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不同作物间作对黄瓜病害及土壤微生物群落多样性的影响 总被引：23，自引：1，他引：22
分别采用RAPD和T-RFLP技术,研究了小麦、毛苕子和三叶草分别与黄瓜间作对黄瓜病害、黄瓜根际土壤微生物群落多样性和黄瓜产量的影响。结果表明,小麦、毛苕子与黄瓜间作均能提高黄瓜根际土壤微生物群落多样性,其中,小麦-黄瓜间作对黄瓜根际土壤微生物群落多样性的影响最为突出;3种作物分别与黄瓜间作均显著提高了黄瓜产量(p<0.01),其中小麦-黄瓜间作的产量优势最强;同时,3种作物分别与黄瓜间作均降低了黄瓜角斑病、白粉病、霜霉病和枯萎病的病情指数和尖孢镰刀菌的数量。间作有利于提高土壤微生物群落的多样性、减轻病害、提高黄瓜产量。 相似文献
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长期种植毛竹林土壤丛枝菌根真菌群落演变趋势 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为揭示长期种植毛竹林土壤丛枝菌根（Arbuscular mycorrhizae, AM）真菌群落演变特征,通过磷脂脂肪酸（Phospholipid fatty acid, PLFA）和Illumina Miseq测序平台研究了AM真菌生物量及群落结构的演变趋势。结果表明,长期种植毛竹林土壤养分含量总体呈下降趋势,球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白（Glomalin-related soil protein, GRSP）含量及AM真菌生物量也显著降低（p<0.05）,其中易提取态球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白含量与有机质、速效钾、碱解氮显著正相关（p<0.05）,而AM真菌菌丝生物量（16:1ω5 PLFA）与碱解氮极显著正相关（p<0.01）。长期种植毛竹林显著降低了土壤2~0.25 mm大团聚体比例（p<0.05）,且与AM真菌菌丝生物量极显著正相关（p<0.01）。测序结果表明,毛竹林土壤AM真菌以球囊霉属（Glomus）为优势种群,其次是无梗囊霉属（Acaulospora）,长期种植毛竹后土壤球囊霉属相对丰度显著增加而无梗囊霉属显著降低（p<0.05）。非度量多维尺度转换排序（NMDS）分析显示,对照马尾松林与不同种植年限毛竹林土壤AM真菌群落显著区分（p=0.001）,土壤含水量（p=0.005）、有效磷（p=0.014）、碱解氮（p=0.001）对AM真菌群落结构变异具有重要贡献。长期种植毛竹显著降低了AM真菌生物量、球囊霉素相关土壤蛋白含量以及2~0.25 mm大团聚体比例,并改变了AM真菌群落结构,不利于土壤碳固存和维持生态系统稳定。 相似文献
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大棚辣椒连作土壤微生物数量、酶活性与土壤肥力的关系 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
选取不同连作年限的辣椒大棚土壤和相邻露地小麦-辣椒轮作土壤(对照),研究了大棚辣椒连作土壤微生物数量、酶活性与土壤肥力的关系。结果表明,连作土壤养分含量显著高于对照,而pH值显著低于对照;土壤细菌,放线菌数量随连作年限延长呈先增加后降低的趋势并高于对照,而真菌数量不断增加;连作土壤酶活性含量均显著高于对照。土壤细菌数量与土壤有机质、全磷呈显著相关性,真菌数量与土壤养分无显著相关性,放线菌数量、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性与pH值呈显著负相关性,与养分呈显著相关性。土壤全磷、全氮、pH值对微生物数量的影响较大,而全氮、pH值对土壤酶活性的影响较大。 相似文献
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生物质炭对设施连作土壤性质及黄瓜生长和产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以设施黄瓜连作土壤为研究对象,采用盆栽试验分别研究了低量施用花生壳炭和小麦秸秆炭处理对土壤理化性状和黄瓜生长的影响。试验采用完全随机区组设计,分别设0.25%(w/w)(PB1)、0.50%(PB2)和1.00%(PB3)的花生壳炭以及0.25%(WB1)、0.50%(WB2)和1.00%(WB3)的小麦秸秆炭6个施炭处理,以不添加生物质炭处理(B0)为对照。春秋两季栽培试验结果表明:与对照相比,施用生物质炭处理可提高土壤肥力,改善土壤酶活性,增加黄瓜产量。生物质炭处理后连作土壤中速效氮、速效磷、速效钾及有机质含量显著高于对照;土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著升高,而蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性与对照相比差异不显著。生物质炭处理可显著增加黄瓜主茎最大叶叶面积、茎粗、地上部生物量和产量。其中WB1处理条件下黄瓜增产效果最好,春季商品瓜前期产量和总产量分别比对照增加26.11%和14.87%,秋季商品瓜前期产量和总产量分别比对照增加20.62%和25.38%,显著高于其它处理。此外,生物质炭处理还可以显著提高盛瓜期黄瓜的粗蛋白、可溶性糖和维生素C含量。因此,适量施用生物质炭可改善设施土壤微生态环境,增加土壤肥力和酶活性,提高黄瓜产量。实验中以0.25%小麦秸秆炭(折合5.63 t hm~(-2))处理条件下黄瓜增产效果最好。 相似文献
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秸秆还田与施肥方式对稻麦轮作土壤细菌和真菌群落结构与多样性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探索秸秆还田与施肥方式2种农田措施对水稻-小麦(稻麦)轮作土壤微生物群落的影响,阐释其对土壤细菌和真菌群落结构和多样性的影响机制,本研究通过7年稻麦轮作长期定位监测试验,设置无肥空白(CK)、常规施肥(RT)、秸秆还田+常规施肥(RS)和秸秆还田+缓释肥(SS) 4个处理,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序技术,分析土壤细菌和真菌群落结构和多样性,探索影响微生物群落的主控环境因子。结果表明, SS作物产量在2016年和2017年分别比RT显著提高11.6%和8.2%(水稻)、4.8%和3.6%(小麦),与RS无显著差异。相比RT,秸秆还田处理显著降低了土壤pH,提升了土壤有机碳和铵态氮含量;与RS相比,SS处理提高了铵态氮含量。秸秆还田处理提升了真菌群落多样性,但对细菌群落多样性无显著影响。SS与RS在细菌真菌群落多样性方面均无显著差异。相关性分析表明,细菌群落多样性与土壤pH呈负相关,与总氮含量呈正相关;真菌群落多样性则与土壤有机碳含量显著正相关。NMDS分析表明,施肥对于细菌群落结构影响较大(55.61%),真菌群落结构则对秸秆还田响应更明显(26.94%)。与RT相比,秸秆还田显著提升了细菌放线菌门、绿弯菌门、厚壁菌门的相对丰度,同时显著提升了真菌中子囊菌门的相对丰度,降低了担子菌门和接合菌门的相对丰度,加强了土壤碳氮循环能力并抑制了病原菌。SS与RS相比,仅提升了真菌中子囊菌门的相对丰度。综上,秸秆还田配施缓释肥有助于维持或者提高土壤养分有效性、作物产量及细菌真菌群落多样性,可以促进土壤碳氮循环。 相似文献
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配施木霉微生物肥对连作黄瓜的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
研究减量化肥与哈茨木霉SQR-T037微生物肥配施对盆栽黄瓜产量、品质及土壤有效养分和可培养微生物数量的影响。试验以当地农民惯用化肥施用量的100%作为对照处理(CF),75%的农民惯用化肥量配施普通有机肥(OF)或木霉SQR-T037微生物肥(BF)作处理进行连续盆栽试验。结果表明,75%的农民惯用化肥量配施木霉微生物肥BF与100%的化肥处理CF产量相等且后期有所增产,相对配施普通有机肥处理OF则产量显著提高,同时黄瓜果实中硝酸盐含量降低45%以上,维生素C含量明显增加。此外,BF处理能有效改善土壤养分供应状况,有效磷和速效钾含量明显高于对照CF和OF处理,并显著提高黄瓜根际土壤细菌、有益菌种木霉的数量,维持放线菌数量稳定,且在施用第三季后显著减少真菌数量。因此,减少25%的化肥并配施一定量的木霉微生物肥(50g株~(-1)),不仅能保证黄瓜稳产,还能显著改善黄瓜果实品质,促进土壤中养分的高效利用,节约施肥成本,促进农业可持续发展。 相似文献
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山药连作对土壤微生物群落及土壤酶活性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以山药连作（0 a,1 a,2 a）和轮作（山药—小麦）土壤为研究对象,探讨耕作模式对山药种植地耕层土壤（0—30 cm）微生物数量和酶活性的影响。结果表明:土壤耕层的有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量随山药连作年限的延长而逐渐降低,而山药—小麦轮作模式则有助于恢复地力。山药连作、轮作的土壤均以细菌所占比例最大,放线菌次之,真菌最少;与对照（0 a）相比,细菌、放线菌数量均随着山药连作年限增加呈递减趋势;但放线菌的降幅明显大于细菌,表现出对连作年限更强的敏感性;真菌数量随连作年限呈先升后降的趋势。山药连作可以明显降低土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶的活性,轮作模式则可以激发该三种酶的活性,其中轮作较连作2 a的处理可以明显提高脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,差异分别达显著水平（p < 0.05）和极显著水平（p < 0.01）。说明山药连作会破坏土壤耕层微生物种群结构,并抑制土壤酶活性,轮作可以在一定程度上改善土壤微生物群落结构及酶活性质量。 相似文献
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不同栽培模式对黄瓜根际土壤酶活性及细菌群落结构的影响 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
分别以小麦、燕麦、毛葱、芹菜、白菜与黄瓜伴生或套作,研究了不同栽培模式对黄瓜根际土壤酶活性及细菌群落结构的影响,为连作土壤环境修复提供理论依据。结果表明:小麦/黄瓜、燕麦/黄瓜伴生,毛葱/黄瓜套作显著提高了根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性（P0.05）;芹菜/黄瓜套作和小麦/黄瓜伴生显著提高了根际土壤过氧化物酶活性（P0.05）;芹菜/黄瓜套作显著提高了根际土壤脲酶活性（P0.05）;不同栽培模式均显著提高了各时期根际土壤转化酶活性（P0.05）。PCR-DGGE分析结果显示,不同栽培模式在一定程度上提高了黄瓜根际土壤细菌群落结构多样性。DGGE条带测序显示,黄瓜根际土壤细菌大多与不可培养的细菌种属具有较高的同源性,测序比对推测,主要分属于-变形菌纲（Alphaproteobacteria）、-变形菌纲（Betaproteobacteria）、鞘脂杆菌纲（Sphingobacteria）和芽单胞菌纲（Gemmatimonadetes）四个纲。本研究说明不同栽培模式对土壤酶活性和土壤细菌群落结构均产生一定影响,改变了土壤环境,其中小麦与黄瓜伴生栽培模式效果较好。 相似文献
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农村混合污水灌溉对小麦生长及其根际微环境的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以土柱模拟试验为基础,利用不同稀释倍数的农村混合污水(污水∶清水为1∶0,1∶1,0∶1)灌溉小麦,进而研究农村混合污水灌溉(WG)对小麦生长、根际土壤养分、酶活性和微生物多样性的影响。结果表明,污水含量的高低对小麦生长及根际土壤养分、酶活性和微生物多样性有一定的影响。与清水灌溉(CK)相比,WG处理后:(1)小麦株高、径粗、鲜重和干重均显著高于CK(P0.05),小麦叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量显著增加(P0.05);(2)小麦根际土壤除有机质含量增加16.42%外,pH、土壤全氮、全钾、全磷、速效磷、速效钾和碱解氮含量及综合肥力均降低(0.95%～16.79%),且速效钾含量降低较为显著(P0.05);(3)小麦根际土壤酸性磷酸酶、脲酶和转化酶活性均显著高于CK(P0.05),过氧化氢酶活性显著降低(P0.05);(4)由Shannon、Ace、Chao、Coverage、Simpson指数及细菌和真菌在genus水平上的微生物群落结构分布可知,小麦根际土壤细菌多样性降低,真菌多样性增加。同时,改变了小麦根际土壤细菌和真菌在genus水平上优势种的相对丰度,但细菌优势种的种类没有发生改变,真菌优势种的种类发生改变。研究结果可为示范区农村混合污水灌溉模式的研究提供有力的理论依据。 相似文献
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《Applied soil ecology》2008,38(3):247-255
Soil microbial community structure and crop yield was investigated in field tomato production systems that compared black polyethylene mulch to hairy vetch mulch and inorganic N to organic N. The following hypotheses were tested: (1) hairy vetch cover cropping increases crop yield and significantly affects soil microbial community structure when compared to the standard plastic mulch and synthetic fertilizer-based system; (2) within plastic mulch systems, organic amendments will increase crop yield and significantly affect soil microbial community structure when compared to synthetic fertilizer; (3) crop yields and microbial community structure will be similar in the hairy vetch cover cropping and the organic amended plasticulture systems. Treatments consisted of ammonium nitrate (control), hairy vetch cover crop, hairy vetch cover crop and poultry manure compost (10 Mg/ha), three levels of poultry manure compost (5, 10, and 20 Mg/ha), and two levels of poultry manure (2.5 and 5 Mg/ha). Black polyethylene mulch was used in all treatments without hairy vetch. Fatty acid analysis was used to characterize the total soil microbial community structure, while two substrate utilization assays were used to investigate the community structure of culturable bacteria and fungi. Crop yield was not significantly increased by hairy vetch cover cropping when compared to black polyethylene mulch, although microbial community structure was significantly affected by cover cropping. Under black polyethylene mulch, crop yields were significantly increased by the highest levels of compost and manure when compared to inorganic fertilizer, but there was no detectable effect on soil microbial community structure. When cover cropping was compared to organic amended plasticulture systems, crop yields were similar one year but dissimilar the next. However, hairy vetch cover cropping and organic amendments under black plastic mulch produced significantly different soil microbial community structure. 相似文献
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轮作提高土壤磷生物有效性改善后茬作物磷素营养 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
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Conservation agriculture practices, such as reduced tillage, cover crops and fertilization, are often associated with greater microbial biomass and activity that are linked to improvements in soil quality. This study characterized the impact of long term (31 years) tillage (till and no-till), cover crops (Hairy vetch- Vicia villosa and winter wheat- Triticum aestivum, and a no cover control), and N-rates (0, 34, 67 and 101 kg N ha−1) on soil microbial community structure, activity and resultant soil quality calculated using the soil management assessment framework (SMAF) scoring index under continuous cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) production on a Lexington silt loam in West Tennessee.No-till treatments were characterized by a significantly greater (P < 0.05) abundance of Gram positive bacteria, actinomycetes and mycorrhizae fungi fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) biomarkers compared to till. Saprophytic fungal FAME biomarkers were significantly less abundant (P < 0.05) under no-till treatments resulting in a lower fungi to bacteria (F:B) ratio. Key enzymes associated with C, N & P cycling (β-glucosidase, β-glucosaminidase, and phosphodiesterase) had significantly higher rates under no-till relative to till, corresponding to significantly greater (P < 0.05) soil C and N, extractable nutrients (P, K and Ca) and yields. Mycorrhizae fungi biomarkers significantly decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing N-rate and was significantly less (P < 0.05) under the vetch cover crop compared to wheat and no cover. Treatments under vetch also had significantly higher β-glucosaminidase and basal microbial respiration rates compared to wheat and no cover.Consequently, the total organic carbon (TOC) and β-glucosidase SMAF quality scores were significantly greater under no-till compared to till and under the vetch compared to wheat and no cover treatments, resulting in a significantly greater overall soil quality index (SQI).Our results demonstrate that long-term no-till and use of cover crops under a low biomass monoculture crop production system like cotton results in significant shifts in the microbial community structure, activity, and conditions that favor C, N and P cycling compared to those under conventional tillage practices. These practices also led to increased yields and improved soil quality with no-till having 13% greater yields than till and treatments under vetch having 5% increase in soil quality compared to no cover and wheat. 相似文献
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Paul Hepperly Don Lotter Christine Ziegler Ulsh Rita Seidel Carolyn Reider 《Compost science & utilization》2013,21(2):117-126
From 1993 to 2001, a maize-vegetable-wheat rotation was compared using either 1) composts, 2) manure, or 3) synthetic fertilizer for nitrogen nutrient input. From 1993 to 1998, red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) were used as an annual winter legume cover crop prior to maize production. From 1999 to 2001, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) served as the legume green manure nitrogen (N) source for maize. In this rotation, wheat depended entirely on residual N that remained in the soil after maize and vegetable (pepper and potato) production. Vegetables received either compost, manure, or fertilizer N inputs. Raw dairy manure stimulated the highest overall maize yields of 7,395 kg/ha (approximately 140 bushels per acre). This exceeded the Berks County mean yield of about 107 bushels per acre from 1994 to 2001. When hairy vetch replaced clover as the winter green manure cover crop, maize yields rose in three of the four treatments (approximately 500-1,300 kg/ha, or 10-24 bu/a). Hairy vetch cover cropping also resulted in a 9-25 % increase in wheat yields in the compost treatments compared to clover cover cropping. Hairy vetch cover crops increased both maize and wheat grain protein contents about 16 to 20% compared to the clover cover crop. Compost was superior to conventional synthetic fertilizer and raw dairy manure in 1) building soil nutrient levels, 2) providing residual nutrient support to wheat production, and 3) reducing nutrient losses to ground and surface waters. After 9 years, soil carbon (C) and soil N remained unchanged or declined slightly in the synthetic fertilizer treatment, but increased with use of compost amendments by 16-27% for C and by 13-16% for N. However, with hairy vetch cover crops, N leaching increased 4 times when compared to clover cover crops. September was the highest month for nitrate leaching, combining high rainfall with a lack of active cash crop or cover crop growth to use residual N. Broiler litter leaf compost (BLLC) showed the lowest nitrate leaching of all the nutrient amendments tested (P= 0.05). 相似文献