共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Room-temperature ultraviolet nanowire nanolasers 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Huang MH Mao S Feick H Yan H Wu Y Kind H Weber E Russo R Yang P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,292(5523):1897-1899
Room-temperature ultraviolet lasing in semiconductor nanowire arrays has been demonstrated. The self-organized, <0001> oriented zinc oxide nanowires grown on sapphire substrates were synthesized with a simple vapor transport and condensation process. These wide band-gap semiconductor nanowires form natural laser cavities with diameters varying from 20 to 150 nanometers and lengths up to 10 micrometers. Under optical excitation, surface-emitting lasing action was observed at 385 nanometers, with an emission linewidth less than 0.3 nanometer. The chemical flexibility and the one-dimensionality of the nanowires make them ideal miniaturized laser light sources. These short-wavelength nanolasers could have myriad applications, including optical computing, information storage, and microanalysis. 相似文献
2.
Prolonged exposure of rhesus monkeys to intense blue light produces long-term changes which are consistent with loss of response of those cones that contain a photopigment with peak absorption at 445 nanometers. The 90 percent reduction of spectral sensitivity in the blue region has lasted more than 5 months. Reduced sensitivity to long wavelengths is produced by adaptation to light of 520 nanometers. This reduced sensitivity, which lasts no more than 30 days, is attributed to a temporary loss of response of the cones containing a photopigment with peak absorption at 535 nanometers. 相似文献
3.
Nightglow in the upper atmosphere of Mars and implications for atmospheric transport 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Bertaux JL Leblanc F Perrier S Quemerais E Korablev O Dimarellis E Reberac A Forget F Simon PC Stern SA Sandel B;SPICAM Team 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,307(5709):566-569
We detected light emissions in the nightside martian atmosphere with the SPICAM (spectroscopy for the investigation of the characteristics of the atmosphere of Mars) ultraviolet (UV) spectrometer on board the Mars Express. The UV spectrum of this nightglow is composed of hydrogen Lyman alpha emission (121.6 nanometers) and the gamma and delta bands of nitric oxide (NO) (190 to 270 nanometers) produced when N and O atoms combine to produce the NO molecule. N and O atoms are produced by extreme UV photodissociation of O2, CO2, and N2 in the dayside upper atmosphere and transported to the night side. The NO emission is brightest in the winter south polar night because of continuous downward transport of air in this region at night during winter and because of freezing at ground level. 相似文献
4.
AM Rao E Richter S Bandow B Chase PC Eklund KA Williams S Fang KR Subbaswamy M Menon A Thess RE Smalley G Dresselhaus MS Dresselhaus 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,275(5297):187-191
Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) that are found as close-packed arrays in crystalline ropes have been studied by using Raman scattering techniques with laser excitation wavelengths in the range from 514.5 to 1320 nanometers. Numerous Raman peaks were observed and identified with vibrational modes of armchair symmetry (n, n) SWNTs. The Raman spectra are in good agreement with lattice dynamics calculations based on C-C force constants used to fit the two-dimensional, experimental phonon dispersion of a single graphene sheet. Calculated intensities from a nonresonant, bond polarizability model optimized for sp2 carbon are also in qualitative agreement with the Raman data, although a resonant Raman scattering process is also taking place. This resonance results from the one-dimensional quantum confinement of the electrons in the nanotube. 相似文献
5.
McClintock WE Izenberg NR Holsclaw GM Blewett DT Domingue DL Head JW Helbert J McCoy TJ Murchie SL Robinson MS Solomon SC Sprague AL Vilas F 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5885):62-65
During MESSENGER's first flyby of Mercury, the Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer made simultaneous mid-ultraviolet to near-infrared (wavelengths of 200 to 1300 nanometers) reflectance observations of the surface. An ultraviolet absorption (<280 nanometers) suggests that the ferrous oxide (Fe2+) content of silicates in average surface material is low (less than 2 to 3 weight percent). This result is supported by the lack of a detectable 1-micrometer Fe2+ absorption band in high-spatial-resolution spectra of mature surface materials as well as immature crater ejecta, which suggests that the ferrous iron content may be low both on the surface and at depth. Differences in absorption features and slope among the spectra are evidence for variations in composition and regolith maturation of Mercury's surface. 相似文献
6.
Milton SV Gluskin E Arnold ND Benson C Berg W Biedron SG Borland M Chae YC Dejus RJ Den Hartog PK Deriy B Erdmann M Eidelman YI Hahne MW Huang Z Kim KJ Lewellen JW Li Y Lumpkin AH Makarov O Moog ER Nassiri A Sajaev V Soliday R Tieman BJ Trakhtenberg EM Travish G Vasserman IB Vinokurov NA Wang XJ Wiemerslage G Yang BX 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,292(5524):2037-2041
Self-amplified spontaneous emission in a free-electron laser has been proposed for the generation of very high brightness coherent x-rays. This process involves passing a high-energy, high-charge, short-pulse, low-energy-spread, and low-emittance electron beam through the periodic magnetic field of a long series of high-quality undulator magnets. The radiation produced grows exponentially in intensity until it reaches a saturation point. We report on the demonstration of self-amplified spontaneous emission gain, exponential growth, and saturation at visible (530 nanometers) and ultraviolet (385 nanometers) wavelengths. Good agreement between theory and simulation indicates that scaling to much shorter wavelengths may be possible. These results confirm the physics behind the self-amplified spontaneous emission process and forward the development of an operational x-ray free-electron laser. 相似文献
7.
研究发现在使用紫外线(UV-A,395nm)进行照射时,银溶液对微生物的灭活作用得到增强,特别是对真核微生物的灭活作用得到显著增强。为解明这种银与光所产生的协同效应的微生物灭活机理,使用电子自旋共振仪(Electron Spin Resonance,ESR)对溶液进行检测,并采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及测定线粒体酶活性等方法,推测出了其作用机理,即在光照下氧化银(Ag2O)被激活并与水分子发生反应产生羟基自由基(.OH)。羟基自由基破坏真核微生物的细胞壁,失活其细胞内线粒体酶活性,从而引起真核微生物细胞死灭。 相似文献
8.
依据位于重庆北碚始于1991年的国家紫色土肥力与肥效监测基地上长期不同施肥定位试验,选取其中不施肥+秸秆不还田、不施肥+秸秆还田、施PK肥+秸秆不还田、施N肥+秸秆不还田、NPK正常施肥量+秸秆不还田、NPK正常施肥量+秸秆还田和1.5倍NPK施肥量+秸秆还田等7个处理,采用静态箱法对土壤N_2O排放开展了连续2a小麦生长期的田间原位观测.结果表明:两麦季4个施氮处理N_2O排放波动幅度均较大,且基肥和追肥后出现较强排放,3个未施氮处理N_2O排放波动较平缓,并均明显低于施氮处理.N_2O排放第二季较第一季要弱,年际差异较大,其原因主要是土壤WFPS第二季要明显低于第一季,而同一麦季不同处理下N_2O排放差异主要是由土壤NO_3~--N质量分数不同造成的.秸秆还田增加了N_2O排放,单施氮肥对N_2O增排效果相比之下则更明显,而秸秆还田与化学氮肥协同作用同样促进了N_2O生成与排放.平衡施肥较偏施氮肥N_2O排放量低,实际生产中考虑N_2O减排应尽量选择平衡施肥.两麦季化肥或秸秆N来源下农田N_2O排放系数均值分别为0.85%,0.61%,综合考虑外源输入N时均值为0.69%,均低于IPCC推荐值(1%),可见估算N_2O排放量时针对不同N素源农田应选用相对应N素N_2O排放系数. 相似文献
9.
I Chong Z Hiroi M Izumi J Shimoyama Y Nakayama K Kishio T Terashima Y Bando M Takano 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,276(5313):770-773
Critical-current density (Jc) is a parameter of primary importance for potential applications of high-temperature copper oxide superconductors. It is limited principally by the breakdown of zero-resistive current due to thermally activated flux flow at high temperatures and high magnetic fields. One promising method to overcome this limitation is to introduce efficient pinning centers into crystals that can suppress the flux flow. A marked increase in Jc was observed in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta (Bi-2212) single crystals doped with a large amount of Pb. By electron microscopy, characteristic microstructures were revealed that probably underlie the observed enhancement in Jc: thin (10 to 50 nanometers), platelike domains having a modulation-free structure appeared with spacings of 50 to 100 nanometers along the b axis. 相似文献
10.
We propose an isotopic fractionation mechanism, based on photolytic destruction, to explain the 15N/14N and 18O/16O fractionation of stratospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) and reconcile laboratory experiments with atmospheric observations. The theory predicts that (i) the isotopomers 15N14N16O and 14N15N16O have very different isotopic fractionations in the stratosphere, and (ii) laboratory photolysis experiments conducted at 205 nanometers should better simulate the observed isotopic fractionation of stratospheric N2O. Modeling results indicate that there is no compelling reason to invoke a significant chemical source of N2O in the middle atmosphere and that individual N2O isotopomers might be useful tracers of stratospheric air parcel motion. 相似文献
11.
Miller RL Suits AG Houston PL Toumi R Mack JA Wodtke AM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1994,265(5180):1831-1838
Highly vibrationally excited O(2)(X(3)sigmag(-), v >/= 26) has been observed from the photodissociation of ozone (O(3)), and the quantum yield for this reaction has been determined for excitation at 226 nanometers. This observation may help to address the "ozone deficit" problem, or why the previously predicted stratospheric O(3) concentration is less than that observed. Recent kinetic studies have suggested that O(2)(X(3)sigmag(-), v >/= 26) can react rapidly with O(2) to form O(3) + O and have led to speculation that, if produced in the photodissociation of O(3), this species might be involved in resolving the discrepancy. The sequence O(3) + hv --> O(2)(X(3)sigmag(-), v >/= 26) + O; O(2)(X(3)sigmag(-), v >/= 26) + O(2) --> O(3) + O (where hv is a photon) would be an autocatalytic mechanism for production of odd oxygen. A two-dimensional atmospheric model has been used to evaluate the importance of this new mechanism. The new mechanism can completely account for the tropical O(3) deficit at an altitude of 43 kilometers, but it does not completely account for the deficit at higher altitudes. The mechanism also provides for isotopic fractionation and may contribute to an explanation for the anomalously high concentration of heavy O(3) in the stratosphere. 相似文献
12.
Green line emission at 557.7 nanometers arising from the O(1S - 1D) transition of atomic oxygen has been observed on the nightside of Venus with HIRES, the echelle spectrograph on the W. M. Keck I 10-meter telescope. We also observe optical emissions of molecular oxygen, consistent with the spectra from the Venera orbiters, but our green line intensity is so high that we cannot explain how it could be inconspicuous in the Venera spectra. An upper limit for the intensity of the O(1D - 3P) oxygen red line at 630 nanometers has also been obtained. The large green/red ratio indicates that the source is not associated with the Venus ionosphere. An important conclusion is that observation of the green line in a planetary atmosphere is not an indicator of an atmosphere rich in molecular oxygen. 相似文献
13.
Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can reduce the photosynthesis and growth of benthic diatom communities in shallow freshwater. Nevertheless, greater amounts of algae accumulate in UVR-exposed habitats than in UVR-protected environments. Near-ultraviolet (UVA wavelengths of 320 to 400 nanometers) and mid-ultraviolet (UVB, wavelengths of 280 to 320 nanometers) radiation also inhibit algal consumers (Diptera: Chironomidae). Larval chironomids are more sensitive to UVB than sympatric algae. Differential sensitivity to UVB between algae and herbivores contributes to counterintuitive increases in algae in habitats exposed to UVB. These mesocosm experiments illustrate that predictions of the response of entire ecosystems to elevated UVB cannot be made on single trophic-level assessments. 相似文献
14.
Ceramic superlattices have been produced by electrodeposition with modulation wavelengths in the range from 5 to 10 nanometers. The TlaPbbOc/TldPbeOf superlattices were deposited from a single aqueous solution at room temperature, and the layer thicknesses were galvanostatically controlled. The films showed strong preferred orientation and distinct first-order satellites around the Bragg reflections in the x-ray diffraction pattem. The modulation wavelengths calculated from the satellite spacings were in agreement with those calculated from Faraday's law. Because the modulation wavelengths are of electron mean free path dimensions, this dass of degenerate semiconductor metal-oxide superlattices may exhibit thickness-dependent quantum optical, electronic, or optoelectronic effects. 相似文献
15.
The Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) satellite conducted extensive observations of the jovian system before, during, and after the impact of the fragments of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 in July 1994. About 2 to 4 hours after the impacts of several of the larger fragments, the brightness of the neutral helium (He I) resonance line at 58.4 nanometers temporarily increased by a factor of about 10. The transient 58.4-nanometer brightenings are most simply explained by resonant scattering of sunlight from the widespread high-altitude remnants of the larger impact plumes. Other possible sources of emission, such as electron impact excitation of He or radiative recombination of He(+), may contribute to the observed signal. 相似文献
16.
为探明控释氮肥对紫色土坡耕地氧化亚氮(N20)排放量的影响,以不施肥为对照(CK),研究了尿素(UR)、缓控释氮肥(CR)、缓控释氮肥+尿素(25％CR,尿素75％)各处理对玉米产量、玉米生育期的径流和氮素损失量以及N2O排放量的影响.结果表明,对照处理玉米产量最低,径流损失量最大,壤中流氮素损失量和NO排放量要远低于施肥处理,说明施肥是造成氮素流失和氧化亚氮排放的主要原因.缓控释氮肥处理生育期的壤中流氮素损失量在4个处理中最大,为31.7 kg/hm2,但N20排放量为0.35 kg/hm2,比尿素处理降低了37％.控释氮肥+尿素处理壤中流氮索损失在施肥处理中最低,为20.9 kghm2,N2O排放量比尿素处理低15％.控释氮肥的氮素在生育期内缓慢释放,低的土壤无机氮使得控释氮肥能够降低坡耕地N2O排放,但控释氮肥会导致壤中流氮素损失量增大.因此,控释氮肥和尿素配合使用在降低N2O排放的同时,还能减少壤中流氮素损失. 相似文献
17.
Goodwin AL Calleja M Conterio MJ Dove MT Evans JS Keen DA Peters L Tucker MG 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,319(5864):794-797
We show that silver(I) hexacyanocobaltate(III), Ag3[Co(CN)6], exhibits positive and negative thermal expansion an order of magnitude greater than that seen in other crystalline materials. This framework material expands along one set of directions at a rate comparable to the most weakly bound solids known. By flexing like lattice fencing, the framework couples this to a contraction along a perpendicular direction. This gives negative thermal expansion that is 14 times larger than in ZrW2O8. Density functional theory calculations quantify both the low energy associated with this flexibility and the role of argentophilic (Ag+...Ag+) interactions. This study illustrates how the mechanical properties of a van der Waals solid might be engineered into a rigid, useable framework. 相似文献
18.
Using the technique of laser photolysis and spectroscopy, we have observed excited singlet state absorption bands in 1,2-benzanthracene at 560 and 520 nanometers. The bands decay in less than 50 nanoseconds and are replaced by the known absorption spectrum of the lowest triplet state. 相似文献
19.
通过3年定位试验,采用静态箱/气相色谱法对壤质草甸土区玉米生产进行了全生长季N2O排放通量的观测,分析了不同施氮方式对N2O排放总量、排放系数和玉米产量的影响。结果表明:减少氮肥用量20%的缓控释肥处理与秸秆还田配化肥处理产量居高,而且二者间差异不显著;秸秆还田促进了农田土壤N2O排放,使得秸秆还田配化肥处理的年均N2O季节排放总量最高,达到1.50 kg N·hm-2;年均N2O季节排放总量与施肥量之间相关系数达到了0.97;随着试验年限的增加,N2O-N季节排放系数受施肥量的影响逐年增加,相关系数从2009年的-0.015增加到2011年的0.624。因此不同施氮方式对N2O季节排放的影响需要通过多年定位来准确把握,同时在研究农田N2O-N季节排放时要适当考虑植株生长过程中N2O的排放。兼顾产量和减排2个因素,建议推广缓控释肥的减量施用。 相似文献
20.
Small-diameter (1 to 7 nanometers) silicon nanowires (SiNWs) were prepared, and their surfaces were removed of oxide and terminated with hydrogen by a hydrofluoric acid dip. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of these SiNWs, performed both in air and in ultrahigh vacuum, revealed atomically resolved images that can be interpreted as hydrogen-terminated Si (111)-(1 x 1) and Si (001)-(1 x 1) surfaces corresponding to SiH3 on Si (111) and SiH2 on Si (001), respectively. These hydrogen-terminated SiNW surfaces seem to be more oxidation-resistant than regular silicon wafer surfaces, because atomically resolved STM images of SiNWs were obtained in air after several days' exposure to the ambient environment. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy measurements were performed on the oxide-removed SiNWs and were used to evaluate the electronic energy gaps. The energy gaps were found to increase with decreasing SiNW diameter from 1.1 electron volts for 7 nanometers to 3.5 electron volts for 1.3 nanometers, in agreement with previous theoretical predictions. 相似文献