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1.
The interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) assay is an effective tool for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (Tb) in goats. The objectives of this study were to evaluate factors that might affect assay performance: (1) the phenol concentration of the purified protein derivative (PPD, tuberculin) used; (2) dialysis of PPD; and (3) delaying antigenic stimulation of blood samples for 8, 16 and 24h after collection. The assay was performed in duplicate with two cut-off points. Dialysis of PPD reduced test sensitivity, whereas the concentration of phenol did not significantly affect test outcome. Delaying antigenic stimulation of samples >8h resulted in a reduction in test sensitivity, compromising the capacity of the assay to detect infected animals. Performing the assay in duplicate was unnecessary, which has implications for reducing assay costs. These findings will facilitate the effective application of the IFN-γ assay as an ancillary test in Tb eradication programmes in goats. 相似文献
2.
ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to validate the Italian version of the UNESP–Botucatu Unidimensional Composite Pain Scale (UCPS-IV) for assessing postoperative pain in cattle.Study designVideo analysis and psychometric testing.AnimalsA total of 40 Nellore cattle, age 2–3 years, weighing 365 ± 51 kg.MethodsAn English version of the scale was translated to Italian and back translated to English to ensure semantic equivalence. A total of four Italian observers and the researcher who developed the original scale (considered as the gold standard) analysed videos of 40 cattle previously subjected to orchiectomy (recorded for each cattle at four predetermined timepoints during the perioperative period) unaware of the videos’ timepoint. They assigned a pain score [ranging from no pain (0) to severe pain (10)] using the Italian version of the scale and verified the need for analgesic treatment for each animal. The obtained scores were subjected to psychometric validity, responsiveness and reliability tests.ResultsThe factor analysis of the scale resulted in a one-factor solution. Significant changes in pain scores in response to surgery and analgesics confirmed not only the content and construct validity, but also responsiveness. The agreement between the researcher who developed the original scale and the blinded observers and the correlation between the pain scores determined by the scale and those determined by three classical unidimensional pain scales confirmed criterion and concurrent validity. Internal consistency of the scale was excellent. Inter- and intrarater reliability ranged from moderate to good and from moderate to very good for all scale items, respectively, supporting reproducibility and stability. The cut-off point for rescue analgesia calculated by the receiver operating characteristic curve was > 3.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe results confirm that the UNESP–Botucatu UCPS-IV appears to be a valid and reliable tool for the assessment of postorchiectomy pain in the bovine species. The determination of a cut-off point for rescue analgesia is also helpful for guiding analgesic therapy. 相似文献
4.
1. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cold‐pelleting, the length of the fasting period before feeding of the test diet and the nature of die test diet on apparent ileal nitrogen (N) digestibility in the broiler chicken. 2. Four‐week‐old broiler chickens were given a pelleted or non‐pelleted maize/soyabean meal (basal) diet. The birds were starved for 24 h, given a single test meal (25 g) by intubation and killed 4 h after the start of feeding by administration of a barbiturate, to allow sampling of ileal digesta (terminal 15 cm). Cold‐pelleting did not affect apparent ileal N digestibility. 3. Four‐week‐old broiler chickens were fasted for 12 or 24 h and then received a test meal (1 h free access) of either a pelleted soyabean meal or a pelleted meat‐and‐bone meal diet or were continuously fed on one of the two diets. The imposition of a fast did not affect apparent ileal N digestibility. However, a 24 h fasting procedure was preferred, as the between animal variation for apparent ileal N digestibility was lower than for the 12 h fast or for continuous feeding. 4. Four‐week‐old broiler chickens were given either semi‐synthetic starch‐based diets containing maize, wheat bran, meat‐and‐bone meal or fish meal as the sole sources of protein or each of these diets in combination with the basal diet (50:50 on a dry matter basis). With the exception of the maize diet, the apparent ileal N digestibility values calculated by correcting for the digestibility of the basal dietary component were significantly lower than when digestibility was determined directly using a diet in which the respective proteins were the sole protein source. This implies that interactions between the dietary ingredients influence estimates of apparent ileal N digestibility. 相似文献
5.
1. The sulphur amino acid requirements of White Leghorn‐type laying hens were determined in two 52‐week experiments using diets based on maize and soyabean meal providing from 5.0 to 6.5 g sulphur amino acids/kg, 12.35 MJ ME/kg and 8.6 to 8.8 g lysine/kg. There were six replicates of 15 individually‐caged hens each per treatment. 2. A requirement of approximately 775 to 800 mg sulphur amino acids /hen d, of which about 390 to 440 mg was methionine, was found for a maximum of 80 to 83 eggs/100 hen d. There were indications that the requirement for maximum egg production was less than that for maximum efficiency of food utilisation. 3. Diets containing 138 g protein/kg supplemented with methionine and lysine supported production and food utilisation as effectively as a diet containing 167 g protein/kg. 相似文献
7.
On the Datong Yak Breeding Farm of Qinghai Province(Datong farm), the scientists of the Lanzhou Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Pharmaceutics of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, in collaboration with others,explored the possibility to cross wild yak bulls with domestic yak cows in the past 20years and a new yak breed, the Datong yak, has been developed. 相似文献
8.
The diet of Canis mesomelas was studied in the central Namib Desert, South West Africa. A sample of 772 scats was collected from three main sites (coastal, dry riverine and open plains) and two minor sites (Diamond Area 2). Scats from the coastal site contained predominantly bird material whereas scats from the riverine and plains sites contained predominantly plant material. The present study is compared with other feeding studies of this species, particularly in South Africa. 相似文献
10.
Objectives : To evaluate accuracy and precision of a hand‐held ketone meter measuring β‐hydroxybutyrate and to determine its diagnostic performance to rule out ketoacidaemia in diabetic cats. Methods : The ketone meter was validated by calculating within‐day precision at different β‐hydroxybutyrate concentrations and by comparison with a laboratory method. To determine its diagnostic performance to diagnose ketoacidaemia, 217 sets of data (venous blood gas analysis and β‐hydroxybutyrate measurements) were retrospectively analysed. Sensitivities and specificities were calculated with the help of receiver‐operating characteristic curves. Results : The ketone meter reliably detected β‐hydroxybutyrate at concentrations >0·1 mmol/L and reproducibility was acceptable. Measurements highly correlated with laboratory results (r=0·97; P<0·001), but a significant negative bias was found at high concentrations. A β‐hydroxybutyrate concentration of >2·55 mmol/L had a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 68% for diagnosing ketoacidaemia. Many cats with high β‐hydroxybutyrate concentrations and normal blood pH had an elevated chloride gap suggestive of superimposed hypochloraemic metabolic alkalosis. Clinical Significance : The commercially available point‐of‐care ketone meter Precision Xtra is a valid tool to measure β‐hydroxybutyrate in diabetic cats. Concentration <2·55 mmol/L enable ketoacidaemia to be excluded and should lead to redirection of differential diagnoses. 相似文献
13.
Abstract A Near Infra‐Red Reflectance Spectrophotometer was calibrated to analyse Italian ryegrass for protein nitrogen (N). Rye‐grass samples having a wide range in N content were analysed by standard “wet” chemistry techniques and the resulting data used to calibrate the Near Infra‐Red Spectrophotometer for ryegrass N analysis. A correlation (r) of 0,99 and standard error of calibration (SEC) of 0,209 resulted from the initial regression analysis between the Near Infra‐Red Spectroscopy (NIRS) estimated and “wet” chemistry data. In order to further evaluate the accuracy of the NIRS calibration a separate set of ryegrass samples were analysed for N content, by both the “wet” chemistry and NIRS methods, resulting in a correlation (r) of 0,98 and standard error of prediction (SEP) of 0,235. The applicability of the NIRS ryegrass calibration to other species was briefly examined by estimating the N contents of kikuyu ( Pennisetum clandestinum) (r = 0,97 and SEP = 0,277). 相似文献
14.
The role of water as an essential nutrient for the animals, their health, performance and welfare is often underestimated. Presently there exists no specific legal regulation which defines the water quality for animal consumption. Some local recommendations make reference to the German regulation for the drinking water of humans. This seems to be useful in respect to food producing animals at a first glance. However, significant practical difficulties can occur. Therefore it is necessary to include in a possible regulation for the drinking water of animals additional animal and management specific aspects such as the type of animal, the keeping system, the water supply system, the distribution systems and the drinkers which are used. It may also be useful to define animal specific thresholds for certain groups of compounds and contaminants. As a first step towards a possible regulation 12 recommendations are given to improve and standardise the water supply of farm and pet animals. 相似文献
15.
The financial crisis of 2008 had effects on veterinary practice, with falling turnovers associated with reluctance of owners to spend money on veterinary care. There were anecdotal reports that fewer horses were undergoing colic surgery. The aims of this study were to document the numbers of horses with colic being referred to, and undergoing surgery and/or euthanasia, at two equine hospitals (a university based equine hospital in the United States [NC State] and a private equine hospital in the UK [Bell Equine]) over a 14-year period (2004–2017). There was a trend of declining total yearly equine accessions at NC State starting in 2009, followed by an increase starting in 2012. At Bell Equine, total accessions showed an increasing trend from 2004 to 2015, followed by a slight decline in 2016 and 2017. The proportion of equine accessions that were colics varied from around 15% to 20% at both hospitals and did not show any notable variations over the time period studied. Both practices showed a trend of decreasing colic admissions undergoing and recovering from surgery starting from 2007 to 2008. The numbers and percentages of colic admissions that were subjected to euthanasia increased from 2004/2005 to 2014/2015 in both hospitals; there was a greater increase in numbers being subjected to euthanasia at surgery at NC State, compared to a greater increase in numbers being subjected to euthanasia without surgery at Bell Equine. At both hospitals, there was a trend of increasing mean invoice totals over the study period. The results show that there has been a trend of decreasing numbers of horses undergoing surgical treatment for colic since 2004/2005. This is likely to be, at least partly, due to the financial crisis of 2008, although other factors, including the high costs of surgery and the ageing equine population may also be important. 相似文献
16.
Summary The comparative efficacy of a product containing 500 mg benzathine cloxacillin (Orbenin D.C.), another product containing 100 mg nafcillin, 300 mg procaine benzylpenicillin and 100 mg dihydrostreptomycin (Nafpenzal D.C.) and a third product containing 250 mg cephalonium (Cepravin D. C.), in the elimination and prevention of mastitis due to gram‐positive microorganisms during the dry period was investigated in 1253 cows located in 14 herds in Israël. Although more uniform results were observed after treatment with Nafpenzal D.C., differences were not found among the products with respect to the overall efficacy but differences among herds were rather large. The mean cure rate for Staphylococcus aureus quarter infections was 81.4 per cent. New S. aureus infections which occurred between drying off and post calving sampling time were found in 7.0 per cent of the quarters. Dry period therapy reduced infection level with S. aureus from 13.5 per cent of quarters to 8.0 per cent. A similar proportional decrease was found in infection level due to non‐agalactiae Streptococcus quarter infections. 相似文献
17.
1. An experiment was conducted to determine the temperature for wet extrusion of full‐fat soyabeans (FFS) needed to produce maximum chicken performance. 2. FFS were either unprocessed or extruded at 5 different temperatures (118°, 120°, 122°, 126° and 140°C) in a wet extruder. Diets were prepared with the different FFS, and a diet prepared with soyabean meal (SBM) was included as a control. The 7 experimental diets were fed to individual groups of 40 chickens each, for a period of 35 d. Trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA), urease activity (UA), and protein solubility in potassium hydroxide (PS) were measured in all FFS and in the SBM. 3. Diets prepared with raw FFS and FFS extruded at 118° and 120°G resulted in significandy lower body weights and in pancreatic hypertrophy; maximum growth rate was obtained with FFS extruded at 122° and 126°G, while minimum pancreas weight was seen in chickens fed FFS extruded at 140°C. 4. Although TIA, UA, and PS all decreased with increasing temperature of extrusion, TIA provided the best prediction of the feeding value of soyabeans for chickens. 相似文献
20.
1. A device was developed to permit standardisation of the scrape‐sampling method and facilitate sampling of different parts of the poultry‐carcass. 2. Scrape‐sampling of turkey carcasses from five different stages in processing yielded only slightly lower counts of micro‐organisms than maceration of excised skin samples in the Colworth Stomacher, thus indicating that the scrape method removed a large proportion of the organisms present on the skin. Only at two stages of processing were the differences in count significant (P<0.05). 相似文献
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