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1.
西双版纳普文的山地雨林及其生态演替 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
以普文热带北缘季风气候的地带性植被山地雨林为中心，通过调查与其生态相关的次生林类型和人为控制的人工林，分析比较了它们的种类组成、群落结构、群落生态特征和生态系列关系。还分析了山地雨林在当地群落中的生态位置及其动态变化；同时，探讨了各群落之间的演替关系和恢复山地雨林的途径。 相似文献
2.
香合欢（Albizia odoratissima）为我国干热河谷区植被恢复的先锋树种，研究其天然次生林群落演替进程对干热河谷区植被恢复有重要意义。为促进干热河谷区植被恢复和香合欢树种发展，以不同林龄（幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林）香合欢天然次生林为研究对象，以时间换空间，分析香合欢天然次生林群落演替过程中土壤理化性质的变化特征，了解干湿两季对土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明，土壤pH值和容重均随林龄增加呈逐渐下降趋势，均在成熟林中最低；总有机碳、全氮、全磷和速效氮含量均随林龄增加呈先升后降的趋势，均在中龄林中最高；雨季土壤pH值、总有机碳、全氮、速效氮和铵态氮含量均高于旱季；旱季土壤硝态氮含量高于雨季；林龄和季节对土壤理化性质均有一定影响。回归分析表明，土壤容重为影响林分丰富度和多样性指数的重要因子。在香合欢天然次生林更新过程中，土壤养分总体呈先升后降的趋势，在中龄林中最高。在香合欢幼龄林中，土壤养分含量较低，但植株生长速度较快，需消耗大量营养物质，应加强对香合欢幼龄林的抚育管理，在旱季增加水分供给，提高土壤养分含量。 相似文献
3.
《林业科学》2016,(6)
【目的】对原生林及其皆伐后自然演替形成的次生林和造林形成的人工林的细根生物量及土壤特性进行研究,分析不同更新方式对细根动态分布的影响、了解细根与土壤特性之间的互动效应,为阐明森林生态系统中碳和养分循环以及为该地区森林恢复和森林经营提供理论依据。【方法】以小兴安岭南坡典型阔叶红松林、皆伐后天然更新的白桦次生林、皆伐后栽植的红松人工林和兴安落叶松人工林为研究对象,于2013年5—9月用连续钻取土芯法采集细根(直径≤2 mm)和土壤,测定细根生物量的垂直分布与季节动态,分析生物量与土壤特性的相关性。【结果】典型阔叶红松林、红松人工林细根生物量均显著高于白桦次生林和兴安落叶松人工林(P0.05);各森林类型细根生物量的垂直分布存在显著差异(P0.05),细根主要集中在0～20 cm土层中,其中白桦次生林0～20 cm土层中细根生物量占其细根总生物量的比例最高(75.81%),典型阔叶红松林最低(62.73%);各森林类型细根生物量存在季节性波动,各森林类型活、死细根生物量均有2个峰值;4种森林类型的细根生物量与土壤温度的相关性不显著,除典型阔叶红松林外,其他3种森林类型的细根生物量与土壤含水率极显著正相关(P0.01),4种森林类型的细根生物量与土壤水解氮含量极显著正相关(P0.01),白桦次生林的细根生物量与土壤有效磷含量显著负相关(P0.05)。【结论】本地区的顶极群落——典型阔叶红松林和以典型阔叶红松林的建群种为主要组成树种的红松人工林细根生物量显著高于以先锋树种白桦和兴安落叶松为主要组成树种的白桦次生林和兴安落叶松人工林;细根生物量在土壤中的分布具有明显的不均匀性,主要集中在养分含量较高的土壤表层,处于演替顶极阶段的森林较处于演替早期的森林采取更精细的获取资源的策略,土壤下层细根占细根总生物量比例较高;细根生物量的季节变化与物候节律一致,细根生物量的高峰期出现在春末和初秋。 相似文献
4.
《林业建设》2018,(6)
通过野外森林群落调查和土壤采集室内分析方法,测定了亚热带戴云山山脉中部小戴云海拔1000-1300 m处5种类型森林群落生物量和土壤养分含量,并探讨了两者的相关性。结果表明:罗浮栲阔叶天然林(LF)、甜槠阔叶次生林(TZ)、青冈次生阔叶次生林(QG)、杉木人工林(SM)和马尾松人工林(PM)植被生物量分别为330.69 t/hm2、265.12 t/hm2、252.44 t/hm2、208.98 t/hm2和199.69 t/hm2,LF、TZ、QG的枝、叶、干和细根生物量显著高于SM和PM;LF土壤有机质和土壤总氮含量均显著高于其他四个林分;土壤总磷含量的以TZ最低;水解氮是以QG最高,显著高于其他四个林分;有效磷含量PM和LF最高;微生物碳MBC以LF和SM最高,QG和TZ最低;土壤有机质和土壤总氮含量与植被地上生物量、粗根生物量、细根生物量和总生物量存在显著性正相关关系,土壤氮磷有效性养分和微生物碳与森林植被各器官生物量关系不显著。相比于杉木和马尾松人工林,阔叶次生林具有较高的植被生物量。 相似文献
5.
以普文热带北缘季风气候的地带性植被山地雨林为中心 ,通过调查与其生态相关的次生林类型和人为控制的人工林 ,分析比较了它们的种类组成、群落结构、群落生态特征和生态系列关系。还分析了山地雨林在当地群落中的生态位置及其动态变化 ;同时 ,探讨了各群落之间的演替关系和恢复山地雨林的途径 相似文献
6.
采用标准木法(乔木层)及样方收获法(灌木层、草本层),研究了闽江下游黄槠林自然保护区福建青冈次生林的生物量及其分配规律。结果表明:森林总生物量为394.990 t.hm-2,其中树干为220.516 t.hm-2(55.82%),枝为48.229 t.hm-2(12.21%),叶为11.449 t.hm-2(2.90%),根为89.336 t.hm-2(22.62%)。生物量绝大部分积累于乔木层(89.95%)。群落各组成树种中福建青冈占显著优势,栲树、青冈、拟赤扬、黄瑞木等为群落重要伴生树种,制约和影响着群落的结构和生境。 相似文献
7.
通过野外调查测定,研究了六盘山林区天然次生林(杂灌林、山杨和辽东栎林)、农田、草地和人工林(13、18和25年生华北落叶松)植被活体生物量的C贮量.结果表明,天然次生林植被地上生物量C贮量为14.93～25.92 t·hm-2,根系为6.50～7.55 t·hm-2;人工林地上为11.97～45.39 t·hm-2,根系为6.48～7.64 t·hm-2;农田和草地地上分别为0.83和1.09 t·hm-2,根系分别为0.49和1.61 t·hm-2.植被活体生物量C年均积累量,天然次生林地上为2.97～5.15 t·hm-2·a-1,根系为1.67～2.86 t·hm-2·a-1;人工林地上为5.07～6.49 t·hm-2·a-1,根系为1.90～2.10 t·hm-2·a-1;农田与草地地上分别为0.83和1.09 t·hm-2·a-1,根系分别为1.38 和1.03 t·hm-2·a-1.在生长季,草本地上部分C积累呈逐步增长趋势,最高峰在9-10月,10月后下降.细根生物量C的积累量,天然次生林在5、6、9月较高,草地在8月份较低,农田在7和9月较高,人工林在5、9和10月较高. 相似文献
8.
冀北山区不同植被恢复类型根际土壤细菌群落结构及多样性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
【目的】研究冀北山区不同植被恢复类型对根际土壤细菌群落结构特征和多样性影响,探索自然和人工恢复对土壤微生物的作用机制,为该区域植被恢复与管理提供理论依据。【方法】以自然恢复的灌草丛、灌木林、次生林以及人工恢复的人工林根面、根际和非根际土为研究对象,通过Illumina Miseq平台对细菌16S rRNA的V3—V4片段进行高通量测序,分析土壤细菌α、β和功能多样性、群落结构组成以及与环境因子的关系。【结果】1)各恢复类型细菌α多样性差异显著(P0.05),次生林土壤细菌丰度和多样性均高于人工林,灌草丛多样性高,丰度最低;灌木林丰度高,多样性最低。不同根际范围土壤细菌α多样性差异不显著(P0.05),整体表现为根面和根际土高于非根际土。2)次生林和人工林土壤细菌群落结构有一定相似性;次生林与灌草丛、灌木林土壤细菌群落结构差异较大。根际土与非根际土细菌群落结构有一定相似性,根面土与根际、非根际土细菌结构差异较大。3)变形菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、酸杆菌门、芽单胞菌门和厚壁菌门为优势类群。各样地有机质分解菌群(变形菌门、放线菌门和拟杆菌门)丰度差异显著,灌草丛和次生林显著高于其他样地,根面和根际土显著高于非根际土。固碳和固氮菌群(芽单胞菌门和厚壁菌门)分布较均匀。4)土壤田间持水量、有机质和全磷、植被分布均匀度、Simpson多样性指数和丰富度指数是影响土壤细菌群落的主要因素。土壤因子(田间持水量、有机质和全磷)对灌木林和灌草丛非根际土细菌影响极显著,对根面和根际土细菌作用较小;植被因子(植被分布均匀度、Simpson多样性指数和丰富度指数)对乔木林(次生林和人工林)不同根际范围土壤细菌群落影响均达到极显著水平。5)新陈代谢功能在KEGG上的编码基因数量最多,是土壤细菌的优势功能。各土样细菌群落KEGG功能基因序列数量和多样性差异显著,说明各植被恢复类型根际土壤中有许多具有各自独特功能的菌种,但土壤和植被不能决定土壤细菌功能多样性。【结论】恢复方式、植被类型和根系对冀北山区土壤细菌群落结构和多样性均有影响,其中恢复方式对土壤细菌多样性作用更明显,植被类型对土壤细菌群落结构影响更显著。距离根系越近,土壤细菌多样性越高,土壤细菌群落结构与非根际土差异越大。此外,环境因子如土壤养分、水分含量及植被分布状况等均与土壤细菌群落结构及多样性有关。 相似文献
9.
西南桦人工林的群落特性研究 总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1
西南桦是我国西南热带山地及南亚热带地区的具有巨大发展潜力的速生阔叶造林树种。以西双版纳普文试验林场营造的7~12年生的西南桦人工林为对象,从该人工林群落的种类组成特征、林地的土壤肥力状况、人工林的病虫害观察等方面,并与当地的山地雨林、季风常绿阔叶林和热带次生林3种天然林作比较,对西南桦人工林的群落特性进行了研究。结果表明,西南桦人工林所形成的森林生态系统具有良好的生态恢复功能。 相似文献
10.
[目的]以云南省普洱市主要植被思茅松人工林为研究对象,探讨不同林龄思茅松人工林根系生物量的大小分布及变化特征。[方法]分别在5、8、15、25、36年生思茅松人工林内,利用内径为8.5 cm的根钻分3层(0~10、10~20、20~30 cm)获取思茅松与其它物种的细根、粗根及死根生物量数据。[结果]表明:随着思茅松人工林林龄的增长,思茅松细根生物量呈减少的趋势,而其它物种细根生物量呈增加趋势,细根生物量最大出现在36年生思茅松人工林。不同林龄思茅松人工林的思茅松粗根和死根生物量之间无显著差异,而其它物种及林分的粗根生物量和根系生物量则随林龄增长而增加。思茅松人工林的细根生物量主要分布在土壤深度0~10 cm内,其中,思茅松、其它物种、林分细根生物量以及根系生物量随土层深度的增加呈减少趋势。林龄和土壤深度对思茅松与其它物种的细根生物量有显著影响,林龄与土壤深度的交叉作用对思茅松细根生物量有显著影响,林龄对死根生物量有显著影响,林龄、土壤深度及林龄与土壤深度的交叉作用对粗根与根系的生物量有显著影响。[结论]思茅松人工林随着林龄增长,群落结构与树种组成随之发生变化,从而对根系生物量产生较大影响。 相似文献
11.
Amy L. ClarkSamuel B. St. Clair 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,262(2):203-207
Plant succession and mycorrhizal fungi both play crucial roles in shaping the development of forest ecosystems. However, despite the strong potential for interactions between them, few studies have examined how patterns of forest succession affect mycorrhizal associations that a majority of plant species depend on to alleviate soil resource constraints. Fire suppression in subalpine forests over the last century has changed successional patterns in ways that may have important implications for mycorrhizal associations of forest tree species. To better understand these relationships we conducted a field and greenhouse study in which we examined mycorrhizal infection along gradients of light intensity and soil nutrient availability that develop as aspen becomes seral to conifers under longer fire return intervals. We examined whether ectomycorrhizal associations of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides), a shade intolerant, early succession species, were more sensitive to light and soil resource limitations than subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), a shade tolerant, late succession species. In the field study, ectomycorrhizal infection of aspen roots was reduced by 50% in conifer dominated stands relative to aspen stands. In contrast, subalpine fir maintained its EM associations regardless of the successional status of the stand. The greenhouse results were consistent with field results and indicated that light limitation was the driving force behind reductions in EM infection of aspen roots in later stages of succession. These results suggest that nutrient limitations constraining early successional species may be exacerbated by losses in EM associations via light limitations created by late successional species. This is one potential mechanism by which climax forest species create a competitive advantage over early successional species and these results suggest that it is likely exacerbated by longer fire return intervals. 相似文献
12.
To examine the relationship between forest succession following fire and the composition of bird communities, we investigated the vegetation structure, bird population density, foraging behavior and guild structure in bamboo grasslands (11 years since the last fire), pine savanna (41 years), pine woodland (58 years), old-growth hemlock forest (never burned), and old-growth spruce forest (never burned) in the Tatachia area of central Taiwan. Canopy height, total foliage cover, tree density, total basal area of tree, total basal area of snags, foliage height diversity, and tree species richness all increased with successional age. However, shrub cover peaked in intermediate successional stages. The vertical profile of foliage cover was more diverse in later successional forests, which had more breeding bird species and ecological guilds. All the breeding bird species recorded in early and intermediate stages were also found distributed in the late successional forests. Because Taiwan has high precipitation and humidity, and most forest fires in Taiwan are caused by human activities, forest fires and large areas of early successional vegetation were probably rare in the mountain areas of Taiwan prior to the arrival of humans. Therefore, bird species have not had enough time to adapt to areas with early or intermediate successional vegetation. Moreover, late successional forests host all the major plant species found in the early and intermediate stages and have higher foliage height diversity index, which was positively correlated with the bird species richness and bird species diversity index in this study. As a result, all breeding bird species and guilds in the area can be found in late successional forests. Efforts for conserving avian diversity in Taiwan should focus on protecting the remaining native old-growth forests. 相似文献
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14.
选择四川省沐川县凉风坳亚热带次生常绿阔叶林为研究对象,在2004年5月、2004年12月和2005年5月对其林下土壤种子库、种子雨以及种子天然萌发状况等方面进行系统调查及分析研究。结果显示,种子下落前后土壤种子库储量,变动为643.2～889.2粒.m-2,物种和种子密度多年生草本物种均占优势。天然林土壤种子库Shannon-Wiener指数均在2004年5月最大,2004年12月次之,2005年5月最小;Simpson指数却和Shannon-Wiener指数H＇的变化趋势相反;Pielou均匀度指数在2004年12月有所降低,此后又升高。种子均呈明显垂直分布,其中0～2 cm土层种子数量最多,其次是枯枝落叶层,其数量随着土层加深而降低。土壤种子库年输入活力种子142.3粒.m-2,年输出活力种子268.9粒.m-2,动物取食是造成种子损失的主要原因。对照人工林土壤种子库物种和密度均低于天然林地;种子库与地上植被物种相似性系数,人工林较高,而天然次生常绿阔叶林较低。 相似文献
15.
《林业研究》2021,(2)
Long-term natural vegetation succession plays a substantial role in the accumulation and distribution of plant and soil C:N:P stoichiometry.However,how plant and soil C:N:P relationships or ratios change along with successional stages over a century in the severely eroded areas remain unclear.These were measured over a 100-year natural succession in five successional stages from annual grasses to climax forests.The results show that natural succession had significant effects on carbon(C),nitrogen(N) and phosphorous(P) concentrations in leaf-litter-soil and their ratios in severely eroded areas.Nitrogen concentrations and N:P ratios in leaf and litter increased from annual grasses to the shrub stage and then decreased in the late successional forest stages.Leaf P levels decreased from annual grasses to shrub stages and did not significantly change during late successional stages.Litter P concentration decreased in the early successional stages and increased during late successional stages,with no overall significant change.Soil C and N concentrations and C:N,C:P and N:P ratios increased with successional stages.Soil C and N concentrations decreased with the increasing soil depth.Both were significantly different between any successional stages and controls(cropland) in the upper 10 cm and 10-20 cm soil layers.Leaf N:P ratios may be used to indicate nutrient limitations and this study suggests that plant growth during the grass stages was limited by N,during the shrub stage,by P,and during the forest stages,by both of N and P.In addition,there were close correlations between litter and leaf C:N:P ratios,soil and litter C and N levels,and C:P and N:P ratios.These results show that long-term natural vegetation succession is effective in restoring degraded soil properties and improving soil fertility,and provide insights into C:N:P relationships of leaf,litter and soil influenced by vegetation succession stage. 相似文献
16.
R. Scot Duncan 《New Forests》2006,31(2):131-150
The management of successional forests has become an increasingly important tool for tropical forest restoration on disturbed
lands. Successful management depends on understanding factors governing tree recruitment during succession. Recruits can be
on-site propagules surviving disturbance (e.g. saplings) or seeds arriving after disturbance. Among disturbed sites, the importance
of seed arrival from off-site should increase as availability of on-site propagules declines. This study examines how seed
arrival from off-site seemed to influence natural forest regrowth on logged plantations in Uganda. Specifically, the effect
of seed arrival from mammals (determined directly) and birds (determined inferentially) was estimated in two plantations with
high and three plantations with low quantities of saplings surviving logging. In both plantation types, first-year recruitment
seemed to originate from on-site (seed bank and sprouts from damaged trees) and off-site sources (seed-dispersing birds).
Recruitment declined 2–3 years after logging in all plantations despite high densities of seed-dispersing birds. Recruitment
was generally greater in plantations with low initial quantities of on-site propagules, and by 4–6 years forest structure
was similar between plantation types. Recruitment was dominated by bird-dispersed species, rather than mammal- or wind-dispersed
species. Taken together, these results illustrate that disturbed areas with low initial on-site propagule availability have
much potential for forest regrowth. 相似文献
17.
Wood net primary production resilience in an unmanaged forest transitioning from early to middle succession 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Christopher M. Gough Christoph S. Vogel Brady Hardiman Peter S. Curtis 《Forest Ecology and Management》2010
The mixed deciduous forests of the upper Midwest, USA are approaching an ecological threshold in which early successional canopy trees are reaching maturity and beginning to senesce, giving way to a more diverse canopy of middle and late successional species. The net primary production (NPP) of these forests is generally considered past peak and in decline, but recent studies show a striking resilience in the NPP trajectories of some middle and late successional forests; yet, the mechanisms controlling such temporal changes in NPP are largely unknown. At the University of Michigan Biological Station in northern Michigan, we used a ≥9-year continuous record of wood net primary production (NPP), leaf area index (LAI), canopy composition, and stem mortality in 30 forested plots to identify the constraints on wood NPP as a mixed forest transitions from early to middle succession. Although wood NPP decreased over time in most stands, the rate of decline was attenuated when the canopy comprised a more diverse assemblage of early and middle/late successional species. The mechanism for sustained NPP in stands with more species diverse canopies was the proliferation of LAI by intact later successional tree species, even as stem mortality rates of early successional trees increased. We conclude that projections of carbon sequestration for the aging mixed forests of the upper Midwest should account for species composition shifts that affect the resilience wood NPP. 相似文献
18.
This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on pine and oak forest dynamics in the mid-montane central Himalayan forest and the ecosystem services associated with these vegetation types. Forest ecosystems play a crucial role in the livelihood of the central Himalayas as well as the adjacent plains, providing a number of tangible and intangible ecosystem services, at each stage of succession. The successional sequence starts from warm temperate grasslands, followed by early successional pine forests, mid-successional pine-oak mixed forests and eventually culminating in a late successional oak community. This successional sequence is considerably influenced by disturbances like fire, grazing, and lopping, which maintain the vegetation types in their current form and can act as potential drivers of change. Fire and grazing in grasslands and pine forests inhibit the successional process by hindering the establishment of pioneer and late successional species, respectively. Potential land-cover changes with forest succession can lead to changes in ecosystem services supply. We found that the number of ecosystem services associated with these vegetation types increase from early to late successional community. Current management approaches fail to include the dynamic nature of vegetation, which is essential for maintenance of ecosystem service supply. In conclusion, the trade-offs between ES of global (biodiversity and carbon) and local importance (fuel wood and fodder) have to be examined carefully in order to have effective conservation and management plans for the region. 相似文献
19.
《Forest Ecology and Management》1999,114(1):31-43
The low nutrient supply of heathland soils is often insufficient for the nutrient demand of growing forests and woodlands, and additional atmospheric input of nutrients is beneficial for the tree growth. On old heathland soils tree species influencing nutrient input with regard to higher amounts have competitive benefits on the early stages of succession and/or as first planted trees with consequences for both the successional development and the nutrition and management of heathland and forests. In three stages of heathland forest succession on highly acidified and nutrient poor soil, the influence of the canopies of a Calluna heathland, a pioneering birch-pine woodland, and a terminal oak-beech forest on nutrient input was investigated. Of all investigated species Scots pine has the highest interception of water and nutrients (N, K, Ca, Mg). As a consequence, the nutrient input into the pioneering birch-pine forest is the highest of the three types of ecosystems. This ability to meliorate the nutrient supply by increasing the nutrient input favours pine in the early stages of the succession. The enhanced nutrient input and accumulation within the young successional forest ecosystems involves two different succession and/or management considerations depending upon the further ecosystem development.
- 1.The increasing nutrient availability mitigates the negative influence of the highly acidified nutrient poor soil on the growth of oak and beech and facilitates the conversion of pine dominated woodlands and forests into forests dominated by broadleaved species.
- 2.For regeneration of heathland from naturally established pine woodlands and forests, deforestation have to be combined with techniques of nutrient impoverishment of the soil.
20.
Tropical rainforest seed ecology is diverse reflecting great variation in patterns of germination. These patterns reflect reproductive strategies designed to optimise the distribution and successful germination of species. The percentage germination varied widely across the 27 rainforest species. An additional seven species failed to germinate under the conditions provided and are not discussed further. When grouped according to successional status, in the absence of seed pre-germination treatments, germination on average reached 53% in late secondary species, 61% in early secondary species, 71% in climax species compared to only 17% in the pioneer species. The time to onset of germination was significantly lower in pioneer species (5 ± 9.9 days) compared to early secondary (14 ± 7.6 days) and climax (35 ± 7.5 days) successional species. We imposed eight pre-germination treatments, of which each was effective in increasing germination percentage for at least some of the trialed species. The most effective pre-germination treatments were nicking and boiling water, which gave on average five to sixfold increases, respectively, as compared to darkness and the presence of fleshy fruit or combinations thereof of those treatments. The knowledge of germination ecology may enable nursery operations to accurately plan seedling production. 相似文献