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1.
Fusarium head blight (FHB) of wheat is responsible for extensive damage of wheat in humid and semi-humid regions of the world. Presently, FHB of wheat is a minor disease in India but due to global climate change, there is a chance that moist conditions and high humidity resulting from more rainfall during mid-anthesis could increase the susceptibility of wheat to Fusarium infection. For the present study, 27 isolates of three Fusarium spp. viz., Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium oxysporum were isolated from naturally infected wheat sampled from Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Wellington (Tamil Nadu) during 2000–2003. Genomic DNA was isolated from fresh mycelia using the CTAB method. Fusarium spp./isolates were analyzed with four newly developed microsatellite markers (MS-Fg1353, MS-Fg6808, MS-Fg307 and MS-Fg3654) and six previously published microsatellite markers (MS-Fg97, MS-Fc1, MS-Fg103, MS-Fg30, MS-Fg75 and MS-Fg90). All markers amplified a DNA fragment of variable length for different Fusarium spp./isolates. Microsatellite markers, MS-Fg103, MS-Fg103 did not amplify F. oxysporum and F. verticillioides isolates, respectively. MS-Fg307 amplified a fragment of 200 bp with F. graminearum isolates of Wellington. This study has shown that there is considerable genotypic variability among Fusarium spp./isolates causing FHB of wheat in India. 相似文献
2.
Andrea Minuto Giovanni Minuto Quirico Migheli Massimo Mocioni M.Lodovica Gullino 《Crop Protection》1997,16(8):765-769
The ability of antagonistic Fusarium spp. to control Fusarium wilt of basil caused by F. oxysporum f. sp. basilici was tested under glasshouse conditions from 1994 to 1996. Fusarium oxysporum antagonistic strain 251/2, a protoplast fusion-derived hybrid coded FI-11 and F. moniliforme strains TF4 and TF4 RB were able to decrease (P = 0.05) the incidence of Fusarium wilt significantly. Biocontrol was consistent, especially when the antagonists were applied by mixing a talc preparation of propagules in the substrate (105 CFU/ml of substrate) 1–2 weeks before sowing or at sowing. Seed coating with the biocontrol strains (108 CFU/g of seed) did not generally provide sufficient disease containment, whereas the combination of substrate treatment and seed coating did not improve wilt control in comparison with substrate treatment alone. Two commercial formulations, based on antagonistic F. oxysporum strains and one containing the antagonistic strain K61 of Streptomyces griseoviridis, were generally not sufficiently effective at the tested dosages. 相似文献
3.
S. Foti G. Mauromicale S. A. Raccuia B. Fallico F. Fanella E. Maccarone 《Industrial Crops and Products》1999,10(3):3167-228
Globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and cultivated cardoon (C. cardunculus L. var. altilis DC.) are horticulturally important crop plants. These species have potential as biomass and oilseed crops. We field tested, for 3 years, two artichoke and two cardoon cultivars and one wild cardoon (C. cardunculus L. var. sylvestris Lam.) population on the Sicilian plain of Catania (37°27′ N, 15°04′ E, 10 m a.s.l.). On a 3-year average, the dry aboveground biomass resulted about 31 t ha−1 in both cultivated cardoons, 18.8 t ha−1 in wild cardoon, 13.7 t ha−1 in globe artichoke ‘3/10 V.S.’ and 9.9 t ha−1 in globe artichoke ‘374’ F1. The caloric values of aboveground biomass (except for seeds), which was not significantly different among genotypes, ranged between 16 005 and 17 028 KJ kg−1 of dry matter. The cultivated cardoon ‘Gigante di Lucca’ had the greatest grain yield (on 3-year average, 2.6 t ha−1), whereas the two globe artichokes had the lowest yield (on 3-year average, 0.5 t ha−1). Regardless of genotypes and years, the grains contain 20.1% crude protein, 24.4% oil, 18.5% crude fiber and 4.1% ash (dry weight basis). The grains of globe artichokes showed the highest crude protein content (21.6%), whereas those of cardoons the highest oil content (25.2%). 相似文献
4.
Analysis of responses received from 40 cooperators in 20 countries to a questionnaire on nematode problems of groundnut, pigeonpea, chickpea, sorghum and pearl millet suggested that Meloidogyne spp. are internationally important nematode pests of groundnut, chickpea and pigeonpea. Pratylenchus spp. are important on all the five crops. In India, Heterodera cajani and Rotylenchulus reniformis are important pathogens of pigeonpea. Over the last 10–15 years, extensive nematode disease surveys have been undertaken for these crops in Australia, Egypt, India, Jamaica, Senegal, Sudan, Thailand and Zimbabwe; however, < 10% of the total crop areas were covered by these surveys. Except for Brazil, Egypt, USA and Zimbabwe, growers do not use nematicides to control the nematodes. Cultural practices, especially crop rotations, are the most commonly used control measures. Species of Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus and Rotylenchulus on the legumes, and species of Hoplolaimus, Pratylenchus, Quinisulcius and Xiphinema on the cereals, are strongly suspected of increasing the severity of fungal diseases. Work aimed at finding host resistance is being done in Brazil, Fiji, India and the USA, and some sources of resistance have been identified against Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica and R. reniformis. Facilities for resistance screening work now exist in many countries. Information on damage thresholds of important pest species are available only from Brazil, Fiji, India and the USA. 相似文献
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6.
芽胞杆菌JK05的鉴定及其对香蕉、玉米的促生和生防潜能研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
解淀粉芽胞杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌和苏云金芽胞杆菌等是重要的有益微生物,被广泛应用于植物病虫的生物防治。前期分离获得1株芽胞杆菌JK05,对其形态、生理生化特征、16S rRNA和gyrA基因序列进行分析,将其鉴定为解淀粉芽胞杆菌植生亚种Bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum。对峙培养实验结果显示,JK05菌株对多种植物病原镰刀菌具有拮抗作用。植物生长促进实验表明,JK05菌株对香蕉和玉米生长具有明显促进作用。盆栽实验结果显示,JK05菌株对香蕉枯萎病具有良好的防治效果。采用特异引物对JK05菌株基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,其可扩增到表面活性素（surfactin）、丰原素（fengycin）、伊枯草菌素A（iturin A）等抗生素合成基因。综上,JK05菌株具有良好的生防潜力,有望应用于生物农药和微生物肥料。 相似文献
7.
To develop strategies to manage Fusarium wilt of Hiemalis begonias (Begonia×Hiemalis), caused by Fusarium foetens, studies were conducted to understand how the disease might be spread in the greenhouse. Inoculum density studies showed that as few as 100 conidial ml−1 were sufficient to cause significant disease indicating that shared irrigation systems need strict sanitation along with bench tops, pots, and trays. The role of fungus gnats (Bradysia spp.) in vectoring F. foetens within a greenhouse was studied using nylon tent cages with diseased and healthy Hiemalis begonias. Fungus gnats were released into half of the cages. In cages where fungus gnats were present only healthy plants became diseased, indicating the effectiveness of fungus gnats in spreading Fusarium wilt. The pathogen was also isolated from adult fungus gnats. In vitro studies showed that two commercially available H2O2-based compounds, ZeroTol® (2.0% peroxyacetic acid and 27.0% hydrogen peroxide), and SaniDate® (12.0% peroxyacetic acid and 18.5% hydrogen peroxide), were effective in causing 100% spore mortality at rates that would allow their use in irrigation water. Seven cultivars of Hiemalis begonias (Begonia×Hiemalis) grown in soil infested with F. foetens were highly susceptible. No other Begonia species showed typical symptoms of chlorosis and wilt, but two cultivars of Rex begonia (Begonia rex) exhibited significant stunting in repeated trials. 相似文献
8.
绿僵菌在3种不同培养基上培养时产孢量的影响因素 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
分析了绿僵菌菌株在3种不同培养基上培养时其产孢量的2个影响因素(初始接种浓度和相对湿度),得出菌株在3种不同培养基上培养时须分别配以适宜的接种浓度和相对湿度,以获取最大产孢量(燕麦培养基:1×107cfu/mL,65%;PPDA培养基:1×106cfu/mL,85%;玉米粉酵母浸膏培养基:1×108cfu/mL,75%)。另外,随继代培养代数增加,菌株在这3种培养基上前五代的产孢量比较稳定,第七代及之后的产孢量明显下降。根据3种培养基不同的功能,在PPDA培养基上培养菌株时要着重注意不同继代培养代数对产孢量的影响,其它2种培养基培养菌株一般不超过五代,产孢量比较稳定。 相似文献
9.
A. Minuto M.L. Gullino F. Lamberti T. D&#x;Addabbo E. Tescari H. Ajwa A. Garibaldi 《Crop Protection》2006,25(12):1244-1252
A mixture of 1,3-dicloropropene 60.5% w/w and chloropicrin 33.3% w/w (Telone C35 EC) may be registered in Italy for soil drip fumigation. Five experiments on greenhouse tomatoes in Northern, Central and Southern Italy compared the effectiveness of this mixture in comparison with methyl bromide to find the optimum application rate in soils infested by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis lycopersici, Sclerotium rolfsii, Meloidogyne javanica and M. incognita. Its efficacy against F. oxysporum f.sp. radicis lycopersici and M. incognita was confirmed when applied to soils at 100, 200, 300 and 400 l ha−1 (132.4, 268.4, 402.6 and 536.8 kg ha−1) under gas-tight films with 15–45 mm of application water (900–1200 mg Telone C35 EC l−1). In sandy soils, with slight F. radicis lycopersici infections and with heavy nematode (M. incognita) attacks, the mixture, drip applied at 900 mg l−1 during late summer (fumigation: late summer; transplant: late-summer/autumn; last harvest: early spring), performed well up to 132.4 kg ha−1 (100 l ha−1). In sandy loam soils with slight F. radicis lycopersici infections and severe infections of F. lycopersici and galling nematodes (M. javanica), 268.4 kg ha−1 (200 l ha−1) of the mixture applied at 900 mg l−1 as a drip provided yields similar to those of methyl bromide treated plots both in spring and summer cycles. In sandy loam soils, the diseases (F. lycopersici, F. radicis lycopersici) were controlled at rates 268.4 kg ha−1 (containing 90 kg ha−1 of chloropicrin), but the mixture was ineffective against Sclerotium rolfsii occasionally observed in sandy loam soils. In both sandy and sandy loam soils, no significant relationships were found between the rates of mixture applied (132.4, 268.4, 402.6 and 536.8 kg ha−1) and the degree of nematode infestation. 相似文献
10.
为探究韭菜根系分泌物对苦瓜枯萎病菌的化感作用,本研究以‘山东雪韭6号’韭菜和苦瓜枯萎病菌为试验材料,水培法收集韭菜根系分泌物,采用菌丝生长速率和孢子萌发法研究韭菜根系分泌物对苦瓜枯萎病菌的化感作用;利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术（GC-MS）鉴定根系分泌物组成成分,筛选可能的主效化感物质,进一步通过体外抑菌试验验证其化感作用,明确主效化感物质。结果表明,随着韭菜根系分泌物浓度的升高,苦瓜枯萎病菌的菌落直径和孢子萌发数均呈先降后升的趋势,当分泌物浓度为3.22 mg/mL时,抑制作用最大,满足化感作用低浓度促进、高浓度抑制的特性。通过GC-MS鉴定出韭菜根系分泌物中的主要成分为酚类、酯类、烷烃类、醇类、烯类、芳香类,可能的化感物质为邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、2,4-二叔丁基苯酚、2,2°-亚甲基双-(4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚)。通过体外抑菌试验证实这3种物质对苦瓜枯萎病菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发都有不同程度的化感抑制作用,且抑菌效果为2,4-二叔丁基苯酚>邻苯二甲酸二丁酯>2,2°-亚甲基双-(4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚),明确其为化感物质。由此可知,韭菜根系分泌的主效化感物质对苦瓜枯萎病菌有显著的化感抑制作用,这为苦瓜间套轮作韭菜防控苦瓜枯萎病和研制植物源抑菌剂提供了理论依据和技术支撑。 相似文献
11.
A methods was developed for screening of breeding populations and evaluation of genotypes of lettuce for resistance to big vein. First and rapid screening of plant populations or large numbers of genotypes was in greenhouse trials by inoculation of the substrate in which the seedlings to be tested were grown with viruliferous zoospores of Olpidium brassicae. Further testing with limited numbers of genotypes was in container tests, using dry soil with viruliferous resting spores as inoculum. No single criterion or simple and early parameter was found to represent fully the final effect of the disease on yield and quality at the time of harvest. Effect on head weight was not correlated with disease incidence or sympton severity. The final effect on promising lines and cultivars could only be studied in field experiments after zoospore inoculation of seedlings in the greenhouse or on naturally infested soil. All 55 lettuce genotypes tested, including American ‘resistant’ crisphead cultivars and breeding lines, developed symptoms of big vein in either test, but there were considerable differences in length of incubation time, sensitivity, and capacity to recover from disease. Loss of head weight was considerable in all nine genotypes tested for yield reduction after early inoculation, and for the crisphead cultivars also after late inoculation. Cos lettuce ‘Lobjoit's Green’ and ‘grasse’ lettuce ‘Little Gem’ are promising parental genotypes for breeding for resistance, as are two entries of Lactuca virosa. 相似文献
12.
为获得对茶炭疽病有生物防治效果的拮抗木霉菌,本文采用梯度稀释法从茶树根际土壤中分离获得23株木霉菌,并通过平板对峙法和抑菌圈法从中筛选出1株强拮抗茶炭疽病菌的木霉菌株LS17110205。该菌株对茶炭疽病菌抑菌率达76.96%,并能在茶炭疽病菌菌落上产生大量白色菌丝及绿色分生孢子,使茶炭疽病菌菌落萎缩,颜色变暗;其发酵液也能有效抑制茶炭疽病菌菌丝生长,抑制率达70.08%。扫描电镜观察发现,菌株LS17110205发酵液能使茶炭疽菌菌丝表面皱缩。基于形态学特征结合分子系统发育树分析,将菌株LS17110205鉴定为Trichoderma asperelloides。该研究结果为茶炭疽病的生物防治提供一定的理论基础。 相似文献
13.
An indigenous fungal pathogen of the native leguminous weed, northern jointvetch (Aeschynomene virginica [L.] B.S.P.) was found to cause an anthracnose disease at endemic levels annually on its host in Arkansas rice and soybean fields without apparent impact on competitive ability or dispersal of the weed. The pathogen was isolated in pure culture and identified as a host-specific strain of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, an intensively studied ‘group species’ which causes many anthracnose diseases and consists of species and strains representing wide latitudes of hosts specificity and virulence on both economic crops and wild plants in the tropical and temperate regions of the world. An understanding of anthracnose disease aetiology gained from the literature and confirmed by empirical studies with the weed and fungus revealed that the pathogen was specific and potentially devastating to its weed host, but was constrained in natural situations by poor capacity for dissemination of inoculum. Its spores, although produced in abundance, develop late, are sticky and dispersed mainly by splashing rain or insects, mechanisms that are suppressed on annual weed plants interspersed with annual crop plants. For the fungus to be effective as a biological control agent (i.e. as a mycoherbicide), complete coverage of a field with inoculum at appropriate times and levels to compensate for the pathogen's poor capacity for dissemination would be required. A multidisciplinary team of plant pathologists, weed scientists, veterinary scientists and fermentation scientists investigated the practical potential of the mycoherbicide concept with this host-pathogen combination and found it to be biologically feasible, registerable and commercially practical. The fungus is marketed as living dry spores for use on a comparatively small area weed problem and in a crop-management programme that relies heavily on chemical pesticides. Extension of this concept to control other weeds or other pests seems possible and practical. 相似文献
14.
绿僵菌对甘蔗螟虫的室内致病力测定 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在室内用喷雾法测定了4株绿僵菌对甘蔗螟虫3～4龄若虫的致病力。结果表明,绿僵菌致病力强弱与菌株种类和接种剂量有密切关系。先接虫后喷施菌剂时,菌株对甘蔗螟虫若虫致病力的强弱顺序为JF813HS1MA4JF883;先喷施菌剂后接虫时,菌株对甘蔗螟虫若虫致病力的强弱顺序为MA4HS1JF813JF883。在接种各菌株孢子浓度为1×108个/mL时,菌剂对甘蔗螟虫若虫的致死率高。其中JF813菌株对甘蔗螟虫若虫具有很强的二次侵染能力,HS1菌株在两种处理方式中致病力稳定。 相似文献
15.
Ida E. Yates Judy W. Arnold Charles W. Bacon Dorothy M. Hinton 《Crop Protection》2004,23(12):1169-1176
The efficacy of an agent with an iodine-based active ingredient (a.i.) was evaluated for controlling the growth of fungi pathogenic to many different food crops. Even though iodine is a necessary mineral for mammals and is an approved food additive, interest in using iodine-based agrochemicals for fungal control is recent. Fusarium verticillioides (synonym=F. moniliforme J. Sheld) sensitivity to the iodine-base agent was determined using two methods. One method used an agar plug taken from an actively growing culture and the other method used isolated conidia. The concentration of the agent required to inhibit growth of F. verticillioides was greater for the culture plug than isolated conidia. Forty-eight strains of F. verticillioides were analyzed representing different states within the United States, countries outside the United States, monocot and dicot plant hosts, and mating types. All strains of F. verticillioides, regardless of geographic origin, plant host, or mating type were sensitive to the test compound. In addition, 25 species of fungi pathogenic to a diverse array of crops were analyzed and demonstrated to be sensitive to this agent. A pesticide developed with an iodine-based a.i. could be an effective control for diverse fungi pathogenic to a range of plant hosts. 相似文献
16.
Efficacy of 1,3-dichloropropene plus chloropicrin application methods in combination with pebulate and napropamide in tomato 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
James P. Gilreath Bielinski M. Santos Phyllis R. Gilreath John P. Jones Joseph W. Noling 《Crop Protection》2004,23(12):1187-1191
Small-plot research and large-field validations were conducted to determine the effect of 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D)+chloropicrin (Pic) application methods in combination with the herbicides pebulate and napropamide on pest control in fresh market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). In both the small-plot trials and the large-validation fields, various treatments compared the efficacy of soil fumigants and herbicides based on methyl bromide, in-bed and broadcast applications of 1,3-D+Pic, pebulate, and napropamide. The results consistently indicated that either in-bed or broadcast applications of 1,3-D+Pic in combination with pebulate and napropamide are equally effective against the weed Cyperus spp., the nematodes Tylenchorhynchus spp., Belonolaimus longicaudatus, and Meloidogyne spp., and the soilborne disease Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in fresh market tomato. Therefore, broadcast 1,3-D+Pic application can reduce personnel exposure and poisoning risks, without losing pest control efficacy. 相似文献
17.
Jos L. Alonso-Prados Eva Hernndez-Sevillano Susana Llanos Mercedes Villarroya Jos M. García-Baudín 《Crop Protection》2002,21(10):121-1066
The phytotoxicity and sensitivity of succeeding crops to the new sulfonylurea, sulfosulfuron, have been reported although there is insufficient data on the phytotoxic effect of field soil residues. Growth chamber bioassays were conducted to detect the presence of residues in soil samples previously treated with sulfosulfuron at the recommended rate and double rate (20 and 40 g a.i./ha) that could affect the succeeding crop. Soil samples were collected between 7 and 9 months after sulfosulfuron application in field selectivity assays at nine different locations in Northern and Central Spain. The bioassay test species were barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) ‘Graphic’, sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) ‘Albasol’ and common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) ‘Neska’, typical crops grown in rotation with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in this area. Sulfosulfuron residues did not affect barley and common vetch, but inhibited shoot length, root length and root dry weight of sunflower seeded into some soils treated with the 2× rate (40 g a.i/ha) 9 months earlier. 相似文献
18.
甘蔗是我国主要的糖料作物,是生产蔗糖最主要的原料,甘蔗生产过程中受到的病虫害威胁给蔗糖产业造成了严重的损失。甘蔗镰孢菌（Fusarium sacchari）引起的梢腐病是一种真菌性病害,严重影响甘蔗作物生产。镰孢菌致病基因的研究对于梢腐病的防治具有重要意义。腺苷酸转移酶（adenine nucleotide translocase, ANT）介导线粒体与细胞质基质之间ADP/ATP的交换,在真核细胞能量代谢中发挥重要作用,与细胞的生长、发育和凋亡密切相关。本研究克隆获得了长936 bp具有完整开放阅读框（open reading frame, ORF）的甘蔗镰孢菌ANT基因序列,命名为FsANT,其编码311个氨基酸,并且与小麦条锈菌病原菌ANT蛋白和小麦白粉病病原菌ANT序列相似性较高。蛋白软件分析显示,该基因编码的蛋白为稳定的疏水蛋白,含有5个跨膜结构,一个ADP/ATP transporter结构域,有3个同源重复的MCF基序,与粒体转运蛋白家族（mitochondrial carrier family,MCF）的基本结构特点相吻合。软件预测分析发现FsANT基因可能定位在线粒体。qRT-PCR结果显示,FsANT基因在菌丝生长时期的表达相对稳定无显著差异;在与甘蔗互作过程的表达模式表现为：接种后12 h该基因开始上调表达,24 h表达量显著升高,72 h达到表达高峰。推测FsANT基因的表达不仅与甘蔗镰孢菌细胞的生长相关,同时可能参与F. sacchari与甘蔗的互作过程,且主要在侵染后期发挥功能。研究病原菌生长保守基因为甘蔗抗梢腐病育种提供新思路。 相似文献
19.
为探究三角梅属植物不同品种的花粉活力和柱头可授性,从而提高其杂交效率。以‘伊娃夫人’（Bougainvillea glabra ‘Mrs Eva’）、‘小叶紫’（B. glabra ‘Sao paulo’）、‘伊娃白’（B. glabra ‘Mrs Eva White’）、‘加州黄金’（B. × buttiana ‘California Gold’）和‘橙红’（B. × buttiana ‘Afterglow’）等5个三角梅品种为试材,采用FDA、液体培养基萌发法检测5个品种的花粉生活力,探究不同保存方法对其花粉活力的影响;利用联苯胺-过氧化氢法对5个品种的柱头可授性进行比较分析。结果表明：（1）0.01%FDA染色液均能使5个三角梅品种染色,其中,‘伊娃白’花粉活力最高,花粉活力为27.16%;其次是‘伊娃夫人’和‘小叶紫’,分别为13.98%和11.86%;活力最低的是‘橙红’和‘加州黄金’,分别为7.17%和4.01%。（2）不同保存条件下,5个三角梅品种的花粉活力存在显著差异。28℃干燥保存条件下,各品种花粉活力大小顺序为‘小叶紫’>‘伊娃夫人’>‘伊娃白’>‘橙红’>‘加州黄金’;4℃冰箱保存条件下,各品种花粉活力大小顺序为‘伊娃夫人’>‘伊娃白’>‘小叶紫’>‘加州黄金’>‘橙红’。（3）通过液体培养基培养12 h后5个三角梅品种的花粉萌发率均较低,其中‘小叶紫’萌发率相对较高,为4.50%;其次是‘伊娃白’和‘伊娃夫人’,分别为2.78%和2.51%;‘加州黄金’和‘橙红’萌发率最低,分别为0.98%和0.08%。（4）5个三角梅品种的柱头可授性差异明显,其中‘小叶紫’和‘伊娃夫人’柱头可授性较好,其次是‘伊娃白’,而‘加州黄金’和‘橙红’柱头可授性均较低。综上,‘小叶紫’‘伊娃夫人’和‘伊娃白’3个三角梅品种适合作为杂交育种中的亲本材料。 相似文献
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粉红粘帚菌(Gliocladium spp.)是一类对植物病原菌具有潜在生物控制作用的真菌,为了探讨粘帚菌对南方根结线虫(Meloidogyne incognita)的抑制作用,实验室条件下研究了粉红粘帚菌挥发性代谢产物和非挥发性代谢产物不同稀释度对南方根结线虫卵孵化及二龄幼虫活性的影响.结果显示非挥发性代谢产物在原液... 相似文献