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1.
菜地土壤铅、镉有效态与生物有效性研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
通过野外采样、室内测试分析,探讨重庆市北碚区菜地土壤铅、镉的有效态含量及生物有效性。结果表明：研究区菜地土壤铅、镉有效态平均含量为3.114,0.051mg/kg,生物有效性系数分别为7.7%,25.1%;小白菜可食部分铅、镉平均含量分别为0.123,0.021mg/kg,富集系数分别为0.4%,9.8%;从富集系数和生物有效性系数看,研究区菜地土壤镉的潜在生态风险要大于铅的。研究区菜地土壤理化性质中pH对有效态镉有显著影响;砂粒、粘粒和有机质对有效态铅含量有显著影响;铅、镉有效态与全量变化一致,全量是有效态含量的主要影响因素;土壤类型对铅、镉有效态含量有影响;在人类活动中交通对有效态铅含量有影响,肥料的施用对有效态镉含量有影响。菜地土壤中铅、镉有效态含量与小白菜可食部分铅、镉的含量相关性优于全量的,用土壤中铅、镉的有效态表征铅、镉的生态风险更准确。 相似文献
2.
通过野外采样、室内测试及数理统计,对北碚区菜地规划区内前期不同土地利用方式下土壤的铅、镉进行研究.结果表明:(1)通过描述统计与方差分析得出不同土地利用方下铅和镉全量、有效态含量、生物有效性系数有不同程度的差异,土地利用方式对其有不同程度的影响.(2)在研究区内,车辆废气排放、肥料施用的差异是影响全量差异的可能因素,土壤pH值的差异、有效磷含量差异、铅与镉全量的差异是影响有效态含量差异的可能因素.全量的差异是影响生物有效性系数差异的主要因素.(3)以重庆市土壤铅、镉背景值为标准,通过地质累积指数法计算得出,菜地规划区内土壤铅、镉受轻度污染,其中混作地与水田土壤铅污染程度较菜地的明显,菜地土壤镉污染程度较水田和混作地的明显. 相似文献
3.
土壤—植物体系中的铅 总被引：27，自引：0，他引：27
自７０年代以来，关于土壤－植物体系中铅的行为特征研究有了很大进展，本文综述了国内外新近有关文献报道。介绍了造成土壤铅污染的原因，铅在土壤中的化学行为特点和土壤中活性铅的化学浸提方法的选择；重点阐述了植物对铅的吸收积累机理及其影响因素；讨论了土壤－植物体系中铅的迁移规律与动，植物及人体铅危害的可能性，铅的土壤临界值和环境容量制订等问题。 相似文献
4.
利用15NO3-标记法研究土壤微生物量氮的化学及生物有效性 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
采用加入含15N的硝态氮培养方法标记了土壤微生物量氮 ,然后利用碱解扩散法测定了标记土壤有效氮含量 ,温室培养法评价了小麦对标记的土壤微生物量氮的吸收情况。结果表明 ,碱解扩散法对土壤微生物量固持的15N的提取比率 (即提取液中15N原子百分超 /土壤15N原子百分超 )在 1 47～ 2 83之间(平均 2 0 1 ) ,碱解氮中约有 3 0 1 %～ 61 6% (平均 42 9% )来自土壤微生物固持氮。植物体15N丰度在0 749%～ 1 1 62 %之间 ,明显高于15N的自然丰度 ,表明土壤微生物固持的15N在小麦生长期间发生释放 ,为植物利用。土壤微生物固持氮对植物的有效性比率 (植物地上部分15N原子百分超 /土壤15N原子百分超 )在 3 7～ 7 1之间。可见 ,土壤微生物量固持氮有较高的化学及生物有效性 相似文献
5.
武夷山茶园土壤铜、铅和锰形态及茶叶有效性特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
《土壤通报》2017,(1):202-207
通过测试武夷山19个茶园土壤及茶叶中的Cu、Pb和Mn元素全量及土壤元素化学形态组成,分析土壤三种元素的生物可利用性和茶叶对其富集能力,并研究土壤理化性质对茶叶元素含量的影响。结果表明,武夷茶区土壤和茶叶Cu、Pb和Mn全量属于安全范围内。元素形态中,Cu以残渣态为优势;Pb、Mn以残渣态和铁锰氧化态为主,三者的生物可利用性大小排序为:Pb>Mn>Cu。富集系数比较得出,茶叶对土壤Cu、Mn富集能力较强,Pb的富集系数较低。相关性结果表明,该茶区土壤酸化很可能已经导致了土壤锰在一定量上的淋溶与流失;土壤有机质的增加,促进茶叶对Cu、Mn的吸收、累积,并降低土壤铅的有效性;重元素全量不能充分反映土壤对茶叶的有效性,赋存形态对合理评估土壤对茶叶的有效性更加重要。 相似文献
6.
外源砷、铅在三类紫色土中形态分配与其化学、生物有效性研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
对比研究了酸、中、石灰性紫色土添加砷、铅后其形态分配变化及化学、生物有效性特征.试验表明砷、铅在三种紫色土中形态分配不同,外源砷、铅分配与原始土样本底值有较大差异.从提取能力、生物效应方面比较了几种浸提剂效果,认为用0.5N NaHCO3提取As、2.5%HAc提取Pb可以较好地表征3种紫色土砷、铅的有效量.植物吸收砷、铅与土壤有效量有较好的相关性,但吸收形态却因土而异.试验还证明,As的形态分级中H3BO3可以很好地掩敝F-对比色的干扰. 相似文献
7.
《农产品质量与安全》2017,(6)
利用对比法和地统计学与地理信息系统结合的方法研究广东省北部某水泥厂周边农田土壤中重金属的主要来源。通过分析采样点位表层土壤(0~20cm)和深层土壤(20~40cm)中镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、铬(Cr)、砷(As)、汞(Hg)的含量及空间变异特征,利用Kriging插值分析方法对未测点土壤含量进行最优估计,结果表明,农田土壤重金属Cd污染最为严重;耕作层土壤Cd、Pb、Hg全量都大于底层;对比法和地统计学分析结果表明,该区域农田土壤重金属含量以水泥厂和公路为中心呈辐射状分布,可确定为该区域土壤重金属的主要污染来源。 相似文献
8.
植物内生菌影响土壤微生物区系的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤微生物区系是土壤生态环境的重要组分,其结构的稳定性对作物的健康生长至关重要。本文重点综述了植物内生菌对土壤微生物区系的调节作用,调节机制及潜在应用,指出了植物内生菌影响土壤微生物区系研究中出现的问题。一些植物内生菌不仅对植物生长有益,还可以显著改善土壤微生物区系,主要表现在对土壤微生物种类及数量、微生物生物量、酶活性及相关酶基因表达的影响,这可能是内生菌在土壤中和植物体内引发的多种效应的综合。植物内生菌可以在土壤中作为腐生菌与土壤微生物存在生态位竞争,通过产生某些抗菌活性物质和有机酸影响土壤微生物生长,通过降解复杂有机物如木质素、酚类化感物质等调节微生物区系,并吸收和转运重金属降低其对土壤微生物区系的危害等等。最后提出了今后的研究方向。 相似文献
9.
植物修复对重金属镍污染土壤微生物群落的影响 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
采用室内盆栽试验方法,研究了外源镍污染土壤的植物修复对土壤微生物群落的影响。试验用水稻土中添加NiSO4.6H2O(100~1 600 mg kg-1)经过12周的驯化培养后,种植了2种超累积植物和1种耐性植物,经110 d的试验后进行了植物修复后土壤微生物活性的分析。结果表明,非根区土中添加镍的质量分数为100 mg kg-1时,对土壤中细菌、真菌和放线菌总数有一定的促进作用,土壤中微生物生物量最大;当添加镍的质量分数大于100 mg kg-1时,将对土壤微生物群落造成不利的影响。在植物修复过程中,通过植物的减毒(吸收重金属)作用和根系分泌物的作用,改善了土壤微生物的生存环境,提高了土壤微生物的数量和生物量。经过植物修复后,根区土壤微生物较非根区土壤的丰富,土壤微生物群落总DNA序列多样性指数相应增加,但不同植物对根区土壤微生物的贡献是不同的。 相似文献
10.
外源砷、铅在三类紫色土中形态分配与其化学、生物有效性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
对比研究了酸、中、石灰性紫色土添加砷、铅后其形态分配变化及化学、生物有效性特征。试验表明：砷、铅在三种紫色土中形态分配不同，外源砷、铅分配与原始土样本底值有较大差异。从提取能力、生物效应方面比较了几种浸提剂效果，认为：用0.5N NaHCO3提取As、2.5%HAc提取Pb可以较好地表征3种紫色土砷、铅的有效量。植物吸收砷、铅与土壤有效量有较好的相关性，但吸收形态却因土而异。试验还证明，As的形态分级中H3BO3可以很好地掩敝F-对比色的干扰。 相似文献
11.
The effects of modified heavy metal (HM) availability on the microbial community structure and on the microbe-mediated degradation of herbicide isoproturon (IPU) were evaluated in soil with a long-term HM contamination. The fate of 14C-ring labelled IPU was investigated for over 60 days under controlled microcosm conditions. Phosphate mineral apatite and a water solution of Pb, Zn, and Cd salts were previously homogeneously mixed into the soil material to reduce and to increase the proportion of bioavailable HM, respectively. The availability of Pb, Zn, and Cd was determined by HM fractionation and plant uptake 110 days after the addition of amendments, shortly before IPU addition. Apatite treatment reduced the availability of HM, but did not affect the microbial biomass and the microbial community structure on the genotype level (total soil DNA-RAPD). However, it changed the microbial community structure on the phenotype level, based on the composition of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) at the end of the degradation experiment. The degradation of IPU did not change. In contrast to apatite treatment, HM supplementation increased the bioavailability of Pb, Zn and Cd, which resulted in biomass reduction and changes of microbial community structure on the genotypic (total soil DNA-RAPD) and phenotypic (PLFA) level. Increased bioavailability of HM also significantly reduced the rate of IPU degradation and mineralisation. The total mineralisation over a period of 60 days decreased from 12 to 5% of initial 14C. Increased HM bioavailability did not influence the degradation pathways and kinetics of IPU. 相似文献
12.
利用土壤改良剂固定污染土壤中铅、镉的研究进展 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
Since the inception of industrial revolution, metal refining plants using pyrometallurgical processes have generated the prodigious emissions of lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). As the core target of such pollutants, a large number of soils are nowadays contaminated over widespread areas, posing a great threat to public health worldwide. Unlike organic pollutants, Pb and Cd do not undergo chemical or microbial breakdown and stay likely in site for longer duration after their release. Immobilization is an in-situ remediation technique that uses cost-effective soil amendments to reduce Pb and Cd availability in the contaminated soils. The Pb and Cd contamination in the soil environment is reviewed with focus on source enrichment, speciation and associated health risks, and immobilization options using various soil amendments. Commonly applied and emerging cost-effective soil amendments for Pb and Cd immobilization include phosphate compounds, liming, animal manure, biosolids, metal oxides, and biochar. These immobilizing agents could reduce the transfer of metal pollutants or residues to food web (plant uptake and leaching to subsurface water) and their long-term sustainability in heavy metal fixation needs further assessment. 相似文献
13.
土壤中铅锰复合污染对烟草生长及其吸收铅和锰的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
采用盆栽试验方法研究Pb与Mn复合污染对烟草生长及其吸收积累Pb、Mn的影响,以便弄清在Pb与Mn复合污染条件下烟草的生长情况.试验结果表明:Pb与Mn复合污染可影响烟草的生长发育,在土壤中Pb浓度(500 mg/kg)不变的情况下,随着土壤中Mn浓度的提高,烟草株高、根长、根系和茎叶的干重不断减少,当土壤中Mn浓度达到2500 mg/kg时,烟草的株高、根长和烟草的产量减少分别达到极显著水平(p＜0.01).Pb与Mn复合污染也影响烟草对Pb和Mn的吸收与积累,当土壤中Pb浓度不变时,随着土壤中Mn浓度的增加,烟草各部分中Pb含量和Mn含量都在不断的提高.此外,Mn可促进烟草对Pb的吸收与积累. 相似文献
14.
Pablo García-Palacios Matthew A. Bowker Stephen J. Chapman Santiago Soliveres Antonio Gallardo César Guerrero 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(6):1245-1253
Because of their rapidly changing vegetation dynamics and harsh environmental conditions, roadside prairies in semi-arid regions represent an exceptional study system in which to investigate the effects of plant-soil interactions on ecosystem functioning. We conducted a two-year field experiment on two roadside embankments in semi-arid central Spain differing in construction age to answer the following questions: (i) do commonly used restoration treatments (hydroseeding, fertilization and irrigation) affect soil microbial functional diversity and processes related to soil functioning (basal respiration, total N and P and in situ N availability rate)? (ii) what portion of plant effects on processes related to soil functioning is mediated indirectly by microbial functional diversity? Except for a small and negative irrigation effect on the microbial functional diversity in the three-year old site, the restoration treatments employed did not affect this variable. Fertilization increased plant diversity, an effect likely mediated by the enhanced soil nutrient availability with this treatment at early stages of secondary succession. In contrast, hydroseeding did not affect processes related to soil functioning. The total effect of the plant community on these processes was higher than that of the microbial functional diversity alone, suggesting that the studied slopes are to the greater extent regulated by plants. However, soil microbes are a key proximate influence in the system, as the indirect effects of plant community on soil functioning processes mediated by soil microbes represented 37-41% of the total plant effects observed. Our results indicate that the restoration of recently built slopes can potentially be improved with treatments that promote plant compositional shifts, such as fertilization, or alter soil function, such as the enhancement of soil microbial functional diversity. They also highlight that plant-soil interactions are an important process that can be manipulated for restoration purposes in early-successional stages, especially in nutrient-poor semi-arid ecosystems. 相似文献
15.
通过温室盆栽试验，研究了长江三角洲地区3种典型土壤类型中Pb在土壤-青菜系统中的转运及Pb污染对青菜Pb含量、土壤硝化细菌和微生物多样性的影响。结果表明，Pb在土壤-青菜系统中的转运是非线性的。青菜地上部Pb含量与0．43mol／LHNO3和0．05mol／LEDTA提取态Pb显著相关，青菜Pb含量与0．01mol／LCaCl2提取态Pb相关性不显著。研究认为，0．43mol／LHNO3和0．05mol／LEDTA提取态Pb可成为土壤Pb植物有效性的评价指标。青紫泥和滩潮土中添加Pb浓度为125—625mg／kg，对土壤硝化细菌数量和土壤微生物多样性影响不明显。以基于人体健康风险、国家食品卫生标准和植物毒性为依据，计算得出的总Pb临界浓度分别为：黄泥砂土140、59和12263mg／kg，青紫泥790、292和13902mg／kg，滩潮土1266、418和30422mg／kg。 相似文献
16.
Soil microorganisms are influenced by various abiotic and biotic factors at the field plot scale. Little is known, however, about the factors that determine soil microbial community functional diversity at a larger spatial scale. Here we conducted a regional scale study to assess the driving forces governing soil microbial community functional diversity in a temperate steppe of Hulunbeir, Inner Mongolia, northern China. Redundancy analysis and regression analysis were used to examine the relationships between soil microbial community properties and environmental variables. The results showed that the functional diversity of soil microbial communities was correlated with aboveground plant biomass, root biomass, soil water content and soil N: P ratio, suggesting that plant biomass, soil water availability and soil N availability were major determinants of soil microbial community functional diversity. Since plant biomass can indicate resource availability, which is mainly constrained by soil water availability and N availability in temperate steppes, we consider that soil microbial community functional diversity was mainly controlled by resource availability in temperate steppes at a regional scale. 相似文献
17.
为了解包头市铜厂周边地区土壤剖面中重金属污染状况,采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法和Tessier连续提取法,对土壤中6种重金属（Cu,Zn,Mn,Ni,Pb和Cd）的垂直分布特征、形态及潜在生物可利用性进行了分析。结果表明:研究区土壤剖面各层土壤中6种重金属含量均超过内蒙古土壤背景值,Cu,Pb和Cd为主要污染物。随采样深度的增加,Cu,Zn,Pb和Mn的含量呈现下降趋势,且由相关性系数可知重金属Cu,Zn和Pb可能有相同人为或自然污染源;土壤剖面中6种重金属均主要以残渣态存在,含量均在50%以上,对生物危害较小;潜在生物可利用性分析结果为:Cu（32.61%） > Mn（31.85%） > Ni（24.90%） > Zn（16.60%） > Cd（15.23%） > Pb（14.87%）,Cu和Mn的潜在生物可利用性较大,其次为Ni,Zn,Cd和Pb潜在生物可利用性较小。 相似文献
18.
《Applied soil ecology》2010,46(3):232-237
A pot experiment was carried out to study the sulfur (S) and lead (Pb) interaction and its impact on soil microbial community composition in rice rhizosphere soil under flooded conditions. Paddy soil was treated with a Pb gradient with and without thiosulfate addition and then planted with rice. The increasing addition of Pb resulted in plant yield reduction and high, phytotoxic concentrations of Pb in roots with relatively low concentration of Pb in shoots. Under the impact of thiosulfate, Pb uptake in plants and NH4OAc extractable Pb did not increase dramatically. PCR-DGGE experiment suggested that S action led to new bands. Specific clones (T3 and T6) found in S addition soils had high similarity to Thiobacillus, which indicated relatively high rates of potential S oxidation. S addition did not affect the availability Pb and the composition of soil microbial community. S addition is not a suitable amendatory tool of phytoremediation for Pb polluted soil. 相似文献
19.
铅镉高污染土壤的钝化材料筛选及其修复效果初探 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7
本研究以重金属高污染农田土壤(全Pb含量为1 277 mg/kg,全Cd含量为39.0 mg/kg)为研究对象,通过土培试验和玉米苗期盆栽试验,探讨海泡石、石灰、腐植酸、钙镁磷肥、磷矿粉、生物质炭等常用稳定材料不同剂量及复配组合对高污染土壤重金属的钝化修复效应。土培试验结果表明,石灰对Pb和Cd钝化效果最好,其次是海泡石,但两者表现为较高添加量处理间没有显著差异;而低剂量生物质炭和腐植酸显著增加土壤有效态Pb和Cd含量,高剂量生物质炭具有较好的钝化效果。盆栽试验表明,海泡石与石灰配施钝化效果较好,与对照相比,土壤氯化钙提取态Pb、Cd含量分别降低了97.5%、81.4%;玉米根和地上部Cd含量分别降低48.5%、34.0%,Pb含量分别降低35.6%、29.6%;但海泡石与磷材料配施显著增加玉米根Pb含量,对玉米Cd吸收没有显著影响。以上结果表明,重金属高污染农田土壤添加合适的改良剂,可较大幅度降低土壤重金属有效性和植物重金属吸收性。 相似文献
20.
Shag-Lian Fu Harlan Hashimoto B. Z. Siegel S. M. Siegel 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1989,43(1-2):109-118
The Ala Manna beach and park area in SE Honolulu is exposed to (1) local automotive exhaust emissions from the heavily travelled boulevard and high density shopping mall located immediately to the north; (2) a frequently congested access road located between the park proper and the beach; and (3) a remote source of geothermal and volcanic emissions 400 km to the SE on the Island of Hawaii. Between 1972 and 1987 both local Pb emissions and the more remote Hg emissions fell by more than 80%. Reductions in Pb reflected declining use of ‘leaded’ gasoline; reductions in Hg reflected a declining output of Hg0 vapor from volcanic and fumarolic sources. We compared Pb and Hg contents along a 150 m transect of soil and the grass Cynodon in 1972 and 1987. At the boulevard median divider, where particulate Pb deposition is heaviest, the metal content of the upper 5 to 6 cm of soil was reduced by approximately 53% but in the main body of the park no consistent pattern was found and an overall 21% reduction was observed. The highest soil Pb values were measured at the boulevard and beach access roads, with lower intermediate levels. The grass shoots showed a similar pattern but overall Pb content fell 65% between 1972 and 1979, a value more consistent with the reduction in Pb contamination from leaded gasoline. Neither soil nor plant Hg contents reflect a strong roadside to interior concentration gradient, but both fell between 1972 and 1987 by 60 and 68%, respectively. The biogeochemical significance of concentration ratios (plant/soil) and Pb/Hg atomic ratios was examined. With the exception of soil fixation of Pb in a relatively non-mobile soluble form, we conclude that for the two metals, the changes in levels reflect changes in the source (local for Pb and remote for Hg). There is also evidence for physiological regulation in the uptake of the two elements. 相似文献