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1.
This study used the New Zealand White rabbit to reveal the normal ossification development of the cervical component of the spine. Preserved cervical vertebrae representing five different age periods, each period including five individuals and the total number of animals being 25, were fixed in 3.5% formaldehyde solution and 95% ethanol, followed by a pure acetone bath. The materials were then stained with an alcian blue–alizarin red combination. The ossification centres were identical over time, and the pattern of fusion among them was homogenous and constant in appearance. There were three different primary ossification centres in all the cervical vertebrae except the axis, which showed four primary ossification centres. The dorsally located primary ossification centres later formed the pedicles of the neural arches, while the ventral centres constituted the body of each vertebra. The study was terminated at 10 weeks of age because the ossification centres observed in the cervical vertebrae completed their fusion and no further ossification centres were observed.  相似文献   

2.
Laying strain fowls were reared from hatching till 20 weeks old. Birds were killed throughout the growth period and specimens from the distal femur and proximal tibiotarsus prepared for study. The origin and nature of cartilage canals were established in the two bone extremities. The canals follow a pattern of development which was similar in fowls of the same age. Similarities were noted with the vascular patterns reported in other species. The epiphyseal ossification centre of the proximal tibiotarsus formed in an area extensively perfused by cartilage canals. Anastomoses occurred between epiphyseal vascular canals in association with the formation and growth of the epiphyseal ossification centre in the proximal tibiotarsus. Anastomoses between epiphyseal vascular canals did not occur at any other site. The development of the epiphyseal ossification centre in the proximal tibiotarsus suggests that this is a traction epiphysis.  相似文献   

3.
We investigated fetal development and the estimation of fetal age of 127 Hokkaido sika deer fetuses, categorizing them into three groups according to the nutritional condition of populations. The order and time of the appearance of ossification centers were clarified, and fetal age was determined based on bone length and the appearance of ossification centers. Then we observed the differences in fetal growth among three populations, and discussed the effect of poor nutrition on the fetal growth. The results suggest that fetal diaphysial length of the femur was affected very little by nutritional conditions, whereas conception dates were delayed and fetal weight was restricted as the nutritional condition became poorer. Although it is impossible to know the exact accurate fetal age in wild populations, it was possible to create a standard to estimate fetal age more precisely by the method described in this study. Both the bone length and the appearance of ossification centers are reliable indices to estimate fetal age precisely in measurements available from fetuses of unknown age, and can be applied to estimate the fetal age of other populations of sika deer, whereas estimation of fetal age based on weight is prone to great errors.  相似文献   

4.
Administration of growth promotants with estrogenic activity via hastening closure of the growth plate could have an economic impact on lambs because closure results in ovine carcasses being classified as yearlings. Twelve wether lambs approximately 12 mo old were given silastic implants filled with estradiol-17 beta and allotted randomly to be slaughtered 30, 60, 90, or 220 d after implantation to determine time of growth plate closure in relation to date of implanting. Seven comparable wethers not implanted served as controls. Four wethers implanted at 2 mo of age and slaughtered 220 d later also were included. Implanted wethers had serum concentrations of estradiol averaging 13.9 pg/ml over the 220-d implant period; controls averaged 2.7 pg/ml. Estradiol implants increased carcass maturity scores but fat deposition was not altered. Growth plate widths decreased (P less than .05) as wethers grew older and implants were in place for longer periods of time. Metacarpal growth plates in 12-mo-old lambs were completely ossified 220 d after implanting, but control wethers and wethers implanted at 2 mo maintained growth plate widths. Neither metacarpal nor metatarsal bone lengths differed (P less than .05) between control and implanted wethers. Growth plate ossification was not complete until 570 d of age in implanted lambs, even though bone length had stopped increasing by 408 d. Therefore, even though estradiol and other growth stimulants with estrogenic activity increase rate of ossification of the metacarpal growth plate, bone length or mature size is not limited.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

5.
In mammals, long bones are formed by ossification of a cartilaginous mould during early stages of development, through the formation of structures called the primary ossification centre, the secondary ossification centres (SOCs) and the physeal cartilages (PCs). The PC is responsible for long bone growth. The morphology of the PC and the SOCs varies during different stages of femoral growth. In this respect, several details involving the process of murine femoral development are lacking. In the present study, a morphological characterization of femur development from the embryonic period to adulthood in mice was studied using micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT). To achieve this aim, femora were collected at embryonic day (E) 14.5, E16.5 and E18.5 and at postnatal day (P)1, P7, P14, P35, P46 and P52. CT images were obtained using a micro‐CT scanner (X‐SkyScan 1172; Micro Photonics) and analysed using the micro‐CT 3D visualization software Mimics (Materialise NV, Leuven, Belgium) and NRecon (Micro Photonics). The results of the present study revealed that the femur and its PCs and SOCs undergo morphological changes during different stages of development, including changes in their shape as well as position and thickness. These changes may be due to the response of the femur to mechanical loads imposed by muscle surrounding the bone during these stages of development. The result of the present study is important to improve our knowledge related to ossification and growth patterns of mouse femur during development.  相似文献   

6.
In connection with reindeer, slaughter 348 foetuses were collected at different foetal developmental stages and studied together with 20 full-term newborn calves with respect to weight, crown-rump length, metacarpal bone length and appearance of ossification foci. On the basis of these measurements polynomial growth curves were constructed. Weight gain was most rapid during the last trimester of gestation, but total and metacarpal bone length gain showed only minor acceleration towards the end of pregnancy. Ossification was apparent at an age of about 6 weeks. Undernutrition during late winter was observed to retard the foetal growth.  相似文献   

7.
Skeletal chondrofication, ossification and growth of turkey embryos were investigated and analysed to enable assessment of the developmental status and evaluation of the experimental effects on skeletal development, skeletal mutations and development of cultured embryos. Ten embryos were prepared every 24 h from 8 to 28 days of incubation. The fixed embryos were cleared and stained in toto with Alcian blue & Alizarin red for cartilage and ossified components, respectively. Observation of the skeleton was performed under a stereoscopic microscopy, with special attention to the timing of chondrofication and ossification of the bones. The first occurrence of the primary ossification centres was observed in the femur, tibiotarsus, and the dentary and supra-angular of the mandible on the 12th day, followed immediately by the other long bones. Skeletal features of the skull were determined to show the latest appearance of cartilage and ossification. Hence, all elements of the hyolingual apparatus remained cartilaginous until hatching took place except for the ceratobranchial. Even though the vertebral column chondrified earlier as compared with the ribs and sternum, they ossified later. While chondrofication was present in all the regions of the vertebral column at the same time, ossification progressed from the cervical through caudal regions. The growth rate of the femur was eminently higher than that of the humerus with increase in time, particularly after the 20th day of incubation. This seems to be obviously natural because the eggs used in the study are from the broiler turkey, which gains giant muscle mass at a very short period; precocity is probably at the expense of the bones of the leg rather than those of the wing.  相似文献   

8.
The radiographic skeletal form and structure of all cats with mucopolysaccharidosis VI is described. Common manifestations included epiphyseal dysplasia, generalized osteoporosis, abnormal nasal turbinate development, his subluxation, impaired development of skeletal growth, pectus excavatum, hyoid hypoplasia, aplasia, hypoplasia and fragmentation or abnormal ossification of the dens, and aplasia or hypoplasia of frontal and sphenoid sinuses. The skeletal measurements of two affected cats were compared with those of normal, sex-matched littermates, and the measurements of two affected female cats were compared with those of a normal male littermate.  相似文献   

9.
Sequential pattern of ossification and expression of oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) during development of the skeleton in male and female mice fetuses was investigated. Twenty-seven mice fetuses of gestational age between 14.5 and 18.5 days post coitum (p.c.) were examined by haematoxylin-eosin and toluidine blue staining to determine the ossification. The presence of ERalpha was detected by immunostaining using ERalpha-specific antibodies. Ossification centres were determined in fetuses of 14.5 days p.c. of both sexes in the base of skull, ribs and front limbs, while in the mandible ossification was observed only in female fetuses at that age. ERalpha was found in all investigated tissues in which the occurrence of ossification centres was determined. ERalpha was first detected in some tissues involved in ossification at 14.5 days p.c. in fetuses of both genders. There were some minor gender differences in the pattern of ERalpha expression. ERalpha was localized in the metatarsal chondrogenic condensations at 14.5 days p.c. and in phalangeal chondrocytes at 17.5 and 18.5 days p.c. only in females. ERalpha-positive osteogenic cells at 14.5 days p.c. in the mandible were seen only in females. At 16.5 days p.c. male but not female fetuses expressed ERalpha in the vertebrae. Our findings support the view that ERalpha protein is found in the tissues that undergo bone formation and that ERalpha expression in these tissues shows only minor gender differences in mice fetuses.  相似文献   

10.
Computed tomography images of 120 dogs were reviewed to characterize variations in atlas morphology, and to identify breed‐specific morphologic features. The neural arch of the atlas was thicker in large dogs and male dogs than in small dogs, having a layer of trabecular bone between the inner and outer layers of compact bone. The transverse processes of the atlas were relatively longer in large dogs than in small dogs. Twelve (10%) dogs had incomplete ossification of the atlas. Incomplete ossification of the atlas was associated with gun dogs. Eight dogs had atlantoaxial subluxation. All eight dogs with atlantoaxial subluxation had cervical signs, whereas none of the seven dogs with incomplete ossification of the atlas unaccompanied by atlantoaxial subluxation had clinical signs referable to that area. Of five dogs with both atlantoaxial subluxation and incomplete ossification of the atlas, four had osseous defects affecting both the intercentrum and neural arch, and one had only an osseous defect affecting the neural arch. There was a strong association between incomplete ossification of the atlas and atlantoaxial subluxation (odds ratio 35.0, 95% CI 7.0–175, P=0.00002), which supports the hypothesis that incomplete ossification of the atlas predisposes dogs to atlantoaxial subluxation.  相似文献   

11.
The breeding of South American camelids is the main economic activity of the high Andean region of South America and it, is potentially, the most profitable resource in of the Puna environmental conditions of the Puna. The duration of the gestation in alpaca is 339.7 ± 12 days. The objective of the present work was to macroscopically and microscopically describe the ontogenic development of the splanchnic cavities of the alpaca and to determine the gestational time in which the post‐cranial ossification centers are observed in the embryos/fetuses of this species, from day 21 to 107 of gestation. The documentation of normal ontogenic development, which is vacant for this period, is of the utmost importance to understand the consequences of the alterations at the different gestational times, as well as for the estimation of the gestational age in the case of abortions. Forty‐seven alpaca specimens of both sexes, at different times of their gestational development, collected during slaughter at local slaughterhouses of the Department of Huancavelica, Peru, were evaluated. Specimens were assigned to seven groups according to their morphological characteristics. The embryogenesis in the alpaca was characterized by a series of changes comparable to those occurring in other mammals with similar gestational periods. Despite these similarities, species differences were found in some organs as stomach, which are observed too in adult individuals.  相似文献   

12.
研究了甘农3号、甘农5号、陕北、游客、俄罗斯5个苜蓿品种在15、18、21、25和28℃及相对湿度为80%条件下,对豌豆蚜（Acyrthosiphon pisum）生长发育的影响。结果表明,不同温度条件下5个苜蓿品种对豌豆蚜成若蚜生长发育的影响不同,成若蚜发育历期均以陕北苜蓿上的最长,在各温度下甘农5号苜蓿上的最短,在各温度下,2个品种间均差异极显著（P〈0.01）;不同苜蓿品种上豌豆蚜成若蚜的历期大小均为陕北〉甘农3号〉游客〉俄罗斯〉甘农5号;5个供试苜蓿品种上豌豆蚜的存活率以俄罗斯和陕北苜蓿最小,甘农3号和甘农5号最高。  相似文献   

13.
The onset of ossification centres of the pectoral girdle and wing skeleton of the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) has been studied in embryos and juvenile birds, which were sampled daily from the 4th day of incubation up to the 12th day after hatching. Specimens, which were cleared and were stained with Alcian Blue and Alizarin Red S, were examined at the stereomicroscope. The furcula ossified with intramembranous ossification at the 7th day of incubation. The first centres of perichondral ossification in the scapula and the coracoid bones were observed at the 7th day of incubation. In the humerus, radius and ulna, perichondral ossification was observed at the 6th day of incubation. The carpal bones were ossified between the 8th and 10th day of the post-hatching period. The 2nd metacarpal bone began to ossify at the 6th day of the post-hatching period, whereas the 3rd and 4th metacarpal bones were ossified at the 7th day of incubation. At the 9th day of incubation, ossification was observed in the 1st phalanx of the alular digit and in the phalanges of the major digit. The 2nd phalanx of the alular digit began to ossify at the 12th, whereas the phalanx of the minor digit at the 14th day of incubation. The data presented here provide useful baseline information on the normal sequential pattern of ossification in the pectoral girdle and wing skeleton in this species.  相似文献   

14.
Estimation of the developmental age of the bovine fetus and newborn calf   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Jersey cows from several herds provided 97 fetuses and 24 calves at fixed gestational intervals between 80 and 290 days after conception. The fetuses and calves were killed, weighed and measured and, after dissection, the sizes and weights of a range of skeletal and soft tissues were recorded. Six morphological measurements emerged as most suitable for the determination of developmental age in the normal fetus. By plotting their mean values and 95 per cent tolerance limits, the rates of growth and the variability of each measurement were defined. Long bone length was the most useful single measurement for predicting the developmental age of the fetus. Brain weight, bodyweight, crown-anus length and long bone length showed curvilinear growth patterns; age prediction equations derived from these measurements are complicated to use and additional simplified formulae have been derived. The number of appendicular ossification centres also had predictive value, but it could not be used to determine fetal developmental age between 100 and 160 days gestation.  相似文献   

15.
A Holstein fetus was delivered by Caesarean section at a gestational age of 441 days. The pituitary pars distalis was aplastic and the adrenal and thyroid glands were severely hypoplastic. Arrested or retarded cartilage cell maturation resulted in absence or minimal development of epiphyseal ossification centers, delayed ossification of carpal bones, and arrest of longitudinal growth of bones. The pathophysiology of prolonged gestation and of skeletal pathology is discussed.  相似文献   

16.
In this study, the effects of reducing the dietary phosphorus (P) supply during the first 4 months of lactation on P balance and bone metabolism were investigated in dairy cows during a full lactation, including the dry period. Twenty-two multiparous cows of the Swedish Red and White Breed were included in the experiment. Eleven cows received a dietary P concentration of 0.43% of DM during the whole lactation (NP), and 11 cows received a dietary P concentration of 0.32% of DM during the first 4 months of lactation, followed by 0.43% of DM during the rest of lactation (LP). Total collection of faeces was carried out during five different stages of lactation, for 5 consecutive days at each occasion. The dynamics of bone metabolism was investigated by monitoring one bone-formation marker, identifying osteocalcin (OC), and one bone-resorption marker identifying C-telopeptide fragments of collagen type I (CTx) in blood plasma. At the two first collection periods, 3–7 and 11–15 weeks after parturition, the apparent digestibility of P was higher in the LP cows (52%) than in the NP cows (42%). During the following collection periods, no difference in the apparent digestibility could be noted between the two groups of cows. Phosphorus retention did not differ between treatments at any collection period. The highest retention was observed during late lactation and during the dry period. The profiles of the bone metabolism markers indicated a net resorption of bone during early lactation, but there were no differences in marker concentrations between the groups during early lactation, indicating that the LP diet did not induce a further elevated net bone resorption.  相似文献   

17.
Ossification during embryogenesis of female and male mouse fetuses between 14.5 and 18.5 days post coitum (d.p.c.) was investigated with two methods. The Alizarin-red based method allows differential staining of cartilage and bone tissue on whole animal, however standard histochemical methods allow detailed identification of cells involved in ossification process. There were minor differences in the time of occurrence of some ossification centers between male and female mouse fetuses in a period of 14.5 - 18.5 d.p.c. At 14.5 d.p.c. ossification of female but not male mandible was observed and at 18.5 d.p.c. histochemistry demonstrated ossification in the phalanges in male but not in female.  相似文献   

18.
The main goal of our work is to quantify differences in the rate of ossification in post-cranial Iberian ibex skeletons, related to sex. Another objective is to improve criteria for assessing the sex of post-cranial bones by combining the degree of ossification of the distal epiphysis and biometrical data. Forty Capra pyrenaica skeletons were examined in order to determine the degree of ossification by means of an Ossification Index. Our results evidence that sexual differences in the rate of ossification become visible at 6 months of age. On average, females complete their bone development 2 years before males do. Finally, by means of lineal classification functions which take into account both biometrical and anatomical criteria, we can achieve, in average, a 95.5% of correct sex discrimination within a sample consisting of ibex metacarpi and metatarsi from individuals aging from <1 to 12 years. Therefore, we conclude that the rhythm of ossification in the post-cranial skeleton of C. pyrenaica may be used as a criterion for assessing the sex of skeletal remains and could be applicable to other dimorphic ungulates. Nevertheless, the results obtained for specimens belonging to a particular population may have limited application to other populations with different medium sizes and living at particular densities within habitats with variable quality.  相似文献   

19.
Osteochondrosis (OC) is a disturbance of the process of endochondral ossification during skeletal growth. Osteochondrosis is considered the main reason for leg weakness in pigs, which is the second reason for culling in sows, after fertility problems. Previous studies suggest there is a relationship between OC and growth. However, little is known about this relationship, in particular about the timeframe in which growth influences ossification. The aim of the study was to identify the age at which growth and OC are related, and whether this relationship differs between joints. To understand the relationship between the growth pattern and the onset of OC, repeated body weight (BW) measurements and OC scores of 345 pigs were collected. An average of 17 body weight measurements from birth until slaughter at 6 months of age was used. OC was scored macroscopically after slaughter in 24 locations of five joints. Pigs were divided in three defined groups based on the severity of OC; no OC, minor, or severe OC.Until weaning at day 21 no differences in weight and gain were found between the three defined groups. From weaning onwards, pigs diagnosed with minor or severe OC showed higher BWs than pigs diagnosed without OC. The higher weights were due to increased growth before the age of three months. This period might coincide with the window of susceptibility for OC in pigs. The relationship with growth seems to be joint-dependent. Pigs with OC in the elbow joints or with OC in two joints had high BWs, whereas pigs with OC in the femoropatellar joints had low BWs compared to mean BW. Determination of the window of susceptibility and of the relationship between weight gain and OC may help in developing strategies to reduce OC in pig populations.  相似文献   

20.
Postnatal ossification of the atlas and axis was studied in Miniature Schnauzers by examining alizarin-stained bone clearings, cleaned dry bones, radiographs, histologic sections, and arterially perfused bone clearings. Sixty-two pups (1 day to 16 weeks old) and 4 adults were examined. In 1-day-old pups, the atlas consisted of 3 separate ossification centers: a left and right neural arch center and midventrally, the intercentrum 1, which formed the body of the atlas. The axis contained 4 separate ossification centers: a left and right neural arch center; centrum 2 in the main part of the axis body; and centrum 1, which formed the caudal part of the dens and the cranial part of the axis body. By 6 weeks of age, the epiphysis on the caudal end of the axis body had begun to ossify. At this time, the intercentrum 2, which developed as a cuboidal ossification center intercalated between centrum 1 and centrum 2 in the middle of the cranial half of the axis body, also began to ossify. The centrum of the proatlas, which formed the apex of the dens, was first seen ossified in a 9-week-old pup. These 10 ossification centers were seen as constant and separate elements. In all dogs, the dens developed from 2 separate ossification centers: the centrum of the proatlas formed the cranial one-quarter, and centrum 1 formed the caudal three-quarters. Dens dysplasia is unlikely to be a result of failure of development of one of the ossification centers for the dens.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

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