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1.
王重阳  郑靖  顾江新  史奕  陈欣 《土壤》2007,39(6):863-869
采用静态箱(暗箱)气相色谱法对下辽河平原潮棕壤撂荒地和人工林N2O、CH4排放进行了为期1年的原位测量,同时测量了土壤温湿度、气温,土壤NO3-N、NH4 -N含量等相关因子.结果表明,在观测期间内人工林地土壤的N2O排放通量明显高于撂荒地.撂荒地是大气CH4的源,而人工林则是CH4的汇.对人工林的观测结果表明,N2哦O排放与CH4排放之间存在负相关关系(R2=-0.351,p＜0.05,n=36);而撂荒地两种气体排放之间无明显相关关系.N2O排放通量和温度变化有很好的相关性.当土壤含水量在200 g/kg以上时,土壤含水量与CH4气体排放具有较好的正相关关系.  相似文献   

2.
三江平原寒地稻田CH_4、N_2O排放特征及排放量估算   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  
利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法,于2003-2006年对三江平原寒地稻田CH4、N2O通量进行了为期4年的田间原位观测研究.结果表明:三江平原寒地稻田CH4和N2O排放具有明显的季节变化,水稻生长季淹水期是CH4排放的强源,稻田排水后CH4排放显著下降,休闲期CH4排放微弱或呈弱吸收汇,整个生长季CH4排放呈现单峰型态,并随水稻植株生长和叶面积指数而变化;水稻生长季和休闲期N2O排放通量都很小,冬季休闲期有时还出现微弱的吸收现象.生长季一般在施肥和表土落干时都会出现不同强度的排放峰,除了几次比较显著的排放峰值外,其它淹水状态下N2O排放很弱;温度和土壤水分状况是影响稻田CH4和N2O排放的重要因子,稻田积水深度和气体排放无明显的相关性;水稻植株对稻田土壤CH4排放起促进作用而对稻田土壤N2O排放起抑制作用;稻田氮肥用量增加可以降低土壤CH4排放,但却增加了N2O的排放.根据试验数据对三江平原地区寒地稻田CH4和N2O排放总量估算值分别为0.1035 Tg/a和0.0021 Tg/a.  相似文献   

3.
采用静态箱-气相色谱法对西北干旱区当前普遍采用的膜下滴灌和传统的无膜漫灌两种栽培管理下土壤CH4和N2O通量日变化和季节变化特征进行了研究。结果表明,随时间的推移,无膜漫灌栽培管理措施下棉田土壤CH4日变化通量呈先降后升趋势,而膜下滴灌栽培处理CH4排放通量日变化则呈现先升后降趋势;在整个生长季节,无膜漫灌和膜下滴灌土壤CH4季节变化规律不太明显,前者吸收大气CH4 45.2～52.5 mg m-2 a-1,后者释放CH4通量为0.7～23.1 mg m-2 a-1。两种栽培管理措施下棉田土壤N2O通量的日变化和季节变化均随时间的推移均呈现先升后降趋势,但是,无膜漫灌日均排放N2O通量显著高于膜下滴灌。在整个生长季节,无膜漫灌土壤N2O释放量(N2O 99.3～320.0 mg m-2 a-1)显著高于膜下滴灌(N2O60.0～259.0 mg m-2 a-1)。以上结果说明,膜下滴灌栽培管理措施可以改变旱田传统无膜漫灌栽培土壤与大气CH4的交换方向,促进土壤CH4向大气的排放,但对N2O通量日变化和季节变化规律不产生影响,显著降低土壤N2O的排放量。  相似文献   

4.
三江平原湿地CH4排放通量研究   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：10  
2002年6月到10月在三江平原利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对不同土壤水分状况或积水深度的毛果苔草沼泽、小叶章草甸以及灌丛进行了CH4排放的测定,结果为毛果苔草沼泽CH4排放通量(11.9 mg/m2·h)>小叶章草甸(8.5 mg/m2·h)>灌丛(0.75 mg/m2·h),差异达到高度显著水平(α=0.01),主要是由土壤水分状况不同而造成的.由于生境的差异,3种湿地类型CH4排放通量的季节变化形式也不尽相同.温度、土壤Eh和毛果苔草生物量是影响CH4排放的重要因素,湿地CH4排放通量和箱内外温度或不同深度的地温均呈显著或极显著正相关,小叶章草甸和毛果苔草沼泽分别与10 cm及15 cm的Eh呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),毛果苔草生物量和CH4排放通量呈显著正相关(P<0.05).  相似文献   

5.
作为涡度相关技术观测的两种主要技术手段,开路（OPEC）和闭路（CPEC）两种涡度相关系统在观测森林生态系统CH4通量过程中存在较大的不确定性,本研究利用OPEC和CPEC两种涡度相关系统,对黄河小浪底人工混交林CH4通量进行连续观测,选取生长旺季2016年7月24日-8月5日连续14d数据,对比两种观测系统的功率谱和协谱,估算闭路涡度相关系统的延迟时间,并分析其在连续晴天和连续雨天的通量观测结果。结果表明：CPEC系统的功率谱和协谱在所有频率上与OPEC系统基本一致,在惯性副区功率谱符合-5/3相似规律,协谱符合-4/3相似规律;以OPEC系统为“准”标准,CPEC系统观测CH4通量的延迟时间合适流速范围内的5个不同流速（40、37.5、35.5、33.5、31.5L·min-1）分别为4.6、7.7、5.3、10.8和14.3s,平均延迟时间为8～9s;与OPEC观测系统测定的CH4通量相比,CPEC系统观测结果晴天偏低12%;雨天高出32%。OPEC观测系统适用于晴天CH4通量观测。经校正,消除延迟影响后的CPEC观测系统可用于测定雨天CH4通量,以弥补OPEC观测系统缺测的值。两种系统并行观测、相互弥补,可望获得更完整、更高质量的CH4通量数据。  相似文献   

6.
采用静态箱/气相色谱法对华北平原冬小麦/夏玉米轮作田土壤N2O通量进行周年观测,研究轮作田土壤N2O源的大小及其变化规律,分析土壤温度、水分、有效氮含量对土壤N2O通量的影响。结果表明,土壤N2O通量季节变化明显且变化主要是由施肥引起的。麦田土壤N2O通量变化范围为-36~835μg.m-2.h-1,玉米田为-1~263μg.m-2.h-1,麦季土壤N2O排放强度(80.5μg.m-2.h-1)低于玉米季(90.5μg.m-2.h-1)。轮作田土壤N2O年总排放量为6.9kg.hm-2,麦季(4.2kg.hm-2)高于玉米季(2.7kg.hm-2)。土壤N2O通量随地温升高呈指数增长(通过0.01显著水平检验),季节Q10值为2.2,单日的Q10值在3.8~4.5;作物主要生长季(4-10月)土壤N2O通量随土壤中NH4 -N含量的增加呈线性增长(通过0.05显著水平检验),而与土壤含水量和NO3--N含量均未表现出明显数量关系。在作物主要生长季,上述各因子对土壤N2O通量的综合影响极显著(通过0.01显著水平检验),其中土壤含水量和NH4 -N含量是主导因素。  相似文献   

7.
稻田CH4和N2O综合排放对控制灌溉的响应   总被引：4，自引：6，他引：4  
为了揭示水稻控制灌溉对稻田CH4和N2O综合排放的影响,该文采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对控制灌溉稻田CH4和N2O排放进行原位观测,分析稻田CH4和N2O综合排放对控制灌溉水分调控的动态响应。结果表明,控制灌溉稻田CH4排放通量多低于常规灌溉稻田,且主要集中在水稻分蘖前期,峰值出现在土壤脱水后第1～2d,排放总量较常规灌溉稻田减少81.2%～82.8%;N2O排放通量多高于常规灌溉稻田,峰值出现在肥后且土壤脱水后3～4d,排放总量较常规灌溉稻田增加了121.8%～144.3%。控制灌溉稻田CH4和N2O的综合全球增温潜势较常规灌溉稻田显著减少(p<0.05),减少幅度为15.0%～34.8%。控制灌溉显著降低了稻田CH4和N2O的综合温室效应。  相似文献   

8.
不同留茬高度秸秆还田冬小麦田甲烷吸收及影响因素   总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4  
为了探讨不同留茬高度的玉米秸秆还田下冬麦田甲烷(CH4)的吸收规律,为评估该地区温室气体排放量与发展循环农业提供依据,该研究基于连续10a的不同耕作措施进行定位试验,采用静态箱—气相色谱法研究了4种不同玉米秸秆留茬高度还田对冬麦田CH4吸收通量的影响。结果表明:随着秸秆留茬高度即秸秆还田量的增加,麦田CH4吸收通量逐渐减少,表现为秸秆不还田(AS)≈秸秆留茬0.5m还田(S-0.5)>秸秆留茬1m还田(S-1)≈秸秆全量还田(PS),常规耕作不还田处理(AC)和免耕不还田处理(AZ)分别比常规耕作全量还田(PC)和免耕全量还田处理(PZ)高18.3%和15.1%;CH4的吸收通量在小麦整个生育期呈高低相间的三峰曲线,并且与地表温度呈显著的正相关性,与20cm土层的土壤有机碳含量显著性负相关,与土壤水分相关性不明显;在CH4吸收通量的日变化中,常规和免耕的秸秆全量还田处理白天(6:00-18:00)分别比夜间(18:00-6:00)高18.2%和17.7%,CH4吸收通量与气温、地表温度和20cm地温有显著的正相关关系。试验表明,常规耕作麦田的CH4吸收通量比免耕要高8.65%。从CH4的吸收和秸秆合理利用的角度来看,常规耕作0.5m的秸秆留茬高度还田是较合理的还田方式,值得今后推广和应用。  相似文献   

9.
于2008年采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对人工手插和机插2种水稻种植方式下CH4和N2O排放进行田间观测,研究稻麦轮作条件下机插水稻CH4和N2O的排放特征及其温室效应。结果表明,水稻生长季CH4排放通量人工手插水稻和机插水稻均呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,N2O仅在水稻搁田期间有明显排放,机插和人工手插水稻CH4平均排放通量分别为4.68、4.39 mg.m-2.h-1,N2O平均排放通量为92.80、111.33μg.m-.2h-1。与人工手插水稻相比,机插水稻增加CH4排放总量14%,减少N2O排放总量11%,使稻季排放CH4和N2O所产生的全球增温潜势（GWP）和＂单位产量的GWP＂分别提高8%和10%。在稻麦轮作条件下采用机插水稻种植方式,水稻生长期间排放的CH4和N2O所形成的温室效应有提高的趋势。  相似文献   

10.
农田土壤是大气甲烷(CH_4)的重要源和汇,以往关于农田CH_4净交换通量的研究多关注水稻、小麦、玉米等作物,而蔬菜地的观测研究不足。本研究采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法对亚热带地区一块种植包菜的典型露天蔬菜地开展将近1年的田间原位CH_4通量观测,以揭示蔬菜地CH_4净交换通量的周年变化特征及其影响因素,估算CH_4年累积净交换通量,并定量评估CH_4净交换通量的误差。本试验在包菜地的垄上和垄间同时布设观测点进行CH_4通量观测,并对环境因子进行同步测量,观测期为2016年1月1日至12月8日。结果表明,所研究的蔬菜地为大气CH_4的微弱汇,年平均通量为(-9.9±7.0)μg(C)×m~(-2)×h~(-1),全年累积通量为-0.84kg(C)×hm~(-2),较高的土壤水分条件和高施氮量可能是导致本研究蔬菜地CH_4吸收较弱的主要原因。全年CH_4累积通量的总体误差为-48%~-16%,其中,由于通量计算方法引起的系统误差会使估算的通量偏低32%,年尺度上的随机误差大小为16%,主要来自CH_4通量的空间差异,因此可适当增加空间重复,以减小空间随机误差。研究还发现垄上的CH_4吸收通量显著高于垄间(P0.01),因此在开展农田温室气体通量观测时应兼顾垄上和垄间、种植行和行间等农田管理措施存在显著差异的区域,均布设观测点,避免对通量观测结果造成系统性偏差。  相似文献   

11.
Methane (CH4) emissions from rice paddies often show significant diurnal variations, most likely driven by diurnal changes of radiation and temperature in air, floodwater, and soil. Field measurements, however, are often scheduled at a fixed time of a given measuring day, thereby neglecting sub‐daily variations of CH4 emissions. Here we evaluated diurnal patterns of CH4 emissions from traditional paddy rice production as observed during field measurements in the Philippines. Field emissions were measured during three consecutive cropping seasons using an automated chamber and gas sampling system with fluxes being obtained every 4 h. Methane fluxes were monitored with a total of nine chambers during the dry seasons in 2012 and 2013 and 27 chambers during the wet season in 2012. Significant and consistent diurnal patterns of CH4 emissions were mainly observed from the start of field flooding until the middle of cropping periods, i.e., periods with low leaf area of the rice crop. Our data show that disregarding the diurnal variability of fluxes results in an average overestimation of seasonal CH4 emissions of 22% (16–31%) if measurements were conducted only around noon. Scheduling manual sampling either at early morning (7:00–9:00) or evening (17:00–19:00) results in estimations of seasonal emissions within 94–101% of the “true” value as calculated from multiple daily flux measurements. Alternatively, uncertainties of seasonal emissions can be reduced to an average of ≤3% by applying sinus function or Gauss function‐based correction factors. Application of correction factors allows the performance of flux measurements at any time of day. We also investigated N2O emissions from rice paddies with respect to diurnal variations, but did not find, as in the case of CH4, any significant and persistent diurnal pattern.  相似文献   

12.
Termites are estimated to contribute between <5 and 19% of the global methane (CH4) emissions. These estimates have large uncertainties because of the limited number of field-based studies and species studied, as well as issues of diurnal and seasonal variations. We measured CH4 fluxes from four common mound-building termite species (Microcerotermes nervosus, M. serratus, Tumulitermes pastinator and Amitermes darwini) diurnally and seasonally in tropical savannas in the Northern Territory, Australia. Our results showed that there were significant diel and seasonal variations of CH4 emissions from termite mounds and we observed large species specific differences. On a diurnal basis, CH4 fluxes were least at the coolest time of the day (∼07.00 h) and greatest at the warmest (∼15.00 h) for all species for both wet and dry seasons. We observed a strong and significant positive correlation between CH4 flux and mound temperature for all species. A mound excavation experiment demonstrated that the positive temperature effect on CH4 emissions was not related to termite movement in and out of a mound but probably a direct effect of temperature on methanogenesis in the termite gut. Fluxes in the wet season were 5-26-fold greater than those in the dry season. A multiple stepwise regression model including mound temperature and mound water content described 70-99% of the seasonal variations in CH4 fluxes for different species. CH4 fluxes from M. nervosus, which was the most abundant mound-building termite species at our sites, had significantly lower fluxes than the other three species measured. Our data demonstrate that CH4 flux estimates could result in large under- or over-estimation of CH4 emissions from termites if the diurnal, seasonal and species specific variations are not accounted for, especially when flux data are extrapolated to landscape scales.  相似文献   

13.
Northern wetlands are critically important to global change because of their role in modulating atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, especially CO2 and CH4. At present, continuous observations for CO2 and CH4 fluxes from northern wetlands in Asia are still very limited. In this paper, two growing season measurements for CO2 flux by eddy covariance technique and CH4 flux by static chamber technique were conducted in 2004 and 2005, at a permanently inundated marsh in the Sanjiang Plain, northeastern China. The seasonal variations of CO2 exchange and CH4 flux and the environmental controls on them were investigated. During the growing seasons, large variations in net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) and gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) were observed with the range of −4.0 to 2.2 (where negative exchange is a gain of carbon from the atmosphere) and 0-7.6 g C m−2 d−1, respectively. Ecosystem respiration (RE) displayed relatively smooth seasonal pattern with the range of 0.8-4.2 g C m−2 d−1. More than 70% of the total GEP was consumed by respiration, which resulted in a net CO2 uptake of 143 ± 9.8 and 100 ± 9.2 g C m−2 for the marsh over the growing seasons of 2004 and 2005, respectively. A significant portion of the accumulated NEE-C was lost by CH4 emission during the growing seasons, indicating the great potential of CH4 emission from the inundated marsh. Air temperature and leaf area index jointly affected the seasonal variation of GEP and the seasonal dynamic of RE was mainly controlled by soil temperature and leaf area index. Soil temperature also exerted the dominant influence over variation of CH4 flux while no significant relationship was found between CH4 emission and water table level. The close relationships between carbon fluxes and temperature can provide insights into the response of marsh carbon exchange to a changing climate. Future long term flux measurements over the freshwater marsh ecosystems are undoubtedly necessary.  相似文献   

14.
水稻植株对稻田CH4排放日变化的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
马静  徐华  蔡祖聪  八木一行 《土壤》2007,39(6):859-862
2005年采用静态箱法,在水稻分蘖期天气晴朗的条件下,全天观测了有、无水稻植株两种情况下稻田CH4的排放.结果表明:无论水稻种植与否,稻田CH4排放通量的昼夜变化均表现为单峰模式,极大值出现在下午14点;稻田CH4排放的昼夜变化与5cm处土温存在显著正相关关系(p＜0.05);有水稻植株处理稻田CH4日平均排放通量显著高于无水稻植株处理(p＜0.05);有水稻植株处理的稻田CH4排放通量最佳观测时间在上午8～10点,无水稻植株处理的最佳观测时间则在傍晚18点左右.  相似文献   

15.
We measured methane (CH4) emissions in the Luanhaizi wetland, a typical alpine wetland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China, during the plant growth season (early July to mid-September) in 2002. Our aim was to quantify the spatial and temporal variation of CH4 flux and to elucidate key factors in this variation. Static chamber measurements of CH4 flux were made in four vegetation zones along a gradient of water depth. There were three emergent-plant zones (Hippuris-dominated; Scirpus-dominated; and Carex-dominated) and one submerged-plant zone (Potamogeton-dominated). The smallest CH4 flux (seasonal mean=33.1 mg CH4 m−2 d−1) was observed in the Potamogeton-dominated zone, which occupied about 74% of the total area of the wetland. The greatest CH4 flux (seasonal mean=214 mg CH4 m−2 d−1) was observed in the Hippuris-dominated zone, in the second-deepest water area. CH4 flux from three zones (excluding the Carex-dominated zone) showed a marked diurnal change and decreased dramatically under dark conditions. Light intensity had a major influence on the temporal variation in CH4 flux, at least in three of the zones. Methane fluxes from all zones increased during the growing season with increasing aboveground biomass. CH4 flux from the Scirpus-dominated zone was significantly lower than in the other emergent-plant zones despite the large biomass, because the root and rhizome intake ports for CH4 transport in the dominant species were distributed in shallower and more oxidative soil than occupied in the other zones. Spatial and temporal variation in CH4 flux from the alpine wetland was determined by the vegetation zone. Among the dominant species in each zone, there were variations in the density and biomass of shoots, gas-transport system, and root-rhizome architecture. The CH4 flux from a typical alpine wetland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau was as high as those of other boreal and alpine wetlands.  相似文献   

16.
Major rice growth characteristics and grain yield were compared between inside and outside of a chamber coverage area after a seasonal CH4 and N2O flux measurement using a closed chamber technique. Results show that only grain yield was significantly (P<0.01) reduced by chamber enclosure. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in plant height, total straw weight, spike length, and average grain weight. Temperature increase during the gas flux measurement was likely the major cause for the observed grain yield decrease by sterilizing rice reproductive organs. Methane flux rates from rice fields were likely overestimated by using closed chamber technique because decreasing grain yield by chamber enclosure may result in more plant photosynthesis products released into soils to enhance CH4 production. Analyzing CH4 and CO2 emission ratio from the rice field, after cutting the above-water part of rice plants, indicated that CH4–C emission accounted for approximately 13% of the total CO2 and CH4–C emission during the major rice growing season.  相似文献   

17.
The methane exchange in an oligotrophic mire complex was measured on the ecosystem and microform scale with the eddy covariance (EC) and the closed chamber technique, respectively. Information about the distribution of three distinct microform types in the area of interest and in each 30 min EC flux source area was derived from a high-resolution (1 m2) landcover map in combination with an analytical source weight model (Kormann and Meixner, 2001). The mean weighted coverage of flark, lawn and hummock microforms in the EC source area (0.3% : 57% : 43%) closely mirrors the overall distribution in the area of interest (0.5% : 50.1% : 49.4%), despite great differences in microform coverage between individual 30 min EC source areas. The measured ecosystem flux was fitted to the sum of three microform flux models based on environmental variables and weighted by their fractional coverage in the EC source area. This method resulted in a better representation of the ecosystem flux compared to an approach based on only one flux model for the whole ecosystem (R2 = 0.87, RMSE = 0.44 vs. R2 = 0.74, RMSE = 0.61, n = 5181) and thus constitutes a successful down-scaling of measured ecosystem scale flux to the microform scale. A comparison of down-scaled and measured microform fluxes reveals a good agreement for lawn microforms and systematic differences for flark and hummock microforms. Reasons for the differences are thought to be the limited resolution of the landcover classification and the systematic underestimation of hummock fluxes by the closed chamber technique. As a result, hummock fluxes derived by down-scaling of EC fluxes are considered to be more dependable than closed chamber fluxes. The seasonal ecosystem methane budget from gap-filled EC measurements was 9.4 ± 0.2 g CH4 m−2; the budget derived from up-scaled microform measurements was 8.0 ± 0.8 g CH4 m−2. The lower value of the latter budget is attributed to the underestimation of flark and hummock fluxes by closed chamber measurements and to the microform gap-filling procedure. Generally, estimates from up-scaled microform measurements are found to be less certain than estimates from EC measurements.  相似文献   

18.
For evaluating the applicability of the soil gradient method as a substitute for CO2‐, CH4‐, and N2O‐flux measurements in steppe, we carried out chamber measurements and determined soil gas concentration at an ungrazed (UG99) and a grazed (WG) site in Inner Mongolia, China. The agreement of the concentration‐based flux estimates with measured chamber‐based fluxes varied largely depending on the respective GHG in the sequence CO2 > CH4 >> N2O. A calibration of the gas‐transport parameter used to calculate fluxes based on soil gas concentrations improved the results considerably for CO2 and CH4. After calibration, the average deviation from the chamber‐based annual cumulative flux for both sites was 11.5%, 10.5%, and 59% for CO2, CH4, and N2O. The gradient method did not constitute an adequate stand‐alone substitute for greenhouse‐gas flux estimation since a calibration using chamber‐based measurements was necessary and vigorous production processes were confined to the uppermost, almost water‐saturated soil layer.  相似文献   

19.
下辽河平原大豆田CO2和N2O排放通量及相关影响因素研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
王重阳  郑靖  顾江新  史奕  陈欣 《土壤》2006,38(6):708-711
采用静态箱/气相色谱(GC)法测定了2004年及2005年大豆田CO2和N2O排放通量。结果表明:在2年的观测期内,大豆田的CO2和N2O排放均具有明显的季节变化规律。在2个生长季的观测中,CO2和N2O的排放通量分别呈现出相似的变化趋势。大豆田在休闲期内基本没有CO2排放,冻融期有少量的N2O排放。分析相关影响因素得知,土壤温度和土壤水分是影响大豆田释放CO2和N2O的重要因素。大豆植株对于N2O的排放具有不可忽视的作用。2年观测中常规处理的N2O通量总量分别是无作物处理的2.28倍和1.80倍。  相似文献   

20.
There is no standardized method for the sampling of greenhouse gas fluxes from soil. Two methods are primarily used: closed dynamic chamber (CDC) and closed static chamber (CSC) systems. The most complex and costly are the CDC systems, which can sample gases in situ. However, the low-cost CSC systems are being increasingly used in which the gas samples are collected manually and analyzed off-site at a later date. Given their growing popularity, it is important to optimize the sampling procedure of the CSC systems to ensure that the measurements are both repeatable and representative. Samples from a commercial potato crop were collected in the morning and afternoon at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after the chambers were closed, and the concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) were determined using gas chromatography. The concentrations of CO2 and N2O inside chambers increased linearly over time, whereas the concentration of CH4 remained constant. The fluxes of CO2 and N2O from soil were greater in the afternoon than the morning, whereas the flux of CH4 was greater in the morning. For longer-term single-point soil flux monitoring using CSCs with a volume of 6.3 L, it is recommended that samples are collected in the morning at 0, 30, and 60 min after chambers are closed. This approach will ensure that the concentration of the gases are representative and will allow for a high level of repeatability and certainty in the results.  相似文献   

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