共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 250 毫秒
1.
《植物医生》2020,(3)
植食性害螨因其个体小、繁殖快、适应性强及易产生抗药性等特点,生产上迫切需要特异性较强、开发成本较低、安全绿色的防控新技术或策略.RNA干扰可以特异性地沉默靶标生物特定基因的表达,从而干扰靶标生物的正常生长及其对寄主植物的危害,最终达到保护植物的目的.目前,RNAi主要集中在对昆虫的研究上,而对于体型微小的农业重要害螨关注不多,故本文围绕RNA的作用原理、在害螨上的应用现状等方面进行简要综述,详细介绍了基于RNAi的技术在农业害螨防控上的可行性以及限制其进一步发展的解决办法.相信,随着RNAi技术的不断成熟,基于RNAi防治害螨的技术有望替代或辅助化学杀螨剂成为害螨防控的新策略. 相似文献
2.
RNAi (RNA干扰) 是指由诱导分子siRNA (小干扰 RNA)、miRNA (微小RNA)或piRNA (P 转座子诱导互作 RNA) 特异性降解或者抑制同源mRNA,引起靶标基因沉默的现象。RNAi技术具有操作简便、特异性和选择性强等显著特点,是目前农业生命科学领域最有可能应用于病虫害防控的新技术之一。本文通过综述近年来RNAi在农业病虫害防控领域应用的最新研究成果,并对RNAi技术在新靶标基因筛选、高效dsRNA载体开发、与传统农药相结合以及拓宽应用范围等诸多方面的发展前景进行了展望,同时还针对RNAi干扰效率、稳定性、成本控制、抗性发展及抗性治理等方面所面临的挑战进行了深入探讨,提出了合理建议。基于RNAi技术的病虫害防控策略将继续焕发新的活力,为综合防控提供新理念。 相似文献
3.
植物病原真菌是农业上的第一大病原菌，能够持续性地给全球的作物和果蔬产量带来严重的损失。目前真菌病害的防治方法主要依赖化学农药的大量使用，这也带来了真菌耐药性、食品安全以及生态环境污染等问题，因此开发应对病原真菌的新型绿色防控技术迫在眉睫。喷雾诱导基因沉默（spray induced gene silencing，SIGS）技术是一种通过外源施用双链RNA或小干扰RNA的方式来控制病原体关键靶标基因的生物技术，是农业生产上颇具潜力的新型绿色防控技术之一，目前已经成功应用于多种病原真菌的防控。本文主要综述了SIGS技术原理及其在植物真菌病害防治研究中的研究进展，旨在为开发用于防治植物病原真菌的生物农药提供研究基础。 相似文献
4.
植物病原真菌对杀菌剂的抗性及对策 总被引：18，自引：1，他引：17
植物病原真菌对杀菌剂的抗性,尤其是对内吸性杀菌剂的抗性已成为目前农业生产和农药工业所面临的最突出的问题[1]。本文就有关植物病原真菌对杀菌剂抗性研究的意义及对策作一基本的探讨。 相似文献
5.
植物病害对全球粮食安全造成严重威胁，而病原物对杀菌剂日益严重的抗药性问题和杀菌剂施用导致的环境暴露风险极大限制了传统杀菌剂的开发。植物释放大量挥发性有机化合物 (volatile organic compounds, VOCs) 到大气中作为植物与周围环境交流互动的信号分子。植物VOCs可以保护自身免受食草动物的侵害，或吸引传粉者和种子传播者，它们还能够直接抑制病原菌的生长或者激活植物的防御系统。本文综述了植物VOCs在生物合成、收集分析、诱导释放、对病原微生物的活性和诱导植物免疫反应等方面的研究进展；总结了典型绿叶挥发物反-2-己烯醛的抑菌和抗性诱导机理；归纳和展望了植物VOCs在田间应用的局限性和今后的研究方向，可为该类化合物在可持续病害防控中的应用提供帮助。 相似文献
6.
草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是一种世界性重大农业害虫,在全球多个国家普遍发生,其幼虫可为害玉米、水稻等多种农作物。该虫于2019年初入侵我国,对我国农业生产构成了严重的威胁,防控形势严峻。为寻求一种草地贪夜蛾的绿色防控方法,本文对草地贪夜蛾潜在RNA干扰(RNA interference,RNAi)靶标致死基因、RNAi传统双链RNA(double-stranded RNA,dsRNA)递送技术的瓶颈以及纳米载体介导的RNAi技术应用进行概括,并对纳米载体介导的RNAi技术应用前景进行展望。 相似文献
7.
植物细胞培养技术与杀菌剂生物测定的结合是一个新的研究领域。通过植物细胞培养技术，在植物细胞水平上建立病原菌／植物悬浮细胞体系筛选系统、快速、准确和高效地筛选杀菌剂。本文讨论病原菌／植物悬浮细胞体系，作为一种新型杀菌剂筛选体系的可行性与特点。 相似文献
8.
RNAi (RNA interference) 是一种由dsRNA参与、对靶基因表达进行干扰或沉默的现象。由此发展起来的RNAi基因沉默技术已成为当今植物基因功能研究和遗传改良的一个重要手段。该技术已经在靶向病原物(真菌、细菌、病毒和线虫)基因沉默方面得到了广泛的应用,并且产生了一批抗病性增强的转基因植物。人工设计和合成的amiRNAs和ata siRNAs的成功研发加快了RNAi技术的应用。本文对RNAi基因沉默机制、RNAi技术研发进展及其在植物抗病性遗传改良中的应用进行综述,并对其应用策略进行探讨。 相似文献
9.
10.
寄主诱导的基因沉默技术研究和应用进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
病原真菌严重威胁着农作物的产量和品质,提高作物抗性是病原真菌病害防控的重要措施。寄主诱导的基因沉默(host induced gene silencing,HIGS)技术是在RNA干扰的基础上发展而来,以病原真菌生长发育和侵染过程中的关键基因为靶标,通过在寄主植物中表达这些基因的干扰RNA从而抑制病原真菌中靶标基因的表达,达到抵制病原真菌扩展,提高寄主植物抗病性的目的。近年来,HIGS技术被用于防控多种由病原真菌引起的病害,并取得了明显成效,为植物抗病资源的开发及应用提供了新途径。本文综述了HIGS技术的原理、技术路线、操作方法和国内外的主要研究进展,总结了操作中需要注意的事项,并对该技术的发展趋势和应用前景进行了展望。 相似文献
11.
G. J. M. Van Der Kerk 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1969,75(1):5-20
The presently available organic compounds which are being used for the combat of fungal plant diseases are reviewed.In most cases these molecules protect the plant by killing the attacking fungus before it has penetrated the plant; consequently we are dealing here with typical fungicides. Many attempts have been made to widen the scope of this principle by the development of compounds which are able to penetrate into the plant and which, consequently, may prevent the penetration of fungi from within or which kill fungi which have already penetrated. During recent years remarkable successes have been achieved with these so-called systemic fungicides.The newest approach is to look for compounds which are neither fungi-nor phytotoxic but which disturb the biochemical relation between a fungus and its host plant in a specific way.These new approaches are illustrated with a few examples from recent work at the Institute for Organic Chemistry TNO at Utrecht. 相似文献
12.
Since the commercial introduction of metalaxyl and the outbreaks of resistance that followed soon thereafter, a number of new acylalaninc-type fungicides have been developed which have or will shortly come onto the market. Based on the understanding that anti-resistance strategies can only be effective if they are followed by all manufacturers, there has been considerable effort over the past few years to coordinate anti-resistance strategies among the companies involved. The most important of these is that acylalanine fungicides will only be available in prepacked mixtures with residual contact fungicides so that the use of the single product is excluded. At the same time only two to four applications per season arc recommended and no curative use of the products. In order to ensure the success of such restrictions, it is necessary that their need should be recognized and their enforcement supported by extension and advisory bodies. 相似文献
13.
琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类杀菌剂水生生态毒理学研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
作为当前杀菌剂市场的主要种类之一,琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类 (SDHIs) 杀菌剂的广泛应用导致其易进入水体环境,威胁水生生物的安全。大量研究表明,该类药剂中大部分品种对水生生物的急性毒性较高,部分甚至达到剧毒级,并且在较低浓度下即可对水生生物产生毒性效应,不同程度影响水生生物的生长、发育和繁殖,进而导致水生生态系统的失衡。文章综述了SDHIs杀菌剂对水体环境的污染状况及其对水生生物的毒性效应及作用机制的研究进展,展望了该类杀菌剂的水生生态毒理学研究重点和未来发展方向,旨在为减少SDHIs杀菌剂对水生生态系统的影响提供理论依据。 相似文献
14.
作用于琥珀酸脱氢酶复合体的新型杀菌剂-琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂 (succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors, SDHIs) 已逐步成为继Qo位点呼吸抑制剂类 (QoIs) 和麦角甾醇生物合成抑制剂类(EBIs)杀菌剂之后的世界第3大类杀菌剂。近年来,SDHIs杀菌剂的市场占有份额逐年增加,新品种不断涌现,在植物病害化学防治中发挥着重要作用。然而,由于该类杀菌剂作用位点单一,抗药性已成为制约该类杀菌剂创制发展与科学应用的重要科学问题。本综述归纳了琥珀酸脱氢酶抑制剂类杀菌剂的开发、品种、抗性发生发展、抗性分子机制与应用现状,并结合作者研究团队的最新研究成果对其靶标生物学及应用技术研究进行了总结,以期为更高活性的SDHIs杀菌剂创制和应用提供参考。 相似文献
15.
微生物降解三唑类杀菌剂研究进展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
三唑类杀菌剂因具有高效、低毒的特性已在中国得到广泛使用,但同时也因其残留期较长、易污染土壤而备受关注。微生物降解被认为是修复被污染土壤的有效措施。文章从降解三唑类杀菌剂的微生物种类、降解机理及影响微生物降解的因素等方面进行了综述,同时指出,目前有关微生物降解三唑类杀菌剂的研究多数仅限于降解菌的筛选及影响降解的因素分析等方面,对于三唑类杀菌剂的微生物代谢途径、降解过程中起关键作用的酶和基因,以及对手性三唑类杀菌剂的对映体选择性降解机制等机理方面的研究仍较少,相关研究有待进一步加强。 相似文献
16.
Joint action of fungicides in Mixtures: Theory and practice 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Fungicide mixtures aimed at the control of multiple target organisms have been used since the middle of this century. In the
1970s synergistic mixtures of site-specific (high resistance-risk) fungicides with multi-site (low resistance-risk) fungicides
became available with the aim to provide adequate disease control while maximizing evolutionary problems for the pathogen.
In the 1980s there were introduced mixtures of negatively correlated fungicides, in which each ingredient is capable of controlling
pathogen genotypes resistant to the other ingredient. Such fungicides are currently deployed in the form of homogeneous mixtures
(tank mixes, prepacked mixtures). A new strategy is under development in which different fungicides are applied to different
adjacent plants. Diversification of cultivars and fungicides in a crop may minimize the buildup of resistance and maximize
disease control. 相似文献
17.
18.
Colin H. Dickinson 《Pest management science》1973,4(4):563-574
Phylloplane micro-organisms may metabolise substances present on the leaf surface, they may interact with leaf pathogens and they may be involved in the process of senescence. The effects of fungicides on many leaf saprophytes are, however, largely unknown. Studies under both field and laboratory conditions have indicated that wide spectrum protectant fungicides, such as captan, captafol and zineb, are as effective against the saprophytic flora as they are against plant pathogens. If the leaf surface microflora is restricted by fungicides then antagonism towards pathogens will also be reduced, but beneficial results may ensue if the microbial impact on senescence is lessened. Field trials with barley have demonstrated that it is possible to delay senescence by using fungicide sprays. 相似文献
19.
Articles on chemigation with fungicides targeting foliage have been reviewed. They included 23 fungicides tested on 10 crops. Many studies compared chemigation to a check treatment, while others also included conventional methods. Chlorothalonil, followed by mancozeb, fentin hydroxide and captafol were the most studied fungicides, while peanut (Arachis hypogaea), potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum ), and dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were the most studied crops. Center pivot, followed by solid set, were the irrigation systems most frequently used. The minimum volume of water applied by some center pivots (25 000 litre ha−1 ) is 25 times the maximum volume of water used by conventional ground sprayers. The reduction of fungicide residue on foliage caused by the very large volume of water used by chemigation might be offset by the following factors: (1) fungicide application at the time of maximum leaf wetness when fungi are most active, (2) complete coverage of plants, (3) reducing greatly the inoculum on plant and soil surface, (4) better control of some soil pathogens, and (5) more uniform distribution of fungicides by center pivot. Furthermore, chemigation avoids mechanical damage and soil compaction. Additionally, some systemic fungicides seem to be absorbed rapidly by the leaves, by root uptake from the soil, or by both. In general, all fungicides applied through irrigation water can lessen disease severity. However, when compared to conventional methods, chemigation with fungicides can be less, equally or more effective depending on crop, pathogen, disease severity, fungicide and volume of water. For Cercosporidium personatum control on peanuts, application of protectant fungicides through irrigation water is less effective than conventional methods, but the results with some systemic fungicides mixed with non-emulsified oil and applied through a relatively low volume of water (2.5 mm) are encouraging. Important diseases of potato and tomato can be controlled nearly as well by chemigation as by conventional methods without impairing yield. The main advantage of chemigation for these crops is avoiding a large number of tractor trips through the field and reduced costs of fungicide application. Chemigation has also been shown to be a good option for control of white mold [ Sclerotinia sclerotiorum] on dry beans. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献