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1.
土壤空间变异研究中的半方差问题 总被引：19，自引：1，他引：18
简要回顾了土壤空间变异的研究。根据地质统计学理论和多年从事土壤空间变异研究的经验,对土壤空间变异研究的关键问题——半方差函数的基本假设、取样、模型选取及模型的检验进行了讨论,并对确定半方差函数模型应注意的问题提出建议。在保证取样样本容量的前提下,检查测定数据是否服从内蕴假设;注意提高每一个估算值的置信水平;尽量选择安全型模型作为半方差函数模型;对确定的半方差模型进行统计检验。由此可以求得较为客观合理的半方差模型。 相似文献
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新疆包头湖灌区农田土壤水盐热特性空间变异特征 总被引：10，自引：5，他引：5
土壤作为高度变异体,其大尺度下的土壤水盐热分布特征具有空间变异性。为了探究大尺度下的土壤水、盐、热的空间分布特征及空间变异性,以新疆包头湖区域为例,采用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,对土壤水盐热参数的空间分布特征进行分析。结果表明:土壤含水率、导热率及热容量均属于中等偏弱变异程度,土壤含盐量为强变异程度;土壤含水率、含盐量、导热率的半方差函数均可用高斯模型进行拟合,热容量的半方差函数可用指数函数进行拟合;含水率、含盐量、导热率、热容量同一深度各自变量之间均具有较强的空间依赖性,随机因素占总变异程度较低,最大相关距离在2 600~3 900 m。该研究为当地农业灌溉及精细农业的生产提供一定参考。 相似文献
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土壤速效养分空间变异研究 总被引：34，自引：4，他引：34
选择山西省一年两作和一年一作两种种植制度下的两个自然村作为试点,通过网格方法采取土样,应用土壤养分系统研究法进行了养分分析,并应用传统统计学和半方差函数对土壤养分变异进行了研究。结果表明,不同种植制度下,土壤养分性质均存在着空间变异,受农业传统施肥措施影响较大的N、P和OM,变异相对较大;而Ca、Mg、K、Cu、Fe、Mn等养分,传统施肥投入较少,土壤变异相对较小;土壤养分性质存在半方差结构,拟合模型包括球型、线型和指数型,但同一养分拟合半方差模型不尽相同。即使模型一致,最大相关距离也不一样,而且空间变异性强弱程度也不尽相同。Ca、N、Mn显示有较强的空间相关性,K、P、S显示具有中等的空间相关性。 相似文献
4.
海河低平原盐渍区土壤养分空间变异性研究 总被引：5，自引：6，他引：5
毛任钊 《中国生态农业学报》2001,9(4):63-66
应用地统计学方法分析研究海河低平原盐渍涝洼地2700m×2100m尺度土壤6个主要养分属性和全盐量的空间变异结构结果表明,在轮荒、撩荒半自然状态下土壤全N
、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾及有机质等含量的空间变异性存在着良好的半方差结构,而全P
半方差结构尚难理想的确定.半方差曲线图遵从指数和球函数等理论模型,最大相关距离分别在340～1173m,结构方差在基台值中所占比例均较大,达40%以上. 相似文献
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黄河三角洲盐碱地混交林土壤电导率的空间异质性 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为了研究黄河三角洲盐碱地混交林土壤盐分在旱季和雨季的空间分布特征,以黄河三角洲新造的由11个树种组成的混交林为研究对象,利用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法,绘制上层（0 ～ 15 cm）和下层（15～30 cm）土壤电导率的随机性和结构性的半方差图以及空间分布图,研究春季和秋季不同深度土壤电导率的空间变异特征.结果表明：1）土壤电导率平均值在春季和秋季有显著差异,不论是上层还是下层,春季均大于秋季.春季上层和下层土壤电导率变化范围分别为1.12 ～5.18和0.83～3.72 mS/cm,变度分别为4.06和2.89 mS/cm.秋季上层和下层土壤电导率变化范围分别为0.85 ～2.91和0.62～3.05 mS/cm,变度分别为2.06和2.43 mS/cm.春季土壤电导率变异系数较大,而秋季则较小.2）春季混交林上层和下层土壤电导率均有强烈的自相关性,变程分别为13.47和12.72 m.秋季上层和下层土壤电导率变异函数的半方差图几乎为直线,变程分别为213和71m,超出了取样范围,表明在该取样尺度下没有自相关性.3）Kriging插值结果表明,混交林地春季土壤电导率斑块化程度高于秋季. 相似文献
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奉新毛竹林土壤养分空间变异性研究 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
利用地统计学的半方差函数,定量研究了奉新县平衡施肥毛竹林的土壤养分空间变异特征。结果表明,毛竹林土壤养分存在半方差结构,多数为球状模型。奉新毛竹林土壤的变程为32～398.m,取样距离15～20.m,能满足毛竹林土壤空间变异评价的要求。N、P、K等养分的空间相关性小,人为经营、施肥等措施对土壤速效N、P、K的影响大于Ca、B、Fe、Mg等养分。奉新毛竹林土壤养分的分数维值排列顺序为:Cu>Mn>全P>Zn>P>N>Fe>K>Mg>S>OM>Ca>B>全K>全N。施肥时间长对于养分的空间分布均匀性有调和、促进作用。毛竹林土壤养分结构性变异大于随机变异,土壤内在属性(土壤矿物和地形)比人为因素(栽培管理水平和施肥措施)的影响大。 相似文献
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黄土区小尺度坡面土壤含水率时空变异性研究 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
土壤含水率在水平和垂直方向上均具有高度的时空异质性,关于水平方向变异的研究取得了很大进展,而对垂直方向变异的研究较为缺乏。为掌握土壤含水率在剖面上的垂直变异特征,采用经典统计、地统计及分形分析相结合的方法,研究了黄土高原典型坡地剖面土壤含水率的时空变异性。结果表明:不同测定时间下的剖面土壤含水率均服从自然对数正态分布,在空间上均表现为中等变异性,沿土层深度方向的变化趋势均为增长型,且这种变化规律具有时间稳定性;剖面土壤含水率在整个研究区域尺度、微尺度上的半方差函数均可用指数模型进行很好地拟合,均表现出强烈的空间依赖性,并且这种规律几乎不随时间的变化而变化;不同测定时间下剖面土壤含水率在整个研究尺度上均表现出有限的自相似性,在小于2.00 m的间距尺度下具有稳定的自相似性,大于2.00 m间距尺度的自相似性比较微弱,分维数的大小与控制土壤含水率的主要过程有关;不同测定时间下剖面土壤含水率的空间自相关性基本一致,即当滞后距离小于3.20 m时为空间正自相关,大于3.20 m时为负自相关,等于3.20 m时为不相关,而在剖面土壤含水率之间的相关性达到了极显著水平。 相似文献
8.
基于电磁感应的南疆典型田块土壤盐分空间异质性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究南疆典型田块土壤盐分空间异质性,基于电磁感应调查获取表观电导率并解译土壤盐分信息,分别以5m和15m间隔进行网格布点调查研究田块土壤盐分空间变异的尺度效应。研究表明,土壤表层盐分含量与表观电导率之间具有显著线性相关性(r2=0.870),基于电磁感应解译土壤盐分含量具有较高的精度;块金效应、分维数以及Moran’sI指数均表明,田块小尺度土壤盐分空间变异受随机因素影响较大,过大尺度往往忽略小尺度空间变异特征,套合结构半方差函数兼顾小尺度效应,能更好地反映空间变异详细情况,田块两侧的灌排渠使盐分分布呈现明显的趋势效应;详细准确地了解土壤盐分空间分布对于指导农业生产,促进精准农业的发展具有重要意义。 相似文献
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太行山山前坡地不同土地利用方式下土壤水分的时空变异特征 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以济源试区坡耕地、苹果园、果农复合系统、退耕还林地、刺槐林地5个邻接农林模式为研究对象,用时域反射仪(TDR)测定坡面不同农林模式雨季前、雨季中和雨季后表层土壤(0-30 cm)含水量,分析表层土壤水分分布特征及其时空变异特征。结果表明:由于受不同坡位、不同植被类型的影响,土壤表层含水量从坡顶到坡底逐渐增加;雨季前后土壤表层含水量的半方差理论函数均呈球状模型,块金值变化并不明显,其值分别为0.25和0.30,独立间距分别为99.7 m和87.6 m,土壤水分具有强烈的空间自相关性,存在很好的分形特征,分形维数分别为1.71和1.74,变异均主要是由空间自相关部分引起。雨季中土壤表层含水量的半方差函数呈直线模型,土壤水分空间变异表现出随距离增加而增加,分形维数为1.40。 相似文献
11.
Protecting soil structure against compaction—proposed solutions to safeguard agricultural soils To safeguard the ecological soil functions and the functions linked to human activities, measures against harmful changes to the soil are required, in line with the precautionary principle. The German Federal Soil Protection Act sets obligations for precaution in agricultural land use and, if harmful changes to the soil are foreseeable, measures for averting a danger. The results of a research project of the Federal Environmental Agency show that it is possible to describe an impairment of the soil structure, using methods of soil analysis. But this as a sole information would not qualify for the identification of harmful changes to the soil in the context of the Soil Protection Act, which requires an assessment of the severity of disruption of soil functions and the respective subject of protection. This would make additional soil investigations on site mandatory. Approaches in agricultural engineering and soil physics have introduced procedures to preserve the soil structure, in accordance with the precautionary principle. But these procedures have different goals and different ranges of application and hence offer partial solutions to safeguard against soil compaction. The assessment model of “trafficability by measuring the rut depth” provides information about the compaction status of the soil under applied conditions for farming gear, without providing detailed information about affected soil layers. The soil‐physical model of classifying soils into “risk classes for harmful soil compaction” focuses on the relationship between topsoil compaction and crop yields. The soil‐physical models “precompression stress” and “loading ratio” provide information for the assessment of subsoil compaction and a prognosis of a possible impairment of the soil structure at the water content of field capacity. It is necessary to validate the individual models with additional regional data about soil structure before a final assessment of the prognoses is made. 相似文献
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The concept of soil health has been extensively reviewed in the scientific literature, but there is only patchy and inconsistent information available to farmers and growers who are concerned about the declining condition of their soils and are looking for appropriate test methods and management interventions to help reverse it. Although there are well‐established laboratory methods for soil chemical analysis, and a range of laboratory and field methods for measuring soil physical properties, only now are methods starting to emerge for soil biological analysis. This study provides an overview of the methods that are currently available commercially (or are close to commercialization) for farmers and growers in the UK. We examine the science underpinning the methods, the value of the information provided and how farmers and advisors can use results from such assessments for informed decision‐making in relation to soil management. 相似文献
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Soil Erodibility and Physicochemical Properties of Collapsing Gully Alluvial Fans in Southern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In southern China, collapsing gully erosion produces massive deposits of sediment on the plough layer of alluvial fan farmland, leading to reduced nutrients, increased erodibility, and even desertification. The aim of this study was to investigate soil erodibility (the factor K in the universal Soil Loss Equation, USLE) and physicochemical properties of the alluvial fans of the most severe collapsing gully erosion areas (Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces) in southern China. The soils of the collapsing gully alluvial fans had a higher bulk density, but a lower total porosity, saturated water content, and silt and clay fractions than the control (CK) soils from the farmland without desertification. Soil quality gradually decreased from fan edge to fanhead. Significant decreases were found in soil pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and total potassium, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, resulting in a gradual decrease in soil nutrients from the fanedge to the fanhead. Soil erodibility was greatest in the fanhead, and soil erodibility K values of the alluvial fans were 53.71%, 66.28%, 67.53%, and 71.68 % greater than that in those of the CK soils of Hubei, Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong, respectively, indicating a significant correlation between the soil erodibility K values and physicochemical properties, particularly sand fraction and organic matter content. The results provide new insights into the relationship between soil physicochemical properties and erodibility of alluvial fans, and suggest that improving soil structure might increase soil fertility in the collapsing gully alluvial fan farmland. 相似文献
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土壤孔隙结构与土壤微环境和有机碳周转关系的研究进展 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
土壤结构是土壤功能的基础,不仅影响土壤养分的供应、水分的保持及渗透、气体的交换等过程,还为土壤微生物提供了物理生境,并调控土壤有机碳的周转这一关键过程。土壤的孔隙特征能够直接、真实地反映土壤结构的好坏;用土壤的孔隙特征作为试验指标能更好地反映土壤结构对这些过程的调节作用。在此基础上,将高度异质性的土壤孔隙结构同土壤微环境的变化和土壤有机碳的周转过程进行定量分析,对深入了解土壤结构在土壤生态系统中的功能至关重要。因此,着重从土壤孔隙结构对土壤微环境的影响及其与有机碳的关系两方面展开,剖析土壤孔隙结构调控作用下的土壤微环境响应过程,阐述土壤孔隙结构对土壤有机碳周转产生的直接、间接影响,强调土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转进程中的重要作用,并对土壤孔隙结构在调节土壤有机碳周转、植物残体分解及其与微生物协调作用机制等方面研究提出展望。 相似文献
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Depth distribution of soil wettability and its correlations with vegetation type, soil texture, and pH were investigated under various land use (cropland, grassland, and forestland) and soil management systems. Wettability was evaluated by contact angle with the Wilhelmy plate method. Water repellency was likely to be present under permanently vegetated land, but less common on tilled agricultural land. It was mostly prevalent in the topsoil, especially in coarse-textured soils, and decreased in the subsoil. However, the depth dependency of wettability could not be derived from the investigated wide range of soils. The correlation and multiple regression analysis revealed that the wettability in repellent soils was affected more by soil organic carbon (SOC) than by soil texture and pH, whereas in wettable soils, soil texture and pH were more effective than SOC. Furthermore, the quality of SOC seemed to be more important in determining wettability than its quantity, as proofed by stronger hydrophobicity under coniferous than under deciduous forestland. Soil management had a minor effect on wettability if conventional and conservation tillage or different grazing intensities were considered. 相似文献
18.
设施栽培下原状土与扰动土水分特性的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以四川省双流县设施栽培土壤为研究对象,对其原状土与扰动土的土壤水分特征曲线、水分物理性质和比水容量等项目进行了研究。结果表明,扰动土水分特征曲线总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土含水量高于原状土,在高吸力阶段两者差异较小。扰动土毛管孔隙度、总孔度和凋萎含水量在剖面上的总体变化趋势与原状土较为一致。扰动土不同土层田间持水量和有效水含量差异较小,原状土的田间持水量和有效水含量均随土层加深而减少。在低吸力阶段,相同吸力条件下扰动土比水容量远高于原状土,但随土壤水吸力增加,扰动土比水容量变化趋势逐渐与原状土一致。 相似文献
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植物苗期根系抗侵蚀特性试验研究——以构树和顶坛花椒为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
植物的固土抗蚀作用大小与其根系密切相关,而根系特征决定了根的固土抗蚀作用的发挥,本文以相同基质下构树和顶坛花椒不同特征的根系为研究对象.通过研究根系特征与土壤抗冲性、抗蚀性、抗拉性、紧实度的关系,结果表明,苗期根系能强化土壤抗冲性,构树苗、顶坛花椒苗根系强化值大小分别为78.01>77.71;根系可提高土壤抗蚀性,其抗蚀性强弱为.构树苗>顶坛花椒苗>对照,构树、顶坛花椒、对照试验的土壤水稳性指数分别为4.36,3.16,1.67;不同树种根系对土壤的固结能力不同,构树苗生长下的土壤抗拉能力为214.92 N,明显大于顶坛花椒苗生长下的土壤154.87 N;土壤紧实度大小为构树苗>顶坛花椒苗.并采用加权综合指数法综合评价了苗期不同特征植物根系的固土能力强弱,得出构树苗综合指数为1.058.而顶坛花椒苗为0.902.即构树苗的固土能力强于顶坛花椒,以期为今后的水土保持工作提供一定的理论依据. 相似文献
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金沙江干热峡谷中退化的土壤生态系统生物学特征初探 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Distribution characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity were studied in the dry red soil and Vertisol ecosystems with different degradation degrees in the Yuanmou dry hot valley of the Jinsha River,China.Results showed that Hymenoptera,Araneae and Collembola were the dominant groups of soil animals in the polts studied.The numbers of groups and individuals and density of soil animals in the dry red soil series were higher than those in the Vertisol series,and the numbers of individuals and density of soil animals decreased with the degree of soil degradation.Bacteria dominated microbiococnosis not only in the dry red soils but also in the Vertisols.Microbial numbers of the dry red soil series were higher than those of Vertisol series,and decreased with the degree of soil degradation.The activities of catalase,invertase,urease and alkaline phosphatase declined with the degradation degree and showed a significant decline with depth in the profiles of both the dry red soils and the Vertisols,but activities of polyphenol oxidase and acid and neutral phosphatase showed the same tendencies only in the Vertisols.It was concluded that the characteristics of soil animals,microorganisms and enzymatic activity could be used as the bio-indicators to show the degradation degree of the dry red soils and Vertisols.Correlation among these soil bio-indicators was highly significant. 相似文献