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1.
Equine piroplasmosis (EP) has not been considered indigenous in The Netherlands. However, following the detection of an apparently indigenous subclinical Babesia caballi infection in a horse on Schouwen-Duiveland (an island in the Zeeland Province), a survey was undertaken between May and September 2010 to assess the prevalence of the causative agents of EP in the South-West of The Netherlands. Blood samples from 300 randomly selected horses were tested for specific antibodies against Theileria equi and B. caballi using an indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT), and for parasite DNA using a specific polymerase chain reaction combined with reverse line blotting (PCR-RLB). Twelve of the horses (4%) were seropositive for EP. Of these, nine (75%) were positive (titre?1:160) for B. caballi alone and three (25%) were also positive for T. equi. PCR-RLB detected T. equi DNA in five horses (1.6%), two of which were seronegative. Four (1.3%) of the positive horses (three positive for T. equi and one for both B. caballi and T. equi) were considered truly indigenous. During the study, two indigenous ponies from a farm situated outside the sampling area were diagnosed with acute clinical piroplasmosis characterized by severe anaemia and pyrexia. Blood smears showed T. equi - like inclusions in red blood cells, and T. equi infection was confirmed in both ponies by PCR-RLB. The initial subclinical B. caballi infection, the survey results and the two acute clinical EP cases confirmed the autochthonous transmission of B. caballi and T. equi infections in The Netherlands.  相似文献   

2.
Blood and serum samples were taken from 481 horses, from a stud farm or a racecourse, and tested by microscopic examination of blood smears and cELISA for Theileria equi (T. equi) and Babesia caballi (B. caballi) infections. At the time of sampling, animals were also examined for tick infestations and clinical disease, which were not observed in any of the sampled horses. During the microscopic examination of thin blood smears, parasites were detected in the three horses from the racecourse. Overall seroprevalence of infection was detected as 18.50% (89 of 481 horses) by cELISA, with T. equi being significantly more prevalent than B. caballi. Of the 481 blood samples, 78 (16.21%) were serologically positive for T. equi and 4 (0.83%) were serologically positive for B. caballi. In addition, 7 (1.46%) samples were positive for both T. equi and B. caballi antibodies. Seropositivity rates in the racecourse horses were higher than those determined in the stud farm horses. The rates for T. equi, B. caballi and both species were 13.39, 0.52 and 0% in the horses from the stud farm and 27, 2 and 7% in the racecourse horses, respectively. These results indicate that equine piroplasmosis is more common in racehorses than studhorses and therefore it might be a serious concern in horses that participate to international races.  相似文献   

3.
Equine piroplasms include two tick-borne protozoan parasites, Babesia caballi and Theileria equi. Although no clinical equine piroplasmosis has been reported in the Republic of Korea, the possible existence of the disease has been proposed due to a nationwide distribution of the vector ticks. To determine if the antibodies against B. caballi and T. equi were present, 184 sera of horses (Equus caballus) raised in the Republic of Korea from 2007 to 2010 were assessed using cELISA kits. Two (1.1%) out of 184 sera were positive for T. equi, but none were seropositive for B. caballi. Both samples tested positive came from one region (Gyeonggi province). The accuracy of the cELISA was confirmed by PCR using primers specific to the 18S rRNA of T. equi. This study presents for the first time horses infected by T. equi in the Republic of Korea. Since the infection of T. equi occurred in horses raised in the Republic of Korea, further studies with continuous monitoring of the vector ticks for equine piroplasms and appropriate control programs need to be established.  相似文献   

4.
The equid hemoprotozoan parasite Theileria equi is endemic in most regions worldwide. Infection of horses is a cause of significant economic loss due to costs associated with disease and restriction of trade with non-endemic nations. The ability of certain drugs such as imidocarb dipropionate to eliminate persistent T. equi infection and transmission risk is controversial. The anti-protozoal agent ponazuril has been used successfully to treat equine Sarcosystis neurona and Toxoplasma gondii. The hypothesis that ponazuril inhibits replication of T. equi in vitro was tested. T. equi infected equine erythrocyte cultures were treated with ponazuril at multiple concentrations. Cessation of parasite replication was observed over a 5-day period and the degree of inhibition was variable between drug concentrations. Ponazuril inhibited T. equi in erythrocyte culture at all concentrations tested but parasite elimination required at least 500 μg/mL. The high dose of ponazuril required for in vitro inhibition likely limits its ability to control or clear T. equi infection in vivo, however additional research to evaluate related drugs is warranted.  相似文献   

5.
The importance of equine piroplasmosis control in endemic countries has increased in recent years and plays an important role to maintain the international market open to the horse industry. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the occurrence of equine piroplasmosis (Babesia equi or Theileria equi and Babesia caballi) in Brazil--a country where the disease occurs endemically--in different climatic conditions, and to evaluate the results of a strategy for tick control in order to decrease infection rates. Blood samples were taken from 720 horses on 28 farms from different regions and subjected for complement fixation testing. The strategy was based on the control of the tick population by spraying the horses with acaricides, treating positive horses and preventing cattle and horses from grazing together. A significant association was found in the prevalence of antibody titres in tropical and subtropical areas. A significantly lower prevalence rate occurred on those farms where measures to control tick population were established. Farms in endemic countries may significantly reduce the prevalence of equine piroplasmosis by establishing measures to control the tick population and treating chronic carrier horses. Additional measures for controlling ticks in tropical areas are also discussed.  相似文献   

6.
The main objective of this study was to demonstrate the occurrence of equine piroplasmosis (EP) in horses of Lara State, Venezuela, and to correlate it with the factors host's sex and age in order to know the epidemiology of this disease at the Venezuelan Centroccidental Region. Antibody levels to Babesia caballi and Theileria equi were assessed in 360 equine serum samples, collected from 9 municipalities of Lara State, using an ELISA technique with recombinant antigens and monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). Antibodies to B. caballi were found in 254 horses (70.6%), whereas 181 animals (50.3%) were detected as seropositives to T. equi. In addition, 128 samples (35.56%) were seropositives to both hemoparasites. There were no significant differences between the seropositivity to B. caballi and T. equi with the factors sex and age of the horses. These results show that Lara State is an enzootic area for equine piroplasmosis, and are a contribution to a partial knowledge of the dynamic of this disease in Venezuela.  相似文献   

7.
Equine piroplasmosis caused by Babesia caballi and Theileria equi is widespread in Asia. The presence of these haemozoans in Mongolia was previously confirmed in domestic as well as in reintroduced Przewalski horses in which they cause significant pathology. The data on occurrence of piroplasms from Bactrian camels in Asia is lacking. A total of 192 horses, 70 Bactrian camels, and additional 16 shepherd dogs from the Hentiy province were included in our study. No clinical signs typical for piroplasmid infection were observed during the field survey. Microscopic examination revealed the presence of T. equi in blood smears from 67% of examined horses, with camels and dogs being negative. A two step PCR approach was used to detect piroplasms in peripheral blood. In the first "catch all" PCR reaction, amplification of the 496 bp-long fragment of the SSU rRNA gene enabled the detection of Babesia and Theileria spp. Second round multiplex PCR reaction used for species discrimination allowed the amplification of T. equi- and B. caballi-specific 340 bp and 650 bp-long regions of the SSU rRNA, respectively. This assay detected T. equi in 92.7% of horses, while the infections with B. caballi and dual infections were rare. In both PCR setups, camels and dogs were negative indicating that in the studied region, these hosts do not share piroplasms with horses.  相似文献   

8.
Ninety-three (93) horses were investigated for serum antibodies to Theileria equi (T. equi) and Babesia caballi (B. caballi) using the immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Seventy-seven (82.8%) horses were seropositive; 31 (33.3%) were positive to T. equi compared to 64 (68.8%) to B. caballi while 18 (19.4%) horses were seropositive to both parasites. No significant differences in antibody frequencies among females and males for either T. equi or B. caballi were noted. Differences in seropositivity to B. caballi among age groups were not significant. Antibodies to T. equi were more frequent than to B.caballi in the age group 5 years and over than in the 1-2 and 2-4 years age groups (p<0.05). Unlike T. equi antibodies, B. caballi antibodies in horses in the county of Caroni were significantly less frequent when compared to other counties (p<0.05). Of 18 (19.4%) clinically ill horses, seven (42.9%) had clinicopathological evidence of anemia. Only one-third (6 of 18) horses were positive for the parasite on Wright-Giemsa stained blood smears and anemia was present in only 2. We report here that B. caballi and not T. equi may be the more common agent of piroplasmosis in Trinidad.  相似文献   

9.
We developed a TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the quantitative detection of Theileria equi from the in vitro-cultured parasite and field blood samples collected from horses living in Ghana and Brazil. The detection limit for the assay was determined to be 1.5 parasites/microl per sample, and the quantitative capacity was demonstrated using the in vitro-cultured parasite. For field applications, the real-time PCR assay was compared to a previously established nested PCR assay used as the gold standard for the real-time PCR assay. Of 65 field blood samples, 46 samples were T. equi-positive in the nested PCR assay, while the real-time PCR assay also detected the parasite in all 46 of the nested PCR-positive samples but did not detect T. equi in the remaining 19 negative blood samples. This quantitative real-time PCR assay provides a valuable tool for fast laboratory diagnostic assessment of T. equi infection in horses.  相似文献   

10.
Equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE) is an enteric disease of foals that is caused by Lawsonia intracellularis. Clinical cases have been reported worldwide; however, data regarding the epidemiology of L. intracellularis in horses are scarce. Thus far, L. intracellularis has not been reported in the Middle East. The objectives of this study were to determine whether the causative agent of EPE exists in horses in Israel and in the Palestinian Authority and to define environmental and demographic risk factors for exposure. Fecal and serum samples were collected from horses from various regions of the country. The presence of L. intracellularis in horses in Israel was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and seroprevalence was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. One fecal sample of 136 tested (0.7%), was PCR positive. Sixty-seven sera samples (30.5%) of 220 horses in sentinel farms had anti-L. intracellularis antibodies. Low seroprevalence was found in foals both from Israel and from the Palestinian Authority (4.2% and 13.3%, respectively). In logistic regression models, geographical locations, management type, and age were found to be significant risk factors associated with seroprevlaence to L. intracellularis. No significant correlation was found between environmental variables and L. intracellularis seroprevalence after controlling for management type. These results support the existence of L. intracellularis in horses in both Israel and the Palestinian Authority. The reasons for the relatively low prevalence are currently not known and may be the result of different management, low exposure to free-living animals, and differences in environmental variables affecting the bacterial burden.  相似文献   

11.
The prevalence of Theileria equi and Babesia caballi infections in the north-eastern Free State Province of South Africa was determined by examination of thin and thick Giemsa-stained blood smears, IFAT and PCR. No parasites were detected by microscopy from any blood samples collected at five study sites, Qwaqwa, Kestell, Harrismith, Vrede and Warden. Of the tested serum samples, 28/29 (96.5%), 20/21 (95.2%) and 42/42 (100%) were positive by IFAT for T. equi infections in Harrismith, Kestell and Qwaqwa, respectively, and 5/29 (17.2%), 13/21 (61.9%) and 30/42 (71.4%) were sero-positive for B. caballi infections in Harrismith, Kestell and Qwaqwa, respectively. All DNA samples from the study sites were negative for B. caballi infections by PCR, but five samples, two from each of Kestell and Warden and one from Vrede, were PCR positive for T. equi infections. The high prevalence of antibodies against T. equi and B. caballi in the sampled horses indicates that the animals had been exposed to T. equi and B. caballi infections but the absence of parasitaemia and very low number of positive PCR samples, however, imply that T. equi and B. caballi are endemically stable in the north-eastern Free State Province.  相似文献   

12.
马梨形虫病是由马驽巴贝斯虫和马泰勒虫寄生于马属动物的红细胞内所引起的一类血液原虫病,呈全球性分布,尤其在新疆发病率更高,处于逐年上升趋势,对区域性马产业的发展影响极大。为了解2018年新疆昭苏养马区域马梨形虫的感染情况,随机采集昭苏县18个乡镇的马全血及血清各858份,采用PCR和间接ELISA分别进行检测,对两种方法检测的18个地区、不同年龄阶段的马驽巴贝斯虫、马泰勒虫及混合感染情况进行统计学分析。结果显示,PCR检测马驽巴贝斯虫、马泰勒虫及混合感染的阳性率分别为12.12%、13.87%和2.80%;间接ELISA检测马驽巴贝斯虫、马泰勒虫及混合感染的抗体阳性率分别为15.50%、10.14%和2.56%;不同年龄阶段筛查结果显示,在6岁以下的马匹感染马驽巴贝斯虫、马泰勒虫及混合感染的阳性率较高,并且不同地区的不同年龄阶段马匹的马梨形虫感染率存在不同程度的差异。此次获得的昭苏县马梨形虫感染情况的一线数据,可为当地养马区域马梨形虫病的综合防控提供技术支撑。  相似文献   

13.
Theileriosis is a worldwide protozoal tick-borne disease caused by Theileria equi, which may produce a variety of clinical signs and turn infected horses into lifetime carriers. This study has aimed to perform a serological and molecular detection of T. equi and associated factors in sports horses from six areas of northeastern Brazil. In overall, 59.6% horses were positive by indirect immunofluorescence assay and 50.4% by polymerase chain reaction. No significant association was found when presence of ticks, age, gender, anemia or total plasma proteins was analyzed with seropositivity and molecular techniques. Although a significant association of infection was found in two cities. Thus, local risk factors other than presence of ticks, horse age, gender, anemia and total plasmatic proteins may dictate prevalence of T. equi infection in sports horses, even in highly endemic areas with no control of infection prior to horse competitions.  相似文献   

14.
The prevalence of antibodies to Ehrlichia equi in horses from the foothill regions of northern California and from the Sacramento valley (non-foothill area) was determined, using an indirect fluorescent antibody test. Horses from foothill regions had a higher prevalence of seropositivity (10.4%) and higher titer (1:10 to 1:80) than did those from non-foothill regions (3.1%; titer less than or equal to 1:10). Fifty percent of healthy horses on a foothill farm enzootic for E equi had titer to E equi, suggesting that infection with E equi can be subclinical. Six veterinarians surveyed from northern California diagnosed clinical E equi infection in 38 horses during 1985-1986 based on clinical signs of infection and observation of E equi inclusion bodies in neutrophils on blood smears.  相似文献   

15.
In order to assess the level of Rhodococcus equi infection in southeast Turkey, 679 sera from healthy foals and adult horses and 78 sera from donkeys were tested by indirect ELISA using a R. equi reference strain (ATCC 33701) as antigen. Eighty (11.7%) sera from horses and 9 (11.5%) sera from donkeys with titres >0.85 were positive. The prevalence of seropositive horses in Sanliurfa Province was higher than in Diyarbakir Province; 56 (13.9%) horses in Sanliurfa Province and 24 (8.7%) horses in Diyarbakir Province were defined as seropositive. In Sanliurfa Province 14.5% of female (n=343) and 10.1% of male (n = 59) horses tested were defined as seropositive, while in Diyarbakir Province more males (11.4%, n=114) were seropositive than females (6.7%, n=163). Horses 1 to 5 years of age were found to have the highest seropositivity rate in both provinces. A total of 78 sera from donkeys were investigated in Sanliurfa Province, of which 9 (11.5%) were positive by ELISA. Among the 9 positive sera, 6 (12.8%) were from donkeys 1-5 years old and 3 (13.6%) were from donkeys >5 years of age. No positive sera were found in donkeys less than 1 year old. Five (12.5%) sera of females and 4 (10.5%) sera of males tested were positive. These results indicate the existence of R. equi in the horse populations in Sanliurfa and Diyarbakir Provinces. Similar infection rates were found for donkeys in Sanliurfa. This suggests the importance of serological surveys to diagnose R. equi infection in the region and to prevent the zoonotic risk.  相似文献   

16.
DNA of two species of piroplasmids was detected in dromedaries during a survey of blood protozoans in Jordan between 2007 and 2009. Ten clinically healthy camels (10%) originating from three Jordanian districts were found, using a PCR assay, to harbor Theileria or Babesia species in their blood and no mix infection was determined. Analysis of the partial 18S rRNA gene sequences of these parasites allowed their unambiguous identification as equine piroplasmids Babesia caballi (n=6) and Theileria equi (n=4). In case of latter species, a novel genotype was found in horses. This first molecular-based species determination of piroplasmids from camels further contributes to the growing evidence of low host specificity of piroplasmids.  相似文献   

17.
Imidocarb treatment of horses infected with Babesia caballi is supposed to eliminate the infection, but data on the efficacy of this treatment is scarce. The study presented here concerns four Paso Fino horses, which were imported into the island of Curacao on the basis of a piroplasmosis negative complement fixation test (CFT). Upon re-testing with an indirect fluorescent antibody test immediately after arrival in Curacao, two horses appeared to have antibodies to B. caballi and all horses had antibodies to Theileria equi. Subsequent testing with polymerase chain reaction combined with a reverse line blot yielded positive results for both agents in all four horses. Treatment with five consecutive doses of imidocarb dipropionate (4.7 mg/kg BW im q 72 h), temporarily resulted in negative results, but B. caballi and T. equi were detected again in the samples taken at 6 and 18 weeks after completion of the treatment. These results confirm that the CFT is not a suitable test for pre-import testing and that even high dose treatment with imidocarb may not be capable of eliminating B. caballi and T. equi infections from healthy carriers.  相似文献   

18.
The prevalence of Babesia equi in two climatic regions of Minas Gerais state was determined using the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) with blood samples obtained from horses in two slaughterhouses. Of 399 samples, 241 (60.4%) showed a positive reaction. Anti-B. equi antibody was detected in every county studied, the prevalence being 59.7% for horses in the area where the temperature rises above 18°C in winter and 61.4% in the area where it remains below 18°C, indicating that climatic variation has no substantial effect on the prevalence of the infection in Brazil. Blood samples collected from all 95 horses on a ranch in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, on which clinical babesiosis had never been reported, were subjected to the IFAT. Anti-B. equi antibodies were detected in horses of all ages, but with a significantly lower prevalence in animals less than 6 months old.  相似文献   

19.
A cross sectional serological survey was carried out in two geographical small-scale dairying areas of Tanzania to determine the distribution and prevalence and to quantify risk factors for Theileria parva and T. mutans during the period January to April 1999. The prevalence of serum antibodies to these two Theileria parasites was determined using an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The results suggest that the parasites are widely distributed through out the two study sites and seroprevalence of 23% and 48% for T. parva were obtained for Tanga and Iringa regions, respectively. Seroprevalence of T. mutans ranged from 17% in the Tanga region to 40% in the Iringa region. Farm and animal data were collected and analysed by multiple logistic regression models to explore the risk factors associated with seroprevalence to T. parva and T. mutans pathogens. In both regions, seroprevalence for the two Theileria spp. pathogens increased significantly with age. Pasture grazed animals were more likely to be seropositive than those that were zero-grazed. Among individual animal characteristics, seropositivity was higher in cash-bought and charity gifted animals compared to cattle obtained using a formal credit agreement. Further studies on the relative role of risk factors for theileriosis found in this study may assist in the development of an effective control package.  相似文献   

20.
马泰勒虫病PCR检测方法的建立和应用   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  
为寻求一种快速、有效的马泰勒虫 (Theileria equi,T.equi) PCR检测方法。基于马泰勒虫18S rRNA基因序列,在其V4高变区设计特异性引物Te-18F、Te-18R,通过PCR技术获得了531 bp的核酸片段。用该引物对马泰勒虫、马泰勒虫和驽巴贝斯虫混合样本、驽巴贝斯虫、尤氏泰勒虫、中华泰勒虫、环形泰勒虫、绵羊泰勒虫、吕氏泰勒虫和瑟氏泰勒虫基因组模板进行特异性试验。同时对马泰勒虫基因组模板进行不同浓度稀释后扩增,以便于确定试验的敏感性。用本试验建立的方法与常规显微镜镜检方法对45份马属动物血样进行检测。特异性试验显示,在被检测的9个样本中,只有马泰勒虫及马泰勒虫和驽巴贝斯虫混合模板中扩增出了符合大小的特异核酸片段。驽巴贝斯虫、尤氏泰勒虫、中华泰勒虫、环形泰勒虫、绵羊泰勒虫、吕氏泰勒虫和瑟氏泰勒虫的扩增结果均为阴性。灵敏度试验结果表明,PCR对马泰勒虫的扩增效率可达到10-13。对本试验建立的PCR检测马泰勒虫方法评估结果显示,PCR对马泰勒虫的检出率为17.78%(8/45),显微镜镜检结果只有8.89%(4/45)两者的符合率为100%。本试验建立的马泰勒虫PCR检测方法不失,为一种好的检测方法。  相似文献   

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