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1.
Chaisi ME Sibeko KP Collins NE Potgieter FT Oosthuizen MC 《Veterinary parasitology》2011,182(2-4):150-162
Theileria parva is the causative agent of Corridor disease in cattle in South Africa. The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is the reservoir host, and, as these animals are important for eco-tourism in South Africa, it is compulsory to test and certify them disease free prior to translocation. A T. parva-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test based on the small subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) gene is one of the tests used for the diagnosis of the parasite in buffalo and cattle in South Africa. However, because of the high similarity between the 18S rRNA gene sequences of T. parva and Theileria sp. (buffalo), the latter is also amplified by the real-time PCR primers, although it is not detected by the T. parva-specific hybridization probes. Preliminary sequencing studies have revealed a small number of sequence differences within the 18S rRNA gene in both species but the extent of this sequence variation is unknown. The aim of the current study was to sequence the 18S rRNA genes of T. parva and Theileria sp. (buffalo), and to determine whether all identified genotypes can be correctly detected by the real-time PCR assay. The reverse line blot (RLB) hybridization assay was used to identify T. parva and Theileria sp. (buffalo) positive samples from buffalo blood samples originating from the Kruger National Park, Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park, the Greater Limpopo Transfrontier Park, and a private game ranch in the Hoedspruit area. T. parva and Theileria sp. (buffalo) were identified in 42% and 28%, respectively, of 252 samples, mainly as mixed infections. The full-length 18S rRNA gene of selected samples was amplified, cloned and sequenced. From a total of 20 sequences obtained, 10 grouped with previously published T. parva sequences from GenBank while 10 sequences grouped with a previously published Theileria sp. (buffalo) sequence. All these formed a monophyletic group with known pathogenic Theileria species. Our phylogenetic analyses confirm the distinction between Theileria sp. (buffalo) and T. parva and indicate the existence of a single group of T. parva and two Theileria sp. (buffalo) 18S rRNA gene variants in the African buffalo. Despite the observed variation in the full-length parasite 18S rRNA gene sequences, the area in the V4 hypervariable region where the RLB and real-time PCR hybridization probes were developed was relatively conserved. The T. parva specific real-time PCR assay was able to successfully detect all T. parva variants and, although amplicons were obtained from Theileria sp. (buffalo) DNA, none of the Theileria sp. (buffalo) 18S rRNA sequence variants were detected by the T. parva-specific hybridization probes. 相似文献
2.
This study was carried out to determine the presence and distribution of tick-borne haemoprotozoan parasites (Theileria and Babesia) in apparently healthy cattle in the East Black Sea Region of Turkey. A total of 389 blood samples were collected from the animals of various ages in six provinces in the region. Prevalence of infection was determined by reverse line blot (RLB) assay. The hypervariable V4 region of the 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene was amplified with a set of primers for members of the genera Theileria and Babesia. Amplified PCR products were hybridized onto a membrane to which generic- and species-specific oligonucleotide probes were covalently linked. RLB hybridization identified infection in 16.19% of the samples. Blood smears were also examined microscopically for Theileria and/or Babesia spp. and 5.14% were positive. All samples shown to be positive by microscopy also tested positive with RLB assay. Two Theileria (T. annulata and T. buffeli/orientalis) and three Babesia (B. bigemina, B. major and Babesia sp.) species or genotypes were identified in the region. Babesia sp. genotype shared 99% similarity with the previously reported sequences of Babesia sp. Kashi 1, Babesia sp. Kashi 2 and Babesia sp. Kayseri 1. The most frequently found species was T. buffeli/orientalis, present in 11.56% of the samples. T. annulata was identified in five samples (1.28%). Babesia infections were less frequently detected: B. bigemina was found in three samples (0.77%), B. major in two samples (0.51%) and Babesia sp. in five samples (1.28%). A single animal infected with T. buffeli/orientalis was also infected with B. bigemina. 相似文献
3.
Kgomotso P. Sibeko Dirk Geysen Marinda C. Oosthuizen Conrad A. Matthee Milana Troskie Frederick T. Potgieter Jacobus A.W. Coetzer Nicola E. Collins 《Veterinary parasitology》2010,167(2-4):244-254
Previous studies characterizing the Theileria parva p67 gene in East Africa revealed two alleles. Cattle-derived isolates associated with East Coast fever (ECF) have a 129 bp deletion in the central region of the p67 gene (allele 1), compared to buffalo-derived isolates with no deletion (allele 2). In South Africa, Corridor disease outbreaks occur if there is contact between infected buffalo and susceptible cattle in the presence of vector ticks. Although ECF was introduced into South Africa in the early 20th century, it has been eradicated and it is thought that there has been no cattle to cattle transmission of T. parva since. The variable region of the p67 gene was amplified and the gene sequences analyzed to characterize South African T. parva parasites that occur in buffalo, in cattle from farms where Corridor disease outbreaks were diagnosed and in experimentally infected cattle. Four p67 alleles were identified, including alleles 1 and 2 previously detected in East African cattle and buffalo, respectively, as well as two novel alleles, one with a different 174 bp deletion (allele 3), the other with a similar sequence to allele 3 but with no deletion (allele 4). Sequence variants of allele 1 were obtained from field samples originating from both cattle and buffalo. Allele 1 was also obtained from a bovine that tested T. parva positive from a farm near Ladysmith in the KwaZulu-Natal Province. East Coast fever was not diagnosed on this farm, but the p67 sequence was identical to that of T. parva Muguga, an isolate that causes ECF in Kenya. Variants of allele 2 were obtained from all T. parva samples from both buffalo and cattle, except Lad 10 and Zam 5. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that alleles 3 and 4 are monophyletic and diverged early from the other alleles. These novel alleles were not identified from South African field samples collected from cattle; however allele 3, with a p67 sequence identical to those obtained in South African field samples from buffalo, was obtained from a Zambian field isolate of a naturally infected bovine diagnosed with ECF. The p67 genetic profiles appear to be more complex than previously thought and cannot be used to distinguish between cattle- and buffalo-derived T. parva isolates in South Africa. The significance of the different p67 alleles, particularly the novel variants, in the epidemiology of theileriosis in South Africa still needs to be determined. 相似文献
4.
Raksha Bhoora Linda Franssen Marinda C. Oosthuizen Alan J. Guthrie Erich Zweygarth Barend L. Penzhorn Frans Jongejan Nicola E. Collins 《Veterinary parasitology》2009
A molecular epidemiological survey of the protozoal parasites that cause equine piroplasmosis was conducted using samples collected from horses and zebra from different geographical locations in South Africa. A total of 488 samples were tested for the presence of Theileria equi and/or Babesia caballi using the reverse line blot hybridization assay. Ten percent of the samples hybridized to the Theileria/Babesia genus-specific probe and not to the B. caballi or T. equi species-specific probes, suggesting the presence of a novel species or genotype. The small subunit of rRNA gene (18S; ∼1600 bp) was amplified and sequenced from 33 of these 488 samples. Sequences were compared with published sequences from the public sequence databases. Twelve distinct T. equi and six B. caballi 18S rRNA sequences were identified. Alignments demonstrated extensive sequence variation in the V4 hypervariable region of the 18S rRNA gene within T. equi. Sequence variation was also found in B. caballi 18S rRNA genes, although there was less variation than observed for T. equi. Phylogenetic analysis based on 18S rRNA gene sequences revealed three T. equi clades and two B. caballi clades in South Africa. The extent of sequence heterogeneity detected within T. equi and B. caballi 18S rRNA genes was unexpected since concerted evolution is thought to maintain homogeneity within repeated gene families, including rRNA genes, in eukaryotes. The findings reported here show that careful examination of variants of the 18S rRNA gene of T. equi and B. caballi is required prior to the development of molecular diagnostic tests to detect these parasites in horses. Species-specific probes must be in designed in regions of the gene that are both conserved within and unique to each species. 相似文献
5.
Qin Liu Yanqin Q. Zhou Guosheng S. He Marinda C. Oosthuizen Danna N. Zhou Junlong L. Zhao 《Tropical animal health and production》2010,42(1):109-114
Six Theileria spp. from cattle, buffalo and black goat were identified in the Hubei province of China. In order to study the taxonomic
status of these parasites, phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA genes were carried out. The 18S rRNA genes from each isolate
were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and the approximate 1.75 kb products were cloned and sequenced. Phylogenetic
analysis of these gene sequences revealed that the five parasites from buffalo and cattle belonged to the Theileria sergenti/buffeli/orientalis group. The parasite from the Chinese goat (Macheng-Hubei, DQ286802) was closely related to Theileria luwenshuni isolated from sheep in the north of China. This represent the first report on the use of molecular phylogeny to classify
Theileria spp. obtained in the Hubei province, showing that Theileria spp. from ruminants found in Hubei province belongs to the benign group of Theileria spp. 相似文献
6.
G. Uilenberg N. M. Perié J. A. Lawrence A. J. de Vos R. W. Paling A. A. M. Spanjer 《Tropical animal health and production》1982,14(3):127-140
Summary One pathogenic and 4 mild bovineTheileria strains from southern Africa, all transmitted byRhipicephalus appendiculatus, were compared amongst themselves as well as to bovine and buffalo strains of theT. parva complex from eastern and southern Africa and to bovine strains ofT. taurotragi from Tanzania considered to be derived from eland antelope. Criteria used were parasitological, clinical, serological and cross-immunity characters.The mild strains are similar to bovineT. taurotragi. Serological evidence suggested thatT. taurotragi is also infective to sheep. The pathogenic strain belongs to theT. parva complex; the latter consists of a series of types with different behaviour ranging from thelawrencei-type (of buffalo) causing Corridor disease, through thebovis-type causing Rhodesian malignant theileriosis to theparva-type causing classical East Coat fever. Seven cattle-tick passages of abovis-type strain did not result in transformation into aparva-type.Four species of bovineTheileriae are now known to occur in southern Africa:T. parva (lawrencei- andbovis-types) andT. taurotragi, both transmitted byR. appendiculatus, andT. mutans andT. velifera both withAmblyomma spp. as vectors.
Agentes Causales De Theileriosis En El Sur De Africa
Resumen Se compararon 5 cepas deTheileria del sur de Africa, 1 patógena y 4 benignas, todas transmitidas porRhipicephalus appendiculatus, entre si y también con cepas derivadas de bovinos y búfalos, del complejoT. parva, del sur y este de Africa, y con cepas bovinas deT. taurotragi de Tanzania derivadas de antílope eland. Los criterios de evaluación utilizados fueron parasitológico, clínico, serológico, utilizando también los caracteres de inmunidad cruzada.Las cepas benignas son similares aT. taurotragi de bovinos. Las pruebas serológicas indicaron que esta última es también infectiva para ovejas. Las cepas patógenas pertenecen al complejoT. parva; este último consiste de un rango de tipos con diferente comportamiento que van desde el tipolawrencei (búfalo) que causa la enfermedad Corridor, a través del tipobovis que causa la theileriosis maligna de Rodesia, hasta el tipoparva que causa la típica Fiebre de la Costa Este. Siete pasajes a través de bovinos y garrapatas de un tipobovis, no produjo transformación alguna al tipoparva.Se conocen entonces 4 especies deTheileriae bovina en el sur de Africa :T. parva (tiposlawrencei ybovis) yT. taurotragi, ambas transmitidas porR. appendiculatus, yT. mutans yT. velifera, ambas transmitidas porAmblyomma spp.
Agent De La Theileriose Bovine En Afrique Australe
Résumé Une souche pathogène et quatre souches bovines bénignes deTheileria d'Afrique australe, toutes transmises parRhipicephalus appendiculatus ont été comparées entre elles, puis avec des souches de bovins et de buffles du complexe deT. parva de l'Afrique australe et orientale et enfin avec des souches bovines deT. taurotragi de Tanzanie considérées comme originaires de l'Elan du Cap. Les critères utilisés ont été d'ordre parasitologique, clinique, sérologique avec recherche des caractères d'immunité-croisée.Les sourches bénignes sont similaires àT. taurotragi. La sérologie a suggéreré queT. taurotragi est également infectieuse chez le mouton. La souche pathogène appartient au complexe deT. parva ; ce complexe consiste en une série de types présentant divers comportements depuis le typelawrencei du buffle causant l'affection Corridor, et le typebovis cause de la theileriose maligne de Rhodésie jusqu'au type parva cause de l'East Coast Fever classique. 7 passages bétail-tique d'une souche de typebovis n'ont pas réussi à la transformer en typeparva. 4 espèces de Theileries bovines sont maintenant connues en Afrique australe :T. parva (typeslawrencei etbovis) etT. taurotragi toutes deux transmises parR. appendiculatus, T. mutans etT. velifera avec toutes deuxAmblyomma spp. comme vecteurs.相似文献
7.
Summary Two theilerial parasites, both pathogenic for cattle, which had been isolated during a field trial conducted in Kenya, were
studied in the laboratory. One of the parasites was mechanically transmissible and the other tick-transmitted. The sera of
two groups of cattle, each infected with one of these parasites, were studied by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique,
using both standardTheileria parva andT. mutans antigens and antigens prepared from the infective parasites under study.
From the results obtained it was concluded that in the indirect fluorescent antibody test the mechanically transmissible parasite
behaved antigenically likeT. mutans and the tick-transmitted parasite likeT. parva.
Transmission studies on the infections are published in preceding article of this issue of the journal.
Project supported by the United Nations Development Programme/Special Fund, with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as the Executing Agency, in co-operation with the East African Community. The project is also assisted by the Overseas Development Administration of the United Kingdom (Research Projects 2396 and 2494), the United States Department of Agriculture, the Rockefeller Foundation, the International Atomic Energy Agency, and the Pfizer Corporation. 相似文献
Sumario Dos parasitos Theileria, ambos patogenicos para bovinos, los cuales habian sido aislados durante un trabajo de campo en Kenya, fueron estudiados en el laboratorio. Uno de los parasitos fue mecanicamente transmitido y el otro transmitido por una garrapata. Los sueros de dos grupos de bovinos, cada uno infectado con uno de estos parasitos fueron estudiados por la prueba indirecta de los anticuerpos fluorescentes, usando antigenos estandard deTheileria parva y Theileria mutans y antigenos preparados de los dos aislamientos infecciosos. Con excepcion de un solo bovino de los 18 inoculados mecanicamente, con el parasito asi transmitido, todosmostraron una marcada respuesta serologica al antigeno deT. mutans, la excepcion muriendo de la infeccion en tres semanas despues de la inoculacion. Todos los cuatro bovinos que se recuperaron a la exposicion del parasito transmitido por garrapatas mostraron una marcada respuesta serologica aTheileria parva. (Muguga). Reacciones cruzadas entreT. parva y el antigeno doT. mutans fueron solo detectadasen dos bovinos infectados con el parasito mecanicamente transmitido. Se concluyo que en la prueba indirecta de los anticuerpos fluorescentes el parasito transmitido mecanicamente se comportaba antigenicamente comoT. mutans y el parasito transmitido por qarrapatas comoT. parva.
Résumé Deux.Theileria pathogènes pour le bétail, isolées au Kenya au cours d'essais sur le terrain, only été étudiées en laboratoire. L'un des parasites a été transmissible mécaniquement et l'autre par les tiques. Les sérums de deux groupes de bovins, infectés chacun d'un des parasites, ont été étudiés par la technique indirecte des anticorps fluorescents, en utilisant des antigénes standardisés deTh. parva etTh. mutans et des antigenes préparés à partir des deux souches isolées. Sur 18 bovins infectés par la souche transmissible mécaniquement, un seul a montré une réponse sérologique marquée à l'antigène deTh. mutans, et est mort dans les 3 semaines suivant l'inoculation. Parmi les bovins infectés par lesTheileria transmises par les tiques, 4 animaux guéris ont donné une réponse marquée à l'antigène deTh, parva (Muguga). Des réactions croisées entre les antigènes deTh. parva etTh. mutans ont été détectées seulement chez deux animaux infectés par le parasite transmissible mécaniquement. En conclusion de l'épreuve indirecte par les anticorps fluorescents, le parasite transmissible mécaniquement s'est comporté antigéniquement commeTh. mutans, et le parasite transmis par les tiques commeTh. parva.
Project supported by the United Nations Development Programme/Special Fund, with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations as the Executing Agency, in co-operation with the East African Community. The project is also assisted by the Overseas Development Administration of the United Kingdom (Research Projects 2396 and 2494), the United States Department of Agriculture, the Rockefeller Foundation, the International Atomic Energy Agency, and the Pfizer Corporation. 相似文献
8.
Sibeko KP Oosthuizen MC Collins NE Geysen D Rambritch NE Latif AA Groeneveld HT Potgieter FT Coetzer JA 《Veterinary parasitology》2008,155(1-2):37-48
Corridor disease, caused by the tick-borne protozoan parasite Theileria parva, is a controlled disease in South Africa. The Cape buffalo is the reservoir host and uninfected buffalo have become sought-after by the game industry in South Africa, particularly for introduction into Corridor disease-free areas. A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for detection of T. parva DNA in buffalo and cattle was developed to improve the sensitivity and specificity of the official diagnostic test package in South Africa. Oligonucleotide primers and hybridization probes were designed based on the 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene. Amplification of control DNA using Theileria genus-specific primers resulted in detection of T. taurotragi and T. annulata, in addition to T. parva. A T. parva-specific forward primer was designed which eliminated amplification of all other Theileria species, except for Theileria sp. (buffalo); however only the T. parva product was detected by the T. parva-specific hybridization probe set. The real-time PCR assay requires less time to perform, is more sensitive than the other molecular assays previously used in T. parva diagnostics and can reliably detect the parasite in carrier animals with a piroplasm parasitaemia as low as 8.79 x 10(-4)%. 相似文献
9.
He L Feng HH Zhang WJ Zhang QL Fang R Wang LX Tu P Zhou YQ Zhao JL Oosthuizen MC 《Veterinary parasitology》2012,186(3-4):490-496
The presence and prevalence of tick-borne haemoparasites in water buffalo from the Hubei province, south China was investigated using the reverse line blot (RLB) hybridization assay and phylogenetic analysis of the parasite 18S rRNA gene. Theileria buffeli (19.1%) was the most frequently found species in all of the locations, followed by Babesia orientalis (8.9%), Babesia bovis (1.0%) and Babesia bigemina (0.7%). Only 12 (3.9%) of the samples had mixed infections. Eleven samples with single infections were selected for further characterization using 18S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the eight T. buffeli 18S rRNA gene sequences obtained grouped into four clusters, of which three grouped with the known T. buffeli types B and D. The remaining five grouped separately from the previously describe T. buffeli types, constituting new T. buffeli types. The two B. bigemina 18S rRNA gene sequences obtained grouped closely with B. bigemina Kunming; this serves as the first report of B. bigemina in the Hubei province. The B. orientalis Daye 18S rRNA gene sequence obtained grouped closely with the previously reported B. orientalis Wuhan strain and with Babesia sp. Kashi 1 and Kashi 2. 相似文献
10.
Theileria lawrencei tick-derived stabilate infection of 8 cattle resulted in the development of panleukopenia and hypoproteinemia. In addition to these changes, T. parva infection caused mild normocytic, normochromic, non-responsive anemia at either of two dose rates. Disseminated intravascular coagulation, as indicated by positive protamine paracoagulation tests, prolonged prothrombin and partial thromboplastin times, and thrombocytopenia, developed in cattle infected with either of the Theileria spp., and was probably an important intermediary mechanism leading to death. Infection of calves with a high dose of T. parva stabilate resulted in more rapid onset of clinico-pathologic changes than did the low dose infection. Theileria lawrencei infection produced a severe, acute syndrome, the clinico-pathologic alterations of which varied in time of onset and severity between those of the T. parva high dose and low dose groups. 相似文献
11.
Detection and identification of Theileria and Babesia species in 920 apparently healthy small ruminants in eastern Turkey, as well as parasite genetic diversity, was investigated using a specifically designed reverse line blot (RLB) assay. The hypervariable V4 region of the 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene was amplified and hybridized to a membrane onto which catchall and species-specific oligonucleotide probes were covalently linked. Three Theileria and one Babesia genotype were identified. Comparison of the Theileria genotypes revealed 93.6-96.2% similarity among their 18S rRNA genes. Two Theileria shared 100% and 99.7% similarity with the previously described sequences of T. ovis and Theileria sp. OT3, respectively. A third Theileria genotype was found to be clearly different from previously described Theileria species. The genotype was provisionally designated as Theileria sp. MK. The Babesia genotype shared 100% similarity with Babesia ovis. The survey indicated a high prevalence of piroplasm infections in small ruminants (38.36%). Theileria spp. prevalence was 36.08%. Prevalence of B. ovis was 5.43%. The most abundant Theileria species identified was T. ovis (34.56%) followed by Theileia sp. MK (1.30%) and Theileria sp. OT3 (0.43%). 相似文献
12.
D.E. Radley C.G.D. Brown M.J. Burridge M.P. Cunningham I.M. Kirimi R.E. Purnell A.S. Young 《Veterinary parasitology》1975,1(1):35-41
In one experiment, groups of cattle were immunized by chemophylaxis or therapy against Theileria parva (Muguga), and were challenged with five recently-isolated strains of Theileria. Two of the strains caused mild or inapparent reactions in the immunized animals, and three caused significant reactions. None of 25 immunized animals died on challenge, whereas 22 of 25 susceptible (non-immunized) animals died.In a second experiment, groups of cattle were immunized against five field strains using chemoprophylaxis. They had minimal reactions and were solidly immune both to isologous challenge and to subsequent challenge with T. parva (Muguga). This demonstrated that cattle could be effectively immunized against lethal challenge with several theilerial strains by inoculating them with 1 ml of an infective stabilate of the appropriate strain and the concomitant daily inoculation of 5 mg/kg of a formulation of oxytetracycline on 4 consecutive days starting on the day of infection.It is suggested that T. parva (Muguga) may be a valuable component of a polyvalent East Coast fever (ECF) vaccine in East Africa. 相似文献
13.
The tick-borne protozoan parasite Theileria parva causes East Coast fever (ECF), a severe lymphoproliferative disease of cattle that is a major constraint to the improvement of livestock in eastern, central and southern Africa. Studies in cattle experimentally infected with T. parva have shown that the protective cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response is tightly focused, with individual animals recognizing only one or two dominant antigens, the identity of which varies with MHC class I phenotype. It is well known that cross-protection between T. parva stocks is limited, but precise evaluation of genetic diversity in field populations of the parasite has been hampered by a lack of molecular markers spanning the genome. A recently described panel of satellite markers has provided evidence for substantial genotypic diversity and recombination but does not provide cover for large segments of the genome. To address this deficiency, we undertook to identify additional polymorphic markers covering these regions and we report herein 42 newly identified PCR-RFLP markers distributed across the 4 T. parva chromosomes, as well as 19 new satellite markers for chromosomes 1 and 2. This brings the total number of available polymorphic markers to 141 for the 8.5 Mb genome. We have used these markers to characterise existing parasite stabilates and have also shown that passage of the parasite through naïve cattle and ticks can lead to substantial changes of parasite populations in resulting stabilates. These markers have also been used to show that passage of mixed parasites through an immunised calf results in the removal of the immunising genotype from the parasite population produced by ticks fed on this animal. 相似文献
14.
Several prominent and economically important diseases of livestock in East Africa are caused by multi-host pathogens that also infect wildlife species, but management strategies are generally livestock focused and models of these diseases tend to ignore the role of wildlife. We investigate the dynamics of a multi-host tick-borne disease in order to assess the efficacy of tick control from an ecological perspective. We examined the efficacy of a widespread measure of tick control and developed a model to explore how changes in the population of ticks due to control measures on cattle impact dynamics of Theileria parva infection in a system with two primary host species, cattle and Cape buffalo (Syncerus caffer). We show that the frequency of acaricide application has a significant impact on the tick population both on the host and in the environment, which can greatly reduce the pathogen load in cattle. We also demonstrate that reducing the tick population through cattle-related control measures is not sufficient to diminish disease transmission in buffalo. Our results suggest that under current control strategies, which target ticks on cattle only, T. parva is likely to remain a significant problem in East Africa, and require the continued use of acaricides, which has significant economic and ecological consequences. 相似文献
15.
Matjila PT Leisewitz AL Oosthuizen MC Jongejan F Penzhorn BL 《Veterinary parasitology》2008,157(1-2):34-40
A Theileria species was detected by PCR in blood samples collected from dogs in the Pietermaritzburg area and was also found in dogs presented at the Outpatients Clinic of the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital (OVAH), in the Pretoria area, South Africa. In the Pietermaritzburg area, 79 of the 192 samples were positive, while 3 out of 1137 of the Onderstepoort samples were positive. Three positive samples from Pietermaritzburg were co-infected with Ehrlichia canis. PCR positive samples were further analysed by the Reverse Line Blot (RLB) and sequence analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rRNA full-length gene sequences of one sample (VT12) from Pietermaritzburg and two samples from OVAH (BC281 and BC295) revealed a close relationship with sequences of Theileria species (sable). Clinical signs of the dogs that were examined at Pietermaritzburg and OVAH included an immune-mediated condition with severe thrombocytopenia. These findings identify a Theileria sp. in dogs for the first time in South Africa and add yet another microorganism to the growing list of haemoprotozoan parasites infecting dogs worldwide. The clinical significance of this infection in dogs is poorly resolved. 相似文献
16.
J. Robson V. Pedersen G. Uilenberg G. M. Odeke 《Tropical animal health and production》1981,13(1):1-11
Summary Cattle living in a circumscribed area in Uganda, where bothTheileria parva andT. mutans occurred naturally, were monitored for periods of up to 1 year by examination of blood and lymph node smears for parasites and the indirect fluorescent antibody test for antibodies toTheileria. Uninfected control cattle were added at intervals to ensure continuous challenge and to monitor the challenge. Although all 29 control animals became infected withT. parva, challenge was light at first as mortality from theileriosis only commenced in the 18 introduced after day 138 of the study; 14 of these died of the disease. Most of the 34 animals in the original group appeared to be susceptible toT. parva at the start of the study and 6 died of theileriosis. All animals were, or became, infected withT. mutans. Several animals exhibited patentT. parva infections on more than 1 occasion and 1 died from the second infection indicating the existence of immunologically different strains. Recovered animals appeared to acquire eventually a solid immunity to the localTheileria strains but 9 of the original animals and 7 of the controls died exhibiting massive tick and helminth burdens, sometimes aggravated by the effects of previousT. parva and/orT. mutans infections.
T. parva cell culture shizont antigen proved to be more reliable and specific than piroplasm antigen for the detection of antibodies and should give reliable results in field surveys in areas with a continuous challenge the year round.
FAO Staff Members.
Project supported by the United Nations Development Programme with the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations as Executing Agency in co-operation with the Government of Uganda. 相似文献
Teileriosis En Uganda: Respuestas Parasitologicas Y Serologicas En Ganado Expuesto Continuamente A La Infeccion Natural
Resumen Se realizó un estudio de l año con un grupo de ganado en un área circunscrita de Uganda, en donde laTheileria parva y laT. mutans ocurren naturalmente. Se hicieron exámenes de sangre y ganglios linfáticos regularmente, para detectar la presencia de parásitos. La determinación de anticuerpos se hizo mediante la prueba indirecta de anticuerpos fluorescentes. Los animales controles libres de la enfermedad se introdujeron al grupo a intervalos regulares, para asi asegurar una descarga contínua y estudiar la misma. A pesar de que todos los animales controles se infectaron conT. parva, la descarga fue ligera al principio del estudio, debido a que la mortalidad por teileriosis solamente comenzó en el 18, el cual se introdujo después del día 138 del estudio; 14 controles murieron de la enfermedad. La mayoría de los 34 animales en el grupo original eran aparentemente susceptibles a teileriosis al comienzo del estudio; únicamente 6 murieron de la enfermedad. Todos los animales se infectaron conT. mutans. Varios animales exhibieron distintos patrones de infección en más de una ocasión y 1 murió en la segunda infección, indicando la existencia de diferentes cepas inmunológicas. Los animales recuperados adquirieron una inmunidad sólida a las cepas locales deT. parva, pero 9 de los experimentales y 7 de los controles murieron debido a infestaciones masivas con garrapatas y helmintos, agravado todo por los efectos de las infecciones previas porT. parva y T. mutans.El antígeno preparado de esquizontes deT. parva en cultivos celulares, fue más específico y confiable que el antígeno preparado de formas piroplásmicas, para el diagnóstico de casos de campo en donde la descarga parasitaria es contínua todo el año.
Theileriose En Ouganda. Reponses Parasitaires Et Serologiques Chez Le Betail Continuellement Expose A L'Infection Naturelle
Résumé Du bétail vivant sur une aire clôturée en Ouganda, oùTheileria parva etT. mutans existent naturellement, a été contrôlé pendant des périodes pouvant atteindre 1 an par examen de frottis de sang et de ganglions lymphatiques pour la recherche des parasites, et par l'épreuve indirecte des anticorps fluorescents pour la détection des anticorps anti-theilériens. Du bétail témoin non infecté a été introduit à divers intervalles pour garantir la continuité de la mise à l'épreuve et la contrôler. Bien que tous les 29 animaux témoins aient eté infectés parT. parva, la mise à l'épreuve a été faible car la mortalité par theilériose n'a commencé chex les 18 bêtes introduites au début qu'après le 138e jour de l'étude; 14 sont morts de la maladie. La plupart des 34 animaux du premier groupe s'est révélée réceptive àT. parva, au début de l'étude et 6 sont morts de theilériose. Tous les animaux étaient infectés deT. mutans ou le sont devenus. Plusieurs animaux ont montré la présence de parasites à plus d'une reprise; un animal est mort de réinfection, démontrant l'existence de souches immunologiquement différentes. Les animaux guéris ont acquis par la suite une solide immunité aux souches locales deTheileria, mais 9 animaux de premier groupe et 7 témoins sont morts massivement parasités par des tiques et des helminthes, ceci aggravé parfois des effets des infections préalables àT. parva et T. mutans.L'antigène deT. parva provenant de schizontes en cultures cellulaires s'est révélé plus sûr et spécifique que l'antigène des parasites des hématies pour la détection des anticorps et devrait donner des résultats dignes de confiance lors d'enquêtes de terrain dans des zones où le bétail est mis continûment à l'épreuve desTheileria tout au long de l'année.
FAO Staff Members.
Project supported by the United Nations Development Programme with the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations as Executing Agency in co-operation with the Government of Uganda. 相似文献
17.
Blood from 2 buffalo harbouring Theileria organisms was inoculated into a splenectomized Ayrshire calf. The calf developed an infection which extended over a long period. The infection was transmitted to two cattle with Amblyomma gemma by transstadial transmission between the larvae and nymphs. Severe anaemia developed in these cattle and correlated with the parasitaemia. Schizonts morphologically characteristic of T. mutans were detected for short periods in the lymphoid cells of cattle infected by the ticks. The antigens and sera prepared from the cattle reacted with T. mutans sera and antigens in the indirect fluorescent antibody test. After recovery from the primary parasitaemia, the cattle had detectable organisms and antibodies to T. mutans for more than two years. 相似文献
18.
T.T. Dolan D.E. Radley C.G.D. Brown M.P. Cunningham S.P. Morzaria A.S. Young 《Veterinary parasitology》1980,6(4):325-332
Four experiments were carried out in which cattle immunized with three cryopreserved stabilates, Theileria parva (Muguga), T. parva (Kiambu 5) and T. lawrencei (Serengeti transformed) and simultaneously treated with a single dose of long acting tetracycline were challenged with field isolates of T. parva. Three of the challenge isolates were from Tanzania and one from Kenya. The immunized cattle showed either mild or inapparent diease reations while susceptible control cattle suffered severe disease and 72% died. These experiments further demonstrated the efficacy of the immunization method against T. parva isolates from a wide distribution within East Africa. The value of such laboratory screening of field isolates prior to field exposures is discussed. 相似文献
19.
Georges KC Ezeokoli CD Sparagano O Pargass I Campbell M D'Abadie R Yabsley MJ 《Veterinary parasitology》2011,175(3-4):363-366
Equine piroplasmosis due to Theileria equi and Babesia caballi is endemic in Trinidad. A case of equine piroplasmosis due to T. equi was diagnosed in a thoroughbred foal at 10h post-partum. A high parasitaemia (63%) of piroplasms was observed in a Wright-Giemsa(?) stained thin blood smear from the foal. In addition, the 18S rRNA gene for Babesia/Theileria was amplified from DNA extracted from the blood of the foal and the mare. Amplified products were subjected to a reverse line blot hybridization assay (RLB), which confirmed the presence of T. equi DNA in the foal. The mare was negative by RLB but was positive for T. equi using a nested PCR and sequence analysis. In areas where equine piroplasmosis is endemic, severe jaundice in a post-partum foal may be easily misdiagnosed as neonatal isoerythrolysis. Foals with post-partum jaundice should be screened for equine piroplasmosis, which may be confirmed using molecular methods if available. 相似文献
20.
Brígido C da Fonseca IP Parreira R Fazendeiro I do Rosário VE Centeno-Lima S 《Veterinary parasitology》2004,123(1-2):17-23
A survey was conducted during the months of April-June 2003 in the northeast Portugal (Bragan?a district) in order to characterize the hemoparasite population of an autochthonous Mirandesa breed of Bos taurus. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the bovine blood revealed that 3 out of 116 animals were infected with Theileria and/or Babesia parasites, while reverse line blot hybridisation (RLB) analysis showed that these animals were infected with Theileria buffeli/orientalis. Cloning and sequencing confirmed the RLB results. Database sequence searches combined with phylogenetic analysis of the partial 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences obtained enabled us to place the parasites in question as members of the T. buffeli/orientalis group, confirming the PCR/RLB diagnosis. 相似文献