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1.
The cervical patency of six domestic female cats was monitored under sedation by infusion of contrast medium (Omnipaque) into the cranial vagina during early oestrus, mid‐oestrus, late oestrus and interoestrus or a radiopharmaceutical (99mTc‐HSA) during mid‐ and interoestrus in a non‐ovulatory oestrous cycle. The transport of the contrast medium or the radiopharmaceutical through the cervix and within the uterine horns was observed under fluoroscopy and with the aid of scintigraphy. In three of the queens, transcervical transport of contrast medium was demonstrated in all stages of oestrus, in one queen during mid‐oestrus, late oestrus and 1 day after oestrus, and in two queens only during late oestrus. The relations between the cervical patency to the contrast medium and the oestrous behaviour, cornification of the vaginal cells and the serum oestradiol‐17β concentration were evaluated, and a relationship was found between the cervical patency and the degree of vaginal cornification. Transcervical transport of the radiopharmaceutical was observed in three queens during mid‐oestrus. When the cervix was open, hysterography under a fluoroscope and hysteroscintigraphy were performed. The fluoroscopic and scintigraphic recordings revealed the patterns of the uterine contractions during oestrus in both ascending and descending directions, and the movement of the uterine contents back and forth between the uterine horns. The hysterograms were classified according to the shape of the uterine horns and the appearance of the endometrial lining. Spiral‐shaped uterine horns with a smooth inner contour were observed in two queens, and a corkscrew appearance with irregular filling defects in the uterine lumen was shown in two queens that had developed subclinical cystic endometrial hyperplasia. These findings demonstrated that fluids or particles deposited in the cranial vagina of the cat can be transported into the uterus during some stages of the oestrous cycle. The fluoroscopic and scintigraphic techniques developed in this study may be further modified to permit more detailed studies of uterine contractile patterns and sperm transport in the feline female reproductive tract. Hysterography proved useful to diagnose uterine disease. The information on cervical patency is of value also for the development of techniques for artificial insemination in this species, and should be studied also in the ovulatory cycle.  相似文献   

2.
Samples for endometrial cytology were collected both from live bitches using transcervical uterine cannulation (n=48) and postmortem (n=10). The cells identified were endometrial epithelial cells, leucocytes, erythrocytes, spermatozoa, bacteria and cervical or vaginal cells. The endometrial epithelial cells varied morphologically throughout the reproductive cycle and had signs of degeneration during late dioestrus and during early and mid-anoestrus following dioestrus and postpartum. Neutrophils were the most common leucocytes observed during pro-oestrus, oestrus, dioestrus and early pregnancy, and lymphocytes during anoestrus. Macrophages were frequently seen during anoestrus. Erythrocytes were found in variable numbers at all stages of the reproductive cycle. Spermatozoa were detected in samples collected during oestrus and early pregnancy in bitches which had their last mating one to three days previously. Bacteria were commonly observed during pro-oestrus and oestrus. Cornified cervical or vaginal cells were present during pro-oestrus and oestrus. This study demonstrated that the numbers, types, proportions and morphology of ceils in endometrial cytological samples from normal bitches varied throughout the reproductive cycle.  相似文献   

3.
Besides post-thawing reduced semen quality, there are some difficulties in the execution of the endoscopic transcervical intrauterine artificial insemination (AI) with frozen-thawed semen in bitches. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to evaluate behavioral and reproductive parameters (i.e., vaginal cytology and serum progesterone level) to determine time of insemination and to investigate the particularities and difficulties of this technique in bitches using fresh semen. Ten Labrador Retriever bitches were submitted to three endoscopic transcervical intrauterine AIs (with 48 h intervals). Oestrus and ovulation period were established by behaviour evaluation, progesterone assays and vaginal cytology, enabling optimal timing for AI during oestrus. During AI, the following aspects were evaluated: cervical os catheterization difficulty, semen deposition resistance, occurrence of semen backflow, and time required to perform the AI. In this study, it was possible to catheterize the cervical os in all bitches, with different degrees of difficulty, by manipulating the equipment to allow cervical visualization and catheter introduction in the cervical canal. Serial serum progesterone assays enabled estimation of LH surge day, and thus of ovulation. The pregnancy rate was 90%, with a litter size of 5.0 ± 2.6 puppies per bitch. It was concluded that the difficulties in the execution of the endoscopic transcervical intrauterine AI technique in Labrador Retriever bitches were minimized by the equipment manipulation and practical experience.  相似文献   

4.
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5.
Samples for microbiological culture were collected from the uterus of bitches using transcervical uterine cannulation (31 samples, 23 bitches) and from the uterus, cervix and vagina post mortem (19 bitches) at all stages of the reproductive cycle. Samples were cultured for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and for aerobic mycoplasmas. Bacteria were always found in the uterus during prooestrus and oestrus (12 positive in 12 cultures) and rarely at other stages of the reproductive cycle: during anoestrus (one in 14) and other stages (none in 24). When microorganisms were detected at three sites post mortem, those found in the cervix and vagina were always of the same species as those found in the uterus. In six out of 13 instances, microorganisms were found in the cervix or vagina when none were found in the uterus. The mean number of isolates, number of bacteria seen in uterine cytology and bacterial growth were greater (P < 0–005) during oestrus and pro-oestrus than at other stages. Bacteria isolated from the uterus, in order of frequency, were Escherichia coli, Haemophilus species, α-haemo-lytic streptococci, Corynebacterium species, Streptococcus canis, Alcaligenes faecalis, Bac-teroides species, Pasteurella species and Proteus mirabilis. No mycoplasmas were cultured from the samples. This study indicates that the uterus of the normal bitch has a uterine microflora during pro-oestrus and oestrus that is similar to that of the vagina and cervix.  相似文献   

6.
As in other species, the reproductive tract in pigs increases in size with age and body weight, and the development of the reproductive tract depends on a balance between development of the pituitary–ovarian axis and the influence of metabolic hormones. Two experiments were conducted in prepubertal Duroc gilts, 150–180 days of age, to determine whether litter size is related to vaginal–cervix catheter penetration length during insemination. In experiment 1, oestrus was induced in 452 gilts with a combined dose of 400 IU Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotrophine (PMSG) + 200 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). The gilts were classified into three catheter penetration length groups: Ih, ≤ 21 cm; IIh, > 21 and < 28 cm; IIIh, > 28 cm. The litter size was lowest in group Ih (7.35 ± 0.15) compared with groups IIh (7.81 ± 0.12; p < 0.05) and IIIh (10.0 ± 0.36; p < 0.001). In experiment 2, first oestrus was induced in 162 gilts by boar exposure. The gilts were classified into three catheter penetration length groups at insemination during their second oestrus: In, ≤ 24 cm; IIn, > 24 and < 26 cm; IIIn, > 26 cm. As in experiment 1, the litter size was lowest in the group with the shortest catheter penetration length (8.32 ± 0.19). The litter size was not different among gilts of groups IIn and IIIn (8.84 ± 0.35 and 9.56 ± 0.46, respectively), but litter size was lower (p < 0.05) in group In than in group IIn. Based on the combined data from both experiments, the correlation between the catheter penetration length and total number of piglets born was expressed as: y=5.346 ± 0.104x; r=0.361 (p < 0.05). Fertility rate was not different among the groups of gilts induced into oestrus by hormone treatment or inseminated in the second oestrus; however, the total fertility rate of boar‐exposed gilts was higher (p < 0.0001) than PMSG/hCG treated animals. Thus, it is possible to conclude that litter size at first farrowing is associated with vaginal–cervix catheter penetration length during insemination of the gilt.  相似文献   

7.
A study was made in cattle of the variation of vaginal impedance with respect to the placement of probe, time after insertion, and stages of the oestrous cycle. Impedance values were lowest and least variable when determined in the ventral sector of the vaginal fornix. Allowing the probe time to warm up improved results.
Vaginal impedance declined by approximately 30% during pro-oestrus, oestrus and metoestrus when compared with dioestrus. The time at which the lowest values were reached varied between animals, in 2 cases being a day before oestrus, in another 2 on the day of oestrus, and for 1, the day after oestrus. The method described was not suitable for determining the peak of behavioural oestrus.  相似文献   

8.
麝鼠(Ondatra zibethicus)是一种珍贵的毛皮动物和香料动物,在繁殖季节能分泌麝鼠香,而其香腺泌香机制尚不清楚。TNFRSF13 C(BAFF受体)和TNFRSF4(OX40受体)基因是TNF受体超家族的成员,参与免疫调节、炎症、凋亡,还与自身免疫病和多种器官的形成有关。本研究通过RT-qPCR技术检测繁殖期与非繁殖期麝鼠的心、肝、肺、肾、睾丸、肌肉及香腺中TNFRSF13 C和TNFRSF4基因的转录水平,结果显示两者在繁殖期和非繁殖期7个组织中均有表达,在繁殖期麝鼠的心、肝、肺、肾、睾丸、香腺中表达水平普遍高于非繁殖期,并且差异显著(P≤0.05),而在肌肉中无明显表达差异(P>0.5)。由此推测TNFRSF13 C和TNFRSF4基因参与了麝鼠心、肝、肺、肾、睾丸和香腺发育。  相似文献   

9.
Difficulty in observing oestrus is a problem for many dairy farmers performing AI. Finding ways to synchronize oestrous cycles or strengthen display of oestrus without hormonal treatments would be of great interest because many consumers object to the use of exogenous hormones on healthy animals. Modification of reproductive cycles through chemical communication has been reported in several species including cattle. LH is an important regulator of the follicular phase and could possibly be subject to pheromonal influence. This study focuses on the effect of volatile compounds from oestrous substances on LH pulsatility preceding the preovulatory LH surge in cattle. Four heifers of the Swedish Red breed were kept individually in isolation. Exposure to water during the control cycle (CC), and bovine oestrous urine and vaginal mucus during the treated cycle (TC), started simultaneously with induction of oestrus. Blood sampling at 15‐min intervals started 37 h after administration of PGF2α and continued for 8 h. Monitoring of reproductive hormones, visual oestrus detection and ultrasonographic examination of the ovaries continued until ovulation had occurred. The mean concentration of LH at pulse nadir was significantly higher during TC (2.04 ± 0.18 ng/ml) than during CC (1.79 ± 0.16 ng/ml), and peak amplitude was significantly higher during CC (Δ1.03 ± 0.09) than during TC (Δ0.87 ± 0.09). No other parameters differed significantly between the two cycles. We conclude that the difference in LH pulsatility pattern may be an effect of exposing heifers to oestrous vaginal mucus and/or urine and that the mechanism behind this needs further investigation.  相似文献   

10.
A survey of sexual behaviour and reproduction of female cats   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Details of reproductive activity among 168 breeding queens were obtained from a survey of specific information supplied by cat breeders. Puberty was reached, on average, at 9–10 months of age. The gestation period was calculated to average 65 days. Almost half the queens in the survey showed cyclic occurrence of oestrus throughout the year. Cycles were usually 21 days long. When a non-breeding season was present it generally occurred between September and the end of January, its average duration being 4 months. The data obtained from the survey are examined and discussed, and are considered to illuminate usefully a scantily reported topic.  相似文献   

11.
This study aims to characterize the reproductive patterns in Asinina de Miranda jennies during the non‐breeding season. Reproductive activity was surveyed in 12 females, aged between 3 and 18 years old, using ultrasound and teasing with a jack. The animals were monitored from September to April, six in each consecutive year. Of these 12 females, nine showed disruption to the normal pattern of ovarian activity during the non‐breeding season. Loss of normal cyclicity included anoestrus (41.7%), silent ovulatory oestrus (25%), and persistence of corpus luteum (8.3%). Only three females maintained a regular cyclic pattern with oestrous behaviour during the non‐breeding season. Anoestrus began in early November and lasted for an average of 147 ± 28 days (113–191 days), ending near to the spring equinox. Onset of silent oestrous cycles began more erratically, between October and February. In both groups the first behavioural ovulation of the year occurred around the time of the spring equinox. Disrupted reproductive activity was preceded by a shorter oestrous cycle only in females entering anoestrus. The mean follicle size in the first ovulation of the year was larger than in the reproductive season (44.7 ± 2.45 mm vs 39.2 ± 3.60 mm) in anoestrous jennies with protracted oestrus. Though age and body condition score (BCS) were associated, changes in BCS below a threshold of four points (for anoestrus) and five points (for silent oestrus) contributed greatly to disruption of reproductive cycles. BCS in females with regular oestrous cycles during the winter season remained unchanged or exceeded five points prior to the winter solstice.  相似文献   

12.
Follistatin-like 3 (FSTL3) is a regulator of cellular apoptosis and was previously identified via RNA-Seq to be associated with follicular development in mammalian ovaries. However, the mechanism underlying the FSTL3 regulation of oestrus in sheep remained poorly understood. In this study, the oestrogen (E2) and progesterone (P4) concentrations in blood were detected, and the expression level and functional analysis of FSTL3 in the ovary were studied during the different reproductive stage in Aohan fine wool sheep (seasonal breeding breed in China). The concentrations of E2 and P4 at the anestrus were significantly lower compared to dioestrus, proestrus and oestrus stages. Higher expression levels of FSTL3 were observed in the sheep ovary, hypothalamus, and thyroid. During different reproductive stages, higher expression levels were found during the stages of dioestrus and proestrus, while lower levels were found during the oestrus and anestrus stages. Functional analysis of FSTL3 was performed in primary granulosa cells (GCs) of sheep. The concentration of E2 increased significantly after RNAi interference of FSTL3, while the P4 level decreased. FSTL3 can decrease P4 levels, which might be involved in mediating oestrous cycle in sheep.  相似文献   

13.
This is the first morpho-histological comparison of guanaco ovaries between reproductive (long-days) and non-reproductive (short-days) seasons, and oestrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) and beta (ERβ) detection. Different stages of follicle development were found in the cortical area, but no corpus luteum was detected. The size and frequency of antral follicles and large atretic follicles were higher in long-day ovaries than short-days, consistent with ovarian activity in this season. Differential expression of ERα and ERβ was observed in follicles at different stages of development between short and long days. These data reveal histological and molecular differences between reproductive and non-reproductive seasons of guanaco ovaries.  相似文献   

14.
A technique for transcervical cannulation of the uterus of the bitch for the collection of samples for cytology and microbiology was developed. This technique involved passing a cannula into the uterus with the aid of an endoscope. The uterus was cannulated successfully in mature bitches (over 10 kg) 110 times in 144 attempts. Success of cannulation was influenced by the experience of the operator and ease of cannulation by the stage of the reproductive cycle, the size of the bitch and the type of cannula. Complications associated with the procedure were endometritis, vaginitis and vaginal tears. Uterine cannulation was generally possible in all bitches studied at all stages of the reproductive cycle. Techniques for the collection of samples from the uterus for cytology and microbiology and for the processing of samples for uterine cytology are outlined. Hysteroscopy was performed on seven occasions in post partum bitches and was found to be possible at least until day 17 after whelping.  相似文献   

15.
A new and rapid enzyme-amplified immunoassay (AELIA) has been developed for the measurement of progesterone in milk. The AELIA system is a non-isotopic method that gives results within 35 minutes. Milk progesterone concentrations measured in 10 cows sampled daily at various stages of the reproductive cycle were very similar to those recorded by a validated radioimmunoassay. The results show that the speed and sensitivity of the AELIA system would make it possible to diagnose pregnancy rapidly at about 24 days after insemination, to predict the onset of behavioural oestrus from decreasing progesterone values during the third week after a preceding oestrus, and to obtain a daily record of milk progesterone levels in animals treated for infertility of ovarian origin.  相似文献   

16.
An oocyte recovery procedure was developed and evaluated to determine whether a transcervical embryo recovery procedure is feasible with our method, which includes estradiol-17beta (E2) and oxytocin (OT) treatments, for dilating the cervix in ewes. On d 6 of an estrous cycle, oocytes were recovered either transcervically or with a laparotomy procedure. In the laparotomy group, ovulation rate was determined during the procedure and was used to calculate the percentage ofoocytes recovered. The laparotomy procedure was a standard uterine flush, and 12 mL of PBS was used to flush each uterine horn. In the transcervical group, the ovaries in each ewe were evaluated ultrasonically to determine ovulation rate. For transcervical recovery, 100 microg of E2 were injected i.v. on d 5 to increase cervical OT receptors, and 100 USP units of OT were injected i.v. 10 to 12 h later to dilate the cervix. Approximately 25 min after OT, ewes were placed in dorsal recumbency in a Commodore cradle, and a modified Foley catheter was passed through the cervix and into the uterus for injection (80 to 210 mL) and aspiration of PBS. The PBS was aspirated with a vacuum pump. The percentage of PBS recovered was greater (P<.01) at laparotomy than with the transcervical procedure (85.8 vs. 36.2%). Despite that difference, oocyte recovery did not differ significantly between the two groups (67% for laparotomy vs. 50% for transcervical; [oocytes recovered/number of corpora lutea] x 100), and there was no evidence that the transcervical procedure damaged the oocytes; the zona pellucida remained intact around all of the oocytes. In conclusion, a procedure that includes E2-OT-induced cervical dilation, passage of a modified Foley catheter into the uterus, and incremental infusion and aspiration of media through the catheter can be used to recover oocytes transcervically from ewes. This procedure may make transcervical embryo recovery feasible for sheep.  相似文献   

17.
Reproductive efficiency is the primary factor affecting productivity in female buffalo, but is greatly hampered by late attainment of puberty, seasonality of calving, long postpartum anoestrus and subsequent calving interval. Moreover, artificial insemination (AI) is seldom performed because of the weakness of oestrus symptoms and the variability of oestrus length, which makes oestrus detection very difficult.Researchers have tried to cope with each of the critical physiological aspects of buffalo reproductive performance mentioned above. In the present review, the main factors affecting the low reproductive efficiency in buffalo are examined and proposals made for its improvement, taking into account both our research work and literature results. Previous research on the changes in hormone profile during the oestrus cycle and in follicle development were used to develop models for improving reproductive efficiency. Hormonal treatments can be used: (1) to anticipate puberty in order to reduce the age at first calving; (2) to improve fertility in the low breeding season; and (3) to increase the effectiveness of AI programmes by overcoming the difficulty in oestrus detection.  相似文献   

18.
The present study compared the occurrence of oestrus behaviour and ovulation in response to the insertion of CIDR devices plus a classical treatment with equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG; single dose at CIDR removal) or alternative treatments with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH, either in a single dose at 56 hr after CIDR removal, or in one dose at CIDR insertion and another dose at 56 hr after CIDR removal). The appearance of oestrus behaviour during reproductive season ranged between 84% and 95% and all females showing oestrus signs had subsequent ovulations. The response, during seasonal anoestrus, was similar in the group treated with eCG, but less than half of the females in the groups treated with GnRH showed oestrus signs in response to the treatment, although more than 80% of them showed resumption of ovulatory activity after the treatment. In conclusion, protocols based on GnRH administration offer similar yields to eCG-based protocols during the reproductive season but occurrence of oestrus in response to GnRH-based treatments is highly compromised during seasonal anoestrus.  相似文献   

19.
A 13-month-old Persian queen was presented for infertility. She had been bred on two consecutive oestrous cycles on day 1 of oestrus, and on both occasions had developed a purulent vulvar discharge shortly after breeding. Treatment by the private veterinarian had included parenteral antibiotics and vaginal medications. Upon presentation to the Small Animal Reproduction Service, a complete clinical, diagnostic imaging and laboratory investigation failed to demonstrate evidence of a reproductive tract disease. Therefore, at a subsequent cycle breeding was attempted on day 3 of oestrus. The queen conceived and delivered six kittens by caesarean section. The initial inability of this queen to conceive appears to have resulted from inappropriate management practice.  相似文献   

20.
Oestrogen, androgen and progesterone are involved in the regulation of uterine physiological functions, with the participation of the following proteins: oestrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR) and progesterone nuclear receptor (PGR). In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to detect the localization of ERα, ERβ, AR and PGR in sheep uterus. Additionally, we used real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) and Western blot technique to analyse their expression profiles at different stages of sheep oestrous cycle in the endometrium and myometrium. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that ERα, ERβ, AR and PGR were present in sheep uterus in oestrus, mainly in the uterine luminal epithelium, stroma, gland and myometrium. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction results showed that in the endometrium, ERα expression level was highest in oestrus. ERβ and PGR, instead, were highly expressed in pro‐oestrus. In the myometrium, ERα was highly expressed in both oestrus and pro‐oestrus, and ERβ was highly expressed in oestrus and dioestrus. Progesterone nuclear receptor expression was highest in oestrus, followed by metoestrus. In the endometrium, both receptors ERα and ERβ were abundant in pro‐oestrus, while the maximum AR protein content was found in oestrus. At this stage of the oestrous cycle, PGR protein concentration in the myometrium was significantly lower than those observed in other stages. These results suggest that these receptors are important for sheep reproductive function, as their expression at mRNA and protein levels exhibits particular time‐ and tissue‐specific profiles along the oestrous cycle.  相似文献   

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