia produced on 10 cm2 of straw was 17 and 8 forS. halepense and barley, respectively. Pseudothecia were not produced on corn straw. 相似文献
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Y. Levy 《Phytoparasitica》1984,12(3-4):177-182
Exserohilum turcicum (Pass.) Leonard and Suggs, the causal agent of northern leaf blight of corn, overwinters onSorghum halepense L. plants and on corn debris (dead leaves). Spqrulating lesions ofE. turcicum were observed on sorghum plants in the winter (February). Spores from these lesions were pathogenic to susceptible sweet corn plants cv. ‘Jubilee’. Infected sporulating leaves of corn were stored for 1 year at 20°C (40-60% relative humidity), at 5°C (60% relative humidity), or buried 5 cm underground. During the storage period, 32% and 22% of the spores formed chlamydospores, at 20° and 5°C, respectively. Leaves buried 5 cm underground were totally decomposed after 6 months. After 4 months, 25% of the spores in the buried leaves had formed chlamydospores. Spores with chlamydospores were pathogenic to corn plants. The viability of spores without chlamydospores stored at 20°, 5°C or buried underground was 0, 60 and 0%, respectively. In a parallel experiment infected leaves were stored under similar conditions and allowed to sporulate. No sporulation occurred on infected leaves buried in soil. Spores produced on infected leaves stored at 20° and 5°C were highly pathogenic to corn plants. In leaves treated with 0.1N glucose, chlamy dospore formation was significantly inhibited. 相似文献
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Tospoviruses infecting vegetable crops in Israel 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Symptoms of vein clearing, stem necrosis, curling, necrotic spots and rings on the leaves associated with infection by tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) were documented among vegetable crops growing in commercial glasshouses and open fields in Israel. Plants exhibiting symptoms were collected, from 1994-01 to 1998-12. Among cultivated vegetable crops analysed for TSWV by ELISA, the following plants were found to be infected: tomato, capsicum, aubergine, lettuce, cabbage and cucumber. These incidences of the virus were all correlated with the occurrence in high population of Frankliniella occidentalis. Transmission of the virus from infected Datura stramonium to Petunia leaf discs, by F. occidentalis , was up to 26%. TSWV antigens were readily detected by ELISA in seeds harvested from naturally infected vegetable crops. However, we failed to show virus transmission to the progeny plants. Iris yellow spot tospovirus (IYSV) was detected in onion. High incidence of the disease was associated with large populations of Thrips tabaci. 相似文献
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Out of 208 isolates ofF. oxysporum, 158 produced toxic reactions when applied to rabbit skin. This fungus, ubiquitous in the soils of Israel, was the most prevalent component of theFusarium flora in the unirrigated (but not in the irrigated) soils sampled.F. oxysporum var.redolens was common only on unfertilized plots of heavy, unirrigated soils.F. oxysporum was a major constituent of theFusarium flora isolated from most of the 450 samples of 20 field and garden crops, but less common in 98 samples of citrus, avocado and mango fruits. It ranks among the most destructive pathogens of cucurbits (exceptCucurbita pepo), tomatoes, onions, and gladioli in Israel, but causes almost no damage to Brassicae, peas or cotton. In pathogenicity tests with 207 isolates from nine field and two fruit crops, numerous isolates caused seedling mortality, with watermelon, onion, cucumber, tomato and eggplant being the most susceptible. Spore measurements on 160 isolates from plants and 355 from soils, showed that spore size was not markedly affected by plant source or by irrigation, but did differ between soil samples taken at 5 and 20 cm depth, and from manured or unfertilized soils. 相似文献