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以两系、三系杂交组合及其父本为材料,用14C同位素示踪法研究了头季稻齐穗期剑叶光合产物的分配及其与再生稻产量的相关性,结果表明:(1)头季稻齐穗期剑叶光合产物80%~90%分配到穗部,10%~20%残留于叶、茎,且主要残留在剑叶中,仅5%左右残留在茎鞘中,茎鞘各节间残留量一般表现为倒1>倒2>倒3>倒4的趋势,倒2以下节间贮藏的光合产物占茎秆总量的1/3~2/3,品种(组合)间差异较大;(2)稻桩贮藏光合产物的52%~70%转运至再生稻体内,且分配至穗部的最多;(3)头季稻成熟期残留在茎鞘中,特别是倒2以下节间中的光合产物越多越有利于再生稻产量的提高;(4)本试验条件下,再生稻产量构成因素中,影响产量的首要因素是穗粒数。可见,选用穗粒数多、成熟期残留在茎鞘,特别是倒2以下节间中的光合产物较多的品种进行再生培植,有利于获得再生稻高产。 相似文献
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铬(Cr)污染的迁移和环境毒性主要取决于其化学形态。在环境中,如果移动性及毒性较大的Cr(Ⅵ)能被还原为移动性及毒性较小的Cr(Ⅲ),并且还原速率大于污染速率,那么对铬污染的自然生态修复治理是可行的。铬在氧化还原过程中,存在着同位素动力学分馏效应,致使同位素比率发生移动,移动的大小和反应进程有关,服从Reyleigh关系方程。因此,利用同位素测定可以确定Cr(Ⅵ)的归宿,用于铬(Cr)污染自然修复的监测。本文就环境铬污染自然生态修复中,应用同位素原位分析法进行监测的基本原理、分析过程及应用的可行性进行了阐述。 相似文献
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《土壤与作物》2020,(1)
化学除草剂的不合理使用会造成除草剂药害频繁发生,影响作物生长,降低产量,威胁食品安全,破坏生态平衡。本文综述了近年来预防和消减除草剂药害的几种有效措施,评述了各种措施的研究进展和局限性,展望了未来智能除草的发展方向。除草剂复混使用可以扩大杀草谱,减少长效残留除草剂的使用剂量,但有时也会产生拮抗作用。添加生物炭可以有效吸附土壤中残留的除草剂,但是否会对土壤和生态环境造成危害仍不确定。添加腐植酸可以有效减少除草剂残留和提高除草剂药效。施加安全剂等助剂可以保护作物种子、增强作物抗性和减少作物药害。生物除草剂能在消灭杂草的同时减少抗性杂草的出现,但研发应用任重道远。微生物降解残留除草剂受微生物种类和环境因素影响较大。抗性品种培育可以减少除草剂使用,但基因手段的安全性问题仍然备受争议。智能除草方式可以定时、定量、定位消灭杂草,提高作物安全性,减少除草剂污染。 相似文献
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陕西关中地区肉牛产地同位素溯源技术初探 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
为应用牛组织中C、N同位素组成的区域分布和同位素指标溯源肉牛产地,本文利用同位素比率质谱仪(IRMS)对陕西关中不同区县来源的牛尾毛样品的1δ3C和1δ5N值进行检测,通过聚类分析,研究陕西关中地区肉牛组织中同位素组成的区域分布情况。结果表明,杨凌区、眉县牛尾毛样品聚为一类;乾县、永寿县样品聚为一类;麟游县样品聚为一类;扶风县、岐山县和凤翔县分类不十分明显,分散在上述3类中。说明陕西关中不同地区肉牛组织中同位素组成存在差异,利用它们可进行肉牛地域的小范围溯源。 相似文献
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同位素溯源技术在食品安全中的应用 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：12
疯牛病、口蹄疫、禽流感疫病等对食品安全管理带来新的压力,对人类健康构成了极大的威胁,给疫病发生国造成了严重的经济损失,并带来社会恐慌。同位素溯源技术是国际上目前用于追溯不同来源食品和实施产地保护的有效工具之一,在食品安全污染物溯源领域有着广阔的应用前景,一些发达国家纷纷开展此领域的研究。本文阐述了同位素溯源技术的基本原理,比较了同位素溯源技术与其他溯源技术的区别与联系,综述了国内外研究进展,提出了我国在同位素溯源技术方面应开展的研究工作,旨在推动我国食品安全追溯制度的建立与完善,保障食品安全,保证消费者身体健康。 相似文献
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砂质潮土冬小麦对氮肥的利用与氮素平衡 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
分析了不同施肥时期对砂质潮土小麦产量、氮素吸收与利用、土壤残留与氮素损失的影响。结果表明 ,氮肥在一半做底肥的基础上 ,以拔节期追肥小麦产量最高。在返青期与孕穗期追肥之间 ,低氮肥用量情况下 ,以孕穗期追施小麦产量较高 ,而在高氮肥用量时二者没有差异。氮肥一半做追肥施用植株吸收氮量比氮肥全部做底肥显著提高 ,这种提高主要来自肥料氮。拔节期追肥利用率最高。小麦收获后土壤中肥料残留氮的 31 7%～ 66 8%分布在 0～ 40cm土层内 ,且随施肥时间的推迟 ,0～ 40cm土层内残留氮所占的比例增加 ,而底施和返青期追施的氮肥在下层残留的比例高于后期追肥 ,其在 80～ 1 0 0cm土层的累积量甚至超过了表层土壤残留量。但后期追肥氮素挥发损失严重。 相似文献
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试验表明,亲脂性很强的二硝基苯胺类除草剂——除草通经简单的扩散作用进入菟丝子幼苗组织,幼苗的生理状态及介质的酸碱度不影响这种被动吸收过程。咪唑啉酮类除草剂——灭草喹的吸收是与幼苗代谢相联系的、需要能量的“弱酸俘获”过程。 相似文献
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利用预浓缩装置-气相色谱,燃烧-同位素比值质谱仪(PreCon-GC/C-IRMS)联用系统,建立了就采样、浓缩和在线质谱分析大气CH_4中稳定碳同位素组成的测定方法.通过多组试验对比,分析并讨论了利用PreCon-GC/C-IRMS联用技术测定大气CH_4中碳稳定同位素比值的试验条件、系统线性、稳定性及准确度和精密度等.结果表明,在本研究方法条件下,当离子流强度在1.0～20 V时,系统线性良好(斜率S=0.04%./V),在4.0～15 V内其线性(斜率S=0.03%./V)优于总体线性;系统测量稳定性可靠,δ~(13)C值的测定结果的S.D<0.3‰,最大偏差<0.5‰,回收率达99.99%,准确度和精度均符合分析与研究要求.利用该系统对室内和室外草坪地空气中CH_4的碳稳定同位素组成做初步测试,其碳同位素的平均值分别为-31.358‰和-33.085%.,且相同地点区域空气中CH_4的δ~(13)C值,在1d内和不同日期间的变化均在0.5‰以内,重现性良好. 相似文献
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硝酸盐及其氮、氧同位素最新分析方法-细菌反硝化法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
细菌反硝化法是一种用于测定环境样品硝酸盐及其δ^15 N和δ^18O的新方法,广泛用于NO 3^-来源及其转化过程相关环境生态研究。为了推进相关应用研究,本文系统介绍了细菌反硝化法的原理、特点和一般分析步骤,着重讨论了分析过程中的质量控制环节和试验要点,给出了分析相关计量关系及结果标定和校正公式。 相似文献
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蒸发与降水入渗过程中不同水体氢氧同位素变化规律 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
为了研究土壤水蒸发与降水入渗非饱和带过程中不同水体氢氧同位素的变化规律,该文选用2种不同性质的土壤-砂土和黄土,设计了土壤水蒸发和降水入渗室内试验。结果表明:对于砂土,土壤水蒸发过程中剩余水体氢氧同位素分馏遵从瑞利模式;对于黄土,随着蒸发时间的延长,剩余土壤水氢氧同位素值越来越远离瑞利分馏关系线;在降水入渗非饱和带的初期,相对于风干砂土,风干的黄土颗粒对土柱出流水的氢氧同位素值产生了影响,并且出流水的氢氧同位素亦受到土壤原水同位素值的影响,只有入渗的降水达到了一定数量,土柱出流水才能与降水的同位素值相同。该研究可为运用氢氧同位素研究降水能否通过非饱和带补给地下水提供数据分析的依据。 相似文献
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Cation exchange characteristics of the K:Ca saturated forms of five soils were measured at 25°C and 50°C. The rates of isotopic exchange of 42K and 45Ca were too fast to be measured except that of 42K in the K:Ca Harwell soil at 25°C. The slower isotopic exchange of K in this soil was attributed to the presence of a zeolite, clinoptilolite. The intra-particle diffusion coefficient, Di, of K in this soil increased with K-saturation to a maximum at about 40 per cent K, probably because of the ‘blocking’ action of the larger hydrated Ca ions at small K-saturations in clinoptilolite. The CEC, measured by isotopic exchange along the K:Ca adsorption isotherm, decreased with increasing temperature probably because some interlayer spaces collapsed. The standard free energy, enthalpy, and entropy changes were negative for the reaction Ca-soil+2K+? 2K-soil+Ca++. These results seem to show that K is more strongly bound than Ca by the soil and that the Ca-preference shown by the isotherm at small external electrolyte concentration is caused by entropy changes in solution. Calculated activity coefficients of the exchangeable ions changed with K-saturation similarly at both temperatures but values at 50°C were smaller than at 25°C. 相似文献
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A review of world investigations into the geochemistry of stable isotopes—a new area for soil science—is presented. Studies of the behavior of stable isotopes in soils are being developed in two major directions: reconstruction of the environmental conditions and indication of the soil processes. Investigations into the reconstruction of the environmental conditions are based on the assumption that the isotopic composition of carbon in the soil humus is inherited from and reflects the isotopic composition of carbon in the corresponding vegetation (the source of soil humus). At the same time, studies into the indication of soil processes are based on the effects of fractionation of carbon isotopes in the course of transformation of carbon compounds. In this case, the isotopic composition of carbon in the soil humus should differ from that in the initial plant material. The analysis of available data suggests that the current state of research does not allow assessing the entire diversity of the effects of isotopic fractionation in soils. New data on the isotopic composition of carbon of soil organic matter and carbonates are being actively accumulated at present. However, it is obvious that the effect of isotopic fractionation should be taken into account in the paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic reconstructions. 相似文献
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Literature data on the historical reconstructions of the atmospheric lead deposition in Europe and the isotopic composition of the ores that are potential sources of the anthropogenic lead in the atmospheric deposition in the lower Volga steppes during different time periods have been compiled. The effect of the increasing anthropogenic lead deposition recorded since the Bronze Age on the level of soil contamination has been investigated. For the first time paleosol buried under a burial mound of the Bronze Age has been used as a reference point to assess of the current contamination level. The contents and isotopic compositions of the mobile and total lead have been determined in submound paleosols of different ages and their recent remote and roadside analogues. An increase in the content and fraction of the mobile lead and a shift of its isotopic composition toward less radiogenic values (typical for lead from the recent anthropogenic sources) has been revealed when going from a Bronze-Age paleosol to a recent soil. In the Bronze-Age soil, the isotopic composition of the mobile lead is inherited from the parent rock to a greater extent than in the modern soils, where the lead is enriched with the less radiogenic component. The effect of the anthropogenic component is traced in the analysis of the mobile lead, but it is barely visible for the total lead. An exception is provided by the recent roadside soils characterized by increased contents and the significantly less radiogenic isotopic composition of the mobile and total lead. 相似文献
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The isotope 15N was used to study the rate of exchange between unlabelled NH4-hydrobiotite and labelled solution NH4. Most of the isotopic dilution occurred within 10 minutes of adding the solution to the solid, but even after 13 days less mineral-NH4 had exchanged with isotope than was removed by several extractions with KC1 solution. NH4 remaining in the mineral after extraction with KC1, conventionally named ‘fixed ammonium’, contained some isotope which was sorbed without release of unlabelled NH4; the fixed ammonium was, therefore, not isotopically exchangeable. The sorption was shown to result from incomplete ammonium saturation of hydrobiotite, isotope slowly replacing interlayer cations trapped by lattice collapse. The rate of sorption was initially controlled by a temperature-dependent diffusion process for which the activation energies were between 9 and 13 kcal/ mole. In the later stages of the reaction the rate became progressively slower than predicted by the diffusion equation, and analysis of the kinetics suggested that, ultimately, exchange of cations at the sorption sites was the rate-limiting process. 相似文献
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灌溉农田水汽氢氧同位素组成特征研究初探 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
灌溉农田生态系统水汽变化能够直接反映其耗水状况。本研究应用基于高频实时气态稳定同位素分析仪的箱式法测定水汽氢氧同位素特征, 结合涡度相关技术所测定的农田水汽通量结果, 探讨不同高度大气水汽在不同时段的稳定同位素组成特征。研究结果表明: 对于不同的时间尺度, 生态系统边界层水汽稳定同位素组成在连续几天内的变化有波动, 日变化比较稳定, 小时尺度波动很小; 水汽稳定同位素的大气背景组成特征表现为日尺度上的组成变化呈稳步富集趋势, 小时尺度上几乎无变化。蒸散水汽重同位素特征随时间推移富集明显, 午夜蒸发和蒸腾水汽同位素组成特征相似, 清晨蒸腾水汽比蒸发水汽轻, 午间蒸腾水汽比蒸发水汽重。对于不同高度的水汽来说, 玻璃箱内蒸散水汽稳定同位素组成要比生态系统边界层2 m 处水汽高。建立了土壤蒸发和植物蒸腾稳定同位素变化特征与蒸散过程的线性关系, 相关系数达到0.87。 相似文献