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1.
黑龙江大豆轮作和连作土壤细菌群落多样性比较 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为研究大豆轮作和连作对土壤细菌群落多样性的影响,提取黑龙江大豆轮作和连作土壤微生物总DNA,采用细菌通用引物27F和1492R扩增了土壤细菌16S rDNA片段,构建了细菌16S rDNA克隆文库,并对文库中的细菌群落多样性进行了分析。通过16S rDNA序列同源性分析,发现76.5%克隆序列与环境中未培养细菌的16S rDNA序列有较高的相似性,仅有23.5%的克隆序列与GenBank数据库中可培养细菌有较高的相似性,表明黑龙江大豆田土壤中的多数细菌尚未培养。系统发育分析表明黑龙江土壤细菌分属于6大类群,其中变形菌Proteobacteria和酸杆菌Acidobacteria所占比例较大,另有少量厚壁菌Firmicutes、放线菌Actinobacteria、芽单胞菌Gemmatimonadetes和未分类的细菌。大豆轮作土壤细菌多样性更为丰富,并以变形菌为优势细菌类群;而大豆连作土壤细菌多样性有所减少,以酸杆菌为优势细菌类群。表明黑龙江大豆田土壤中细菌多样性十分丰富,其种植方式对土壤细菌群落结构影响较大。 相似文献
2.
ABSTRACT The effect of mixed cropping on disease suppressiveness of soils was tested for two cropping systems, Brussels sprouts-barley and triticale-white clover. Disease suppressiveness of field soils was evaluated in bioassays for the soilborne pathogens Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini, and Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. For both cropping systems, mixed cropping did not enhance disease suppressiveness of the soils. In some cases, soil cropped to barley alone was significantly more suppressive to F. oxysporum f. sp. lini than soils cropped to Brussels sprouts or the mixture of Brussels sprouts and barley. Analyses of the diversity of the indigenous bacterial and fungal microflora by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of amplified 16S- and 18S-rDNA fragments, respectively, revealed, in most cases, no significant differences between mixed and mono-cropped soils. In conclusion, in this study, mixed cropping of soils with Brussels sprouts and barley or with triticale and white clover did not enhance microbial diversity or disease suppressiveness of soils to three different soilborne plant pathogens. 相似文献
3.
准格尔露天矿区复垦对土壤细菌多样性的影响研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
运用PCR-DGGE技术对我国准格尔露天煤矿不同复垦时间土壤细菌组成及其多样性变化进行了研究,结果表明:1)复垦区的土壤细菌主要是厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门、变形菌门、酸杆菌门、芽单胞菌门和未知细菌类7类,其中,放线菌门、拟杆菌门和变形菌门为优势类群,占到全部细菌的81.2%;2)成功完成矿山土壤样品微生物总DNA提取和PCR-DGGE的分析检测,在69个测序序列中,不可培养细菌占到总数的62.3%;3)各复垦阶段存在共有细菌类群,但更多的细菌类群是随复垦时间不同而发生变化的。4)豆科-禾本科牧草种植区的土壤细菌多样性指数要高于乔灌草类型,这可能与豆科植物中丰富的根瘤菌利于土壤细菌生长发育有关。 相似文献
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应用高通量测序技术对宁夏中卫地区不同连作年限硒砂瓜土壤细菌群落结构和多样性进行研究,旨在揭示不同连作年限对硒砂瓜土壤细菌群落结构的影响。结果表明:随着连作时间的增加,细菌多样性指数和丰富度指数逐渐增加。从5份不同连作年限硒砂瓜土壤样本中共获得39门、98纲和620属的细菌;优势门为放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria);随着连作时间的增加,放线菌门、酸酐菌门丰度先增加后降低,变形菌门丰度逐渐降低,绿弯菌门丰度呈先降低后增加又降低现象;优势纲分别为放线菌纲(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌纲(Acidobacteria)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、芽单胞菌纲(Gmmatimonadetes)、杆菌纲(Bacilli)、热原体纲(Themomicrobia)、γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria);优势目为norank_c_Acidobacteria、芽孢杆菌目(Bacillales)、芽单胞菌目(Gemmatimonadales)、根瘤菌目(Rhizobiales)。RDA分析表明,有机质、速效磷是硒砂瓜连作土壤细菌群落组成的主要影响因子。研究表明,引起硒砂瓜连作障碍发生主要因素不是由于土壤理化性质变化引起的,而是随着连作时间的增加,放线菌门、变形菌门、绿弯菌门、酸杆菌门、厚壁菌门等有益微生物丰度下降造成的。 相似文献
5.
明确葱轮作后对三七连作土壤微生物的影响,为利用葱与三七轮作缓解三七连作障碍提供依据。本研究在三七连作土上连续种植两茬小葱,以休耕连作土壤为对照,采用细菌16S rRNA和真菌ITS区测序,研究葱轮作后对土壤微生物多样性、物种组成及关键微生物的影响;然后分离可培养的关键细菌假单胞菌属,验证其对三七根腐病菌的拮抗功能。结果表明,葱轮作后显著提高了三七连作土壤细菌和真菌的丰富度,两种处理后的细菌和真菌在PCoA图上均能明显分开。门水平上,葱轮作后细菌变形菌门的相对丰度显著增加,酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门等显著降低;真菌子囊菌门的相对丰度显著降低,担子菌门显著增加。LEfSe分析表明,变形菌门及其下属的假单胞菌属等关键细菌在葱轮作后丰度显著增加,丛赤壳科中可以引起三七根腐的Fusarium和Ilyonectria等真菌在轮作后丰度降低。从轮作土壤中分离到22株假单胞菌,其中15株铜绿假单胞菌对三七根腐病菌有较好的拮抗效果。综上,葱轮作可以显著改善三七连作土壤的微生物状况,有益菌相对丰度增加而根腐病原菌相对丰度降低。利用葱与三七轮作对缓解三七连作障碍具有一定的潜力。 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Eight different 3-year cropping systems, consisting of soybean-canola, soybean-barley, sweet corn-canola, sweet corn-soybean, green bean-sweet corn, canola-sweet corn, barley-clover, and continuous potato (non-rotation control) followed by potato as the third crop in all systems, were established in replicated field plots with two rotation entry points in Presque Isle, ME, in 1998. Cropping system effects on soil microbial community characteristics based on culturable soil microbial populations, single carbon source substrate utilization (SU) profiles, and whole-soil fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles were evaluated in association with the development of soilborne diseases of potato in the 2000 and 2001 field seasons. Soil populations of culturable bacteria and overall microbial activity were highest following barley, canola, and sweet corn crops, and lowest following continuous potato. The SU profiles derived from BIOLOG ECO plates indicated higher substrate richness and diversity and greater utilization of certain carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, and amino acids associated with barley, canola, and some sweet corn rotations, indicating distinct differences in functional attributes of microbial communities among cropping systems. Soil FAME profiles also demonstrated distinct differences among cropping systems in their relative composition of fatty acid types and classes, representing structural attributes of microbial communities. Fatty acids most responsible for differentiation among cropping systems included 12:0, 16:1 omega5c, 16:1 omega7c, 18:1 omega9c, and 18:2omega6c. Based on FAME biomarkers, barley rotations resulted in higher fungi-to-bacteria ratios, sweet corn resulted in greater mycorrhizae populations, and continuous potato produced the lowest amounts of these and other biomarker traits. Incidence and severity of stem and stolon canker and black scurf of potato, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, were reduced for most rotations relative to the continuous potato control. Potato crops following canola, barley, or sweet corn provided the lowest levels of Rhizoctonia disease and best tuber quality, whereas potato crops following clover or soybean resulted in disease problems in some years. Both rotation crop and cropping sequence were important in shaping the microbial characteristics, soilborne disease, and tuber qualities. Several microbial parameters, including microbial populations and SU and FAME profile characteristics, were correlated with potato disease or yield measurements in one or both harvest years. In this study, we have demonstrated distinctive effects of specific rotation crops and cropping sequences on microbial communities and have begun to relate the implications of these changes to crop health and productivity. 相似文献
7.
Cumulative and residual effects of different potato cropping system management strategies on soilborne diseases and soil microbial communities over time 
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下载免费PDF全文 R. P. Larkin C. W. Honeycutt T. S. Griffin O. M. Olanya Z. He J. M. Halloran 《Plant pathology》2017,66(3):437-449
Soilborne potato diseases and soil microbial community characteristics were evaluated over 8 years in different potato cropping systems designed to address specific management goals of soil conservation, soil improvement and disease suppression. Results were compared to a standard rotation and non‐rotation control in field trials in Maine. Standard rotation consisted of barley underseeded with red clover, followed by potato (2‐year). Soil‐conserving system (SC) featured an additional year of forage grass and reduced tillage (3‐year, barley/timothy–timothy–potato). Soil‐improving system (SI) added yearly compost amendments to SC, and the disease‐suppressive system (DS) featured crops with known disease‐suppressive capability (3‐year, mustard/rapeseed–sudangrass/rye–potato). Systems were established in 2004, evaluated with and without irrigation, and actively managed until 2010, with potato also planted in 2011 and 2012 to examine residual effects. All rotations reduced soilborne diseases black scurf and common scab, and increased yield after one rotation cycle (3 years), but diseases increased overall after two rotation cycles. DS maintained lower soilborne disease levels than all other rotations, as well as high yields, throughout the study. Cropping system effects became more pronounced after multiple cycles. SI system and irrigation both resulted in higher yields, but also higher levels of soilborne disease. Cropping system and irrigation effects were significant even after systems were no longer maintained. Soil microbial community data showed significant changes associated with cropping system, and differences increased over time. Cropping system strategy had significant and lasting effects on soil microbiology and soilborne diseases, and can be used to effectively enhance potato production. 相似文献
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Development of sustainable food systems is contingent upon the adoption of land management practices that can mitigate damage from soilborne pests. Five diverse land management practices were studied for their impacts on Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici), galling of roots by Meloidogyne spp. and marketable yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and to identify associations between the severity of pest damage and the corresponding soil microbial community structure. The incidence of Fusarium wilt was >14% when tomato was cultivated following 3 to 4 years of an undisturbed weed fallow or continuous tillage disk fallow rotation and was >4% after 3 to 4 years of bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum) rotation or organic production practices that included soil amendments and cover crops. The incidence of Fusarium wilt under conventional tomato production with soil fumigation varied from 2% in 2003 to 15% in 2004. Repeated tomato cultivation increased Fusarium wilt by 20% or more except when tomato was grown using organic practices, where disease remained less than 3%. The percent of tomato roots with galls from Meloidogyne spp. ranged from 18 to 82% in soil previously subjected to a weed fallow rotation and 7 to 15% in soil managed previously as a bahiagrass pasture. Repeated tomato cultivation increased the severity of root galling in plots previously subjected to a conventional or disk fallow rotation but not in plots managed using organic practices, where the percentage of tomato roots with galls remained below 1%. Marketable yield of tomato exceeded 35 Mg ha(-1) following all land management strategies except the strip-tillage/bahiagrass program. Marketable yield declined by 11, 14, and 19% when tomato was grown in consecutive years following a bahiagrass, weed fallow, and disk rotation. The composition of fungal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and bacterial 16S rDNA amplicons isolated from soil fungal and bacterial communities corresponded with observed differences in the incidence of Fusarium wilt and severity of root galling from Meloidogyne spp. and provided evidence of an association between the effect of land management practices on soil microbial community structure, severity of root galling from Meloidogyne spp., and the incidence of Fusarium wilt. 相似文献
9.
为了解土壤微生物在青藏高原的分布状况及环境依赖特点，对青藏高原5种不同类型的土壤微生物群落结构、组成及其与环境关系进行了研究。通过高通量测序技术研究青藏高原不同生境土壤细菌的组成和多样性，共获得1 463 157条16S rRNA基因序列。各样品中可操作分类单元(Operational taxonomic units, OTUs)在4 344~5 764 之间。土壤样品中细菌以变形菌门(35.5%)、放线菌门(20.4%)、酸杆菌门(12.5%)、拟杆菌门(7.3%)、绿弯菌门(6.1%)和厚壁菌门(5.3%)为主，其中变形菌门最为丰富。在变形菌门中，α-变形菌纲是第一大纲，占有45.9%的OTUs，其后是γ-变形菌纲和β-变形菌纲。Person相关性分析和RDA分析表明，土壤含水量、有机碳含量与钾含量对细菌群落分布起主要作用。 相似文献
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作物连作易导致土壤中病原菌大量积累, 促使土传病害频发, 影响作物生长?本试验采用微生物菌剂(富含哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum TH7?淡紫拟青霉Purpureocillium lilacinum PL22以及高效枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillus subtilis)处理具有多年生姜种植历史的地块, 并采用分离培养法和宏基因组测序技术对处理后土壤中的微生物进行检测, 明确微生物菌剂对生姜土壤中微生物群落组成的影响?结果表明, 与对照相比, 微生物菌剂处理后, 土壤中细菌属和种的数量增加, 而真菌属和种的数量减少?从微生物菌剂处理后的土壤中分离出3个门水平, 24个属水平和42个种水平细菌, 以及3个门水平, 20个属水平和24个种水平真菌, 其中分离频率较高的细菌和真菌种分别为温哥华假单胞菌Pseudomonas vancouverensis和Musidium stromaticum?从未经微生物菌剂处理的土壤(对照)中分离出导致生姜茎基腐病的病原菌尖镰孢Fusarium oxysporum和腐皮镰孢 F. solani?宏基因组测序结果表明, 微生物菌剂处理对真菌多样性的影响大于对细菌?与对照相比, 微生物菌剂处理提高了土壤中根瘤菌属Rhizobium?假单胞菌属Pseudomonas?芽胞杆菌属Bacillus等细菌属及Musidium?被孢霉属Mortierella等真菌属物种的相对丰度?综上, 微生物菌剂处理增加了生姜土壤中细菌属和种的数量, 增加了土壤中与有益微生物相关的细菌和真菌的相对丰度, 并且抑制了病原菌的生长? 相似文献
11.
微生物菌肥对熏蒸剂处理后土壤微生态的影响研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤熏蒸是防治土传病害的有效手段，但化学熏蒸剂在杀死病原微生物的同时也会对有益微生物群落的组成与活性造成影响。微生物菌肥不仅能够减少农作物的病虫害侵染，而且能够改善农产品的品质与产量。将土壤熏蒸剂与微生物菌肥配合使用将有利于连作土壤修复、土壤-植物微生态环境的改良与重塑。一方面，土壤熏蒸剂用于消灭前茬作物遗留下的土壤病原物，给土壤进行消毒处理；另一方面，施用微生物菌肥给“纯净”的土壤环境输入有益菌群，引导更利于植物生长的土壤微生态环境(土壤理化性质、土壤微生物群落结构)形成。本文简述了土壤熏蒸剂、微生物菌肥以及微生物菌肥介入熏蒸后的土壤对土壤理化性质、土壤酶系及土壤微生物群落变化的研究进展，旨在系统解析微生物菌肥对经熏蒸剂处理后土壤微环境变化的影响，以期为解决连作障碍、防治土传病害、恢复植物根际功能提供相关理论与技术参考。 相似文献
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AbstractThe effect of different rice-based crop rotation sequences on the population densities of Meloidogyne graminicola and on the yield of rice was evaluated in a microplot experiment under lowland rice field conditions. Ten treatments of cropping sequences were grown in four successive growing seasons: continuous growing of the susceptible rice cultivar Thihtatyin (rice-rice-rice-rice), four treatments of 1- season crop rotation sequences (rice-rice-chickpea-rice, rice-rice-black gram-rice, rice-rice-soybean-rice, rice-rice-cowpea-rice), and five treatments of 2-season crop rotation sequences (groundnut-rice-chickpea-rice, green gram-rice-black gram-rice, cowpea-rice-soybean-rice, sesame-rice-cowpea-rice, sunflower-rice-sesame-rice). Population densities of M. graminicola recovered from the rice plants and the nematode multiplication factors (Mf) in the soil in the continuous rice cropping sequence (rice-rice-rice-rice) was the highest among the ten cropping sequences. Lowest nematode Mf in the soil was observed in the 2-season crop rotation sequence sunflower-rice-sesame-rice and the highest was observed in the 1-season crop rotation sequence rice-rice-cowpea-rice among the nine crop rotation sequences. Highest rice yield was obtained in the 2-season crop rotation sequences green gram-rice-black gram-rice, sesame-rice-cowpea-rice and sunflower-rice-sesame-rice, which were about 2 times higher compared with the 1-season crop rotation sequences and about 3 times higher compared with the continuous rice cropping sequence. 相似文献
13.
太阳能消毒技术在世界范围内广泛使用, 由于其经常受到气候差异的影响导致效果不稳定, 通常与其他措施结合以加强防治效果。种植前采用土壤熏蒸是土传病害的有效预防策略, 本研究通过监测土壤温度、理化性质、土传病原菌、草莓植株长势、产量和分析经济效益, 评价了不同浓度的土壤熏蒸剂棉隆和太阳能消毒联合处理对草莓土传病害的防治效果及经济效益分析。种植前棉隆熏蒸和太阳能消毒处理不仅能很好地控制土传病害, 其对镰刀菌属、疫霉属的抑制率分别为64.41%~84.75%、51.59%~86.94%, 而且显著提高了草莓的产量, 增产率为79.9%~99.4%;联合处理的成本较单独太阳能消毒处理仅增加约3.29%~13.17%, 但净收入增长率高达49.77%~66.28%。因此, 在草莓土传病害管理中, 土壤熏蒸与太阳能消毒处理相结合, 可以降低作物感染土传病害的风险, 保证作物稳定高产。 相似文献
14.
土壤熏蒸是目前防治土传病、虫、草害有效且快速的方法,但随着作物的种植,一些病原物可能会再次繁殖,导致病害持续发展,并且土壤经熏蒸处理后,会导致土壤微环境处于一种失衡状态,而土壤改良剂可以有效改善土壤环境、减少作物根部疾病、减少土壤养分流失并可提高农产品的品质。将熏蒸剂与改良剂联合使用在一定程度上可以修复或改良土壤,使受熏蒸剂影响的微生物群落得到恢复或有益微生物的相对丰度增加,防止土壤病原菌再次侵染,更有利于作物的生长。本文简单概述了常用熏蒸剂和土壤改良剂的分类信息,重点综述了土壤改良剂与熏蒸剂联合使用,对熏蒸后土壤的理化性质、酶活性、微生物群落及作物生长方面的影响,可为土传病害的防治、熏蒸剂与土壤改良剂的联合使用及相关机制研究提供参考。 相似文献
15.
Chellemi DO 《Phytopathology》2002,92(12):1367-1372
ABSTRACT Nonchemical methods including host resistance, organic amendments, crop rotation, soil solarization, and cultural practices have been used to control soilborne pests in fresh market vegetable production systems. Their suitability as alternatives to methyl bromide will depend on the approach to pest management used by the grower. Traditionally, methyl bromide is used in production systems that rely on the single application of a broad-spectrum biocide to disinfest soils prior to planting. Non-chemical methods are not suitable for a single tactic approach to pest management because they do not provide the same broad spectrum of activity or consistency as fumigation with methyl bromide. Nonchemical methods are compatible with an integrated pest management (IPM) approach, where multiple tactics are used to maintain damage from pests below an economic threshold while minimizing the impact to beneficial organisms. However, adoption of IPM is hindered by the paucity of economically feasible sampling programs and thresholds for soilborne pests and by a reluctance of growers to commit additional resources to the collection and management of biological information. A novel approach to the management of soilborne pests is to design the crop production system to avoid pest outbreaks. Using this "proactive" approach, a tomato production system was developed using strip-tillage into existing bahia-grass pasture. By minimizing inputs and disruption to the pasture, growers were able to reap the rotational benefits of bahiagrass without cultivating the rotational crop. While minimizing the need for interventive procedures, a proactive approach is difficult to integrate into existing crop production systems and will require several years of testing and validation. 相似文献
16.
Cavity spot of carrot (CCS), one of the most important soilborne diseases of this crop worldwide, is characterized by small sunken elliptical lesions on the taproot caused by a complex of pathogens belonging to the genus Pythium , notably P. violae . In most soilborne diseases the soil is the source of inoculum for primary infections, with diseased plants then providing inoculum for secondary infections (both auto- and alloinfection). Using fragments of CCS lesions to infest soil, it was demonstrated that CCS lesions on carrot residues can cause primary infection of healthy roots. Using a novel soil infestation method, in which an artificially infected carrot root (the donor plant) was placed close to healthy roots (receptor plants) the formation of typical CCS lesions were induced more efficiently than the use of classical soil inoculum and showed that CCS can spread from root to root by alloinfection from transplanted diseased roots. The method also demonstrated the polycyclic nature of a CCS epidemic caused by P. violae in controlled conditions. Secondary infections caused symptoms and reduced root weight as early as two weeks after transplantation of the diseased carrot. This reproducible method may be used for delayed inoculation and for studying the effect of cropping factors and the efficacy of treatments against primary and secondary cavity spot infections. 相似文献
17.
本文比较分析了桑树青枯病发病和健康植株根际土壤肥力以及微生物（细菌和真菌）群落结构特征差异，旨在挖掘和利用丰富微生物资源的有益功能，为构建桑树青枯病生物防治技术体系奠定基础。结果表明，桑树青枯病发病植株根际土壤中指示土壤肥力与健康状况的生物学性状指标β-葡糖苷酶和磷酸酶的活性显著降低，微生物生物量碳、磷显著下降；细菌门分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤中酸杆菌门、放线菌门和疣微菌门等优势细菌相对丰度降低，变形菌门、绿弯菌门、粘球菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门等优势细菌相对丰度增加；细菌属分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤富集了硝化螺菌属和放线菌属等特有细菌属，缺失了诸如链霉菌属等具有分泌抗生素功能的优势细菌属。真菌门分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤中子囊菌门和担子菌门真菌相对丰度增加，unclassified_k_Fungi和霉菌门真菌相对丰度降低；真菌属分类水平上，发病植株根际土壤富集了地霉菌属、腐质霉属和丝孢菌属等腐生真菌，缺失了被孢霉属、枝顶孢属和曲霉属等具有产抑菌化合物功能的优势真菌。研究表明，桑树青枯病与根际土壤β-葡糖苷酶、磷酸酶活性，微生物生物量碳、磷以及微生物群落结构都具有一定的相关性。链霉菌属细菌以及被孢霉属、枝顶孢属和曲霉属真菌有望作为生物防控青枯病的有效备选菌属。 相似文献
18.
不同轮作方式对马铃薯土壤酶活性及微生物数量的影响 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
在连续种植2年马铃薯的土壤上进行不同轮作方式田间试验,探讨轮作方式对马铃薯土壤酶活性及土壤微生物数量的影响。试验结果表明:与对照(裸地)相比,小麦-豌豆-马铃薯轮作时土壤过氧化氢酶活性有增加的趋势;豌豆-马铃薯-豌豆轮作条件下,土壤的蔗糖酶活性提高,且在马铃薯成熟期提高幅度最大,为47.95%。轮作条件下土壤多酚氧化酶活性低于连作;轮作方式不同,土壤脲酶活性变化明显,在马铃薯块茎膨大期,豌豆-马铃薯-豌豆轮作方式的土壤脲酶活性比小麦-马铃薯-小麦高14.73%。马铃薯块茎膨大期根区土壤微生物数量测定结果显示:随着连作年限的增加,细菌数量及微生物总量降低,真菌数量升高了54.66%;小麦-豌豆-马铃薯轮作后,土壤中的细菌、放线菌数量最高,分别为6.40×106CFU·g-1和2.22×106CFU·g-1。 相似文献
19.
Winter snowpack is an important source of moisture that influences the development ofbiological soil crusts(BSCs)in desert ecosystems.Cyanobacteria are important photosynthetic organismsin BSCs.However,the responses of the cyanobacterial community in BSCs to snowpack,snow depth andmelting snow are still unknown.In this study,we investigated the cyanobacterial community compositionand diversity in BSCs under different snow treatments(doubled snow,ambient snow and removed snow)and three snow stages(stage 1,snowpack;stage 2,melting snow;and stage 3,melted snow)in theGurbantunggut Desert in China.In stages 1 and 2,Cyanobacteria were the dominant phylum in the bacterialcommunity in the removed snow treatment,whereas Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes were abundant inthe bacterial communities in the ambient snow and doubled snow treatments.The relative abundances ofProteobacteria and Bacteroidetes increased with increasing snow depth.The relative abundances ofCyanobacteria and other bacterial taxa were affected mainly by soil temperature and irradiance.In stages 2and 3,the relative abundance of Cyanobacteria increased quickly due to the suitable soil moisture andirradiance conditions.Oscillatoriales,Chroococcales,Nostocales,Synechococcales and unclassifiedCyanobacteria were detected in all the snow treatments,and the most dominant taxa were Oscillatorialesand Chroococcales.Various cyanobacterial taxa showed different responses to snowpack.Soil moisture andirradiance were the two critical factors shaping the cyanobacterial community structure.The snowpackdepth and duration altered the soil surface irradiance,soil moisture and other soil properties,whichconsequently were selected for different cyanobacterial communities.Thus,local microenvironmentalfiltering(niche selection)caused by snow conditions may be a dominant process driving shifts in thecyanobacterial community in BSCs. 相似文献
20.
《Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology》2003,62(2):73-86
Take-all, caused by the soilborne fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, is arguably the most-studied root disease of any crop, yet remains the most important root disease of wheat worldwide. S. D. Garrett launched the study of root diseases and soilborne pathogens as an independent field of science starting in the middle of the 20th century, inspired by and based in large part on his research on take-all during the first half of the 20th century. Because there has been neither a source of host plant resistance nor an effective and economical fungicide for use against this disease, the focus for nearly a century has been on cultural and biological controls. In spite of the intensive and extensive works towards these controls, with mostly site-or soil-specific success, the only broadly and consistently effective controls require either crop rotation (break crops), or the converse, wheat monoculture to induce take-all decline. Take-all decline has become the model system for research on biological control of plant pathogens in the rhizosphere and provided the first proof to the scientific world after decades of debate that antibiotics are both produced in soils and play a role in the ecology of soil microorganisms. On the other hand, even the best yields following take-all decline are rarely equal to those achieved with crop rotation. Because of this, the continuing trends globally to shorten rather than lengthen the rotations in wheat-based cropping systems, and the growing use of direct-seed (no-till) trashy systems to reduce costs and protect soil and water resources, new methods to control take-all are needed more than ever. With high resolution maps of the genomes of cereals and other grasses now available, including a complete sequence of the rice genome, and the interesting differences as well as striking similarities among the genomes of cereals and related grasses, gene transfer to wheat from oats, rice, maize and other grass species resistant to G. graminis var. tritici should be pursued. 相似文献