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1.
Epoxomicin potently and irreversibly inhibits the catalytic activity of proteasomal subunits. Treatment of proliferating cells with epoxomicin results in cell death through accumulation of ubiquinated proteins. Thus, epoxomicin has been proposed as a potential anti-cancer drug. In the present study, the inhibitory effects of epoxomicin on the in vitro growth of bovine and equine Babesia parasites were evaluated. The inhibitory effect of epoxomicin on the in vivo growth of Babesia microti was also assessed. The in vitro growth of five Babesia species that were tested was significantly inhibited (P < 0.05) by nanomolar concentrations of epoxomicin (IC50 values = 21.4 ± 0.2, 4 ± 0.1, 39.5 ± 0.1, 9.7 ± 0.3, and 21.1 ± 0.1 nM for Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, Babesia ovata, Babesia caballi, and Babesia equi, respectively). Epoxomicin IC50 values for Babesia parasites were low when compared with diminazene aceturate and tetracycline hydrochloride. Combinations of epoxomicin with diminazene aceturate synergistically potentiated its inhibitory effects in vitro on B. bovis, B. bigemina, and B. caballi. In B. microti-infected mice, epoxomicin caused significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of the growth of B. microti at the non-toxic doses of 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg BW relative to control groups. Therefore, epoxomicin might be used for treatment of babesiosis.  相似文献   

2.
This study investigates the effects of Terminalia chebula Retz. meal supplementation on rumen fermentation and methane (CH4) production by using an in vitro gas technique. The experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD) and the dietary treatments were T. chebula supplementation at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 mg with 0.5 g of roughage and concentrate ratio at 60:40. The results revealed that cumulative gas production (96 h of incubation) were higher (P < 0.01) with T. chebula supplementation at 12, 16 and 20 mg than other treatments. However, in vitro dry matter degradability (IVDMD) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) were not significantly different among treatments (P > 0.05). The NH3‐N concentrations tended to quadratically increase with increasing levels of T. chebula in the diet. In addition, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and propionate concentrations were increased (P < 0.01), while acetate concentration, acetate‐to‐propionate ratio, CH4 production and protozoal populations were decreased (P < 0.01) when supplemented with T. chebula at 8, 12 and 16 mg, respectively. Based on this study, it could be concluded that supplementation of T. chebula at 12 mg could improve rumen fermentation by reducing CH4 production and protozoa populations, thus improving in vitro gas production and VFA profiles.  相似文献   

3.
The study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant properties of alfalfa polysaccharides (APS) extracted from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) through 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay and the effects of the inclusion (0%, 0.1%, and 0.5%) of APS in the diet on the growth performance and antioxidant status in heat-stressed rabbits. 120 New Zealand male rabbits (average body weight 1123 g, 40 d old) were divided into three groups (40 rabbits per group) and were fed with a basal diet or the basal diet with 1 g or 5 g of APS/kg of diet. Rabbits had free access to diets and water in an environmentally controlled room at 30 ± 1 °C and 55% relative humidity during the entire period (21 d). On days 7, 14 and 21 of the trial, body weight and feed intake were measured and blood samples were collected for assay of antioxidant induces. Liver tissue samples were collected on day 21 for assay of antioxidant induces. Results in vitro showed the scavenging effect of APS on DPPH radicals increased (P < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner. The APS exerted an inhibitory effect on DPPH radical generation, with 66.3% inhibition at 100 µg/mL and 74.5% inhibition at 250 µg/mL. Results in vivo showed that APS 0.1% supplementation increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) and reduced (P < 0.05) feed conversion rate (FCR) in the first week of trial. Compared with the control group, average daily feed intake (ADFI) was significantly (P < 0.01) reduced by APS treatment. From days 8 to 14 of the trial, ADG of the APS 0.5% group was greater (P < 0.05) than that of the control group. Compared with the control group, FCR was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by APS treatment. From days 15 to 21 of the trial, ADFI of the APS 0.1% group was greater (P < 0.05) than that of the control group. For the overall period, APS 0.5% supplementation had a significantly (P < 0.05) positive effect on ADG. ADFI and FCR were lower (P < 0.05) with APS than without APS. Furthermore, on day 7, the inclusion of APS reduced significantly MDA (P < 0.01). The rabbits fed with APS 0.1% had significantly (P < 0.01) lower cortisol and greater (P < 0.05) T-AOC, SOD, and GSH-Px than the control group. On day 14, addition of APS increased T-AOC (P < 0.01) and reduced MDA (P < 0.05). The APS 0.5% group showed lower (P < 0.05) cortisol and greater (P < 0.05) GSH-Px than the control group. On day 21, the rabbits fed with the APS 0.5% diet had greater (P < 0.05) GSH-Px and T-AOC compared with the control rabbits. In contrast, the opposite was true for cortisol (P < 0.05) and MDA (P < 0.05). On day 21, MDA was lower (P < 0.01) with APS than without APS in the liver tissue. Hepatic GSH-Px activity of rabbits fed with the APS 0.5% diet was greater (P < 0.05) than those of other groups. APS supplementation seemed to have a positive influence on the growth performance and antioxidant status of heat-stressed rabbits.  相似文献   

4.
Forty piglets (average body weight = 5.32 kg) were used to investigate the effect of dietary crude protein (CP) content on immunological responses following a challenge with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88. Pigs, housed 4 per pen, were randomly allotted to 2 diets: 1) a high, 225 g/kg CP diet (HCP) or 2) a low, 176 g/kg CP diet (LCP) supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Pigs were orally challenged with 6 mL of an ETEC K88 suspension containing 1010 cfu/mL on d 8 after weaning. Blood samples were collected from 10 pigs (1 pig/pen) on d 7 (at weaning), −24 h, 8 h, 72 h and 7 d after the challenge for determination of plasma urea N (PUN) and serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and haptoglobin (Hp). Tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1β and Hp were measured as indicators of inflammatory responses. The concentrations of serum TNF-α at 8 h, 72 h and 7 d after challenge were similar to the level observed at 24 h before challenge but higher (P < 0.05) than the weaning level. Pigs fed the LCP diet had lower (P = 0.032) concentrations of IL-1β (72 vs. 116 pg/mL) at 8 h post-challenge compared with those fed the HCP diet. Likewise, pigs fed the LCP diet tended to have lower (P = 0.088) concentration of Hp (9 vs. 25 mg/dL) compared with those fed the HCP diet at 8 h post-challenge. Compared with the weaning concentration, PUN concentration at 72 h after ETEC challenge was higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the HCP diet. The results indicate that the LCP diet supplemented with crystalline amino acids reduced inflammatory responses, as indicated by serum IL-1β, in piglets infected with ETEC K88.  相似文献   

5.
Two completely randomised experiments compared the impact of different spices, each at 30 mg/g substrate DM, on the in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), methane, ammonia and volatile fatty acids (VFA) from either wheat flour (wheat) (experiment 1) as highly or hay based mixtures (experiment 2) as moderately fermentable substrates. Experiment 1 tested the effects of adding cinnamon, clove, coriander, cumin and turmeric, individually, on the rumen fermentation during their in vitro incubations with wheat for 24 h. All spices reduced methane (P < 0.05) from wheat as compared to the spice-free wheat (control). Coriander reduced methane more followed by turmeric, cumin and cinnamon than the control. The IVDMD of wheat did not differ for most spices except cinnamon where IVDMD was reduced (P < 0.05) as compared to the control. Whilst, rumen ammonia was greatest for cumin (P < 0.01) followed by coriander and turmeric, it was lowest for clove (P < 0.01). The spices did not affect the pH and total VFA of rumen fluid for wheat. However, the presence of clove reduced acetic acid (P < 0.05). Experiment 2 tested the effect of only three (coriander, cumin and turmeric) spices individually or together on the in vitro fermentation of hay based mixtures during 96 h of incubation. Whilst all the individual spices or their mixture reduced methane from the hay based mixtures (P < 0.05), the extent of this reduction was highest for turmeric, second highest for coriander and lowest for cumin. It appeared that most spices modified methane emission from wheat as a single ingredient or hay based mixtures without having detrimental effect on diet disappearance or fermentation in vitro. However, the extent of this modification depended on the type of a spice and substrate. Therefore, careful selection of a spice to suit specific feeds would be essential before their in vivo use to modify the fermentation efficiency of ruminant diets.  相似文献   

6.
A lactic-acid producing bacterium was isolated from the rumen of lambs with rumen acidosis. The cells were Gram-positive, nonmotile, nonsporing, catalase negative spherical, 1.5-2.0 μm in diameter, and occur in pairs and tetrads. Analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA indicated that the rumen bacterium was a strain of Pediococcus acidilactici with 99% of nucleotide homology. This bacterium was sensible to monensin and lasalocid at the unique dose tested of 300 ppm. The concentration of lactic acid and DM degradation decreased (P < 0.05) when monensin or lasalocid were added to the culture media after 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation. In contrast, total VFA concentration and pH were higher (P < 0.05) in the culture media added with the ionophores. Up to now S. bovis is considered the main ruminal bacterium related with rumen acidosis, but the importance of P. acidilactici should be also reconsidered in experimental studies focused on the control rumen acidosis.  相似文献   

7.
The experiment was performed with the aim of investigating the effect of a flavonoid mixture, Daflon® 500 mg (DF) on the erythrocyte fragility and lipoperoxidative changes, induced by Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection in Wistar rats. Fifty adult male rats randomly divided into five groups of 10 animals each were used. Rats in the control group were administered (1 mL/kg) distilled water only, while the other groups were infected with T. brucei brucei and treated with Daflon® 500 mg and/or Diminazene aceturate. At the end of 5 weeks, EDTA-blood samples and serum samples were collected from the rats, and were used to determine erythrocyte osmotic fragility (EOF) and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration respectively. The results showed that EOF and MDA concentration significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the infected untreated group when compared to the treatment groups. Treatment with Daflon® 500 mg and Diminazene aceturate significantly (P < 0.05) reduced trypanosome-induced increases in EOF and lipoperoxidative changes, suggesting possible antioxidant properties of Daflon® 500 mg and its therapeutic value in trypanosomosis.  相似文献   

8.
The effect of probiotic, Bacillus coagulans NJ0516, on growth performance and digestive enzyme activity of Arbor Acres (AA) broilers was investigated. Strains NJ0516 were added to commercial basal diets as probiotic at three final concentrations: T-1, 1 × 106 cfu g−1; T-2, 2 × 106 cfu g−1 and T-3, 4 × 106 cfu g−1, respectively. Twelve groups, of 30 broilers, with three replicates for each treatment group (T-1, T-2 and T-3) and the control group treated without probiotic were used. After 49 days, broilers receiving the diets supplemented with probiotic showed significantly better growth performances including final weight and daily weight gain (DWG) than those fed the basal diet (control). As for feed conversion ratio (FCR), T-2 and T-3 showed lower value (P < 0.05) than the control. However, there was no significant different in final weight, DWG and FCR between T-1, T-2 and T-3 and the survival rate was not affected (P > 0.05) by the dietary treatments. The higher protease activities were observed in T-2 and T-3 (P < 0.05) compared with the control and T-1. However, there was not significantly different (P > 0.05) between T-2 and T-3 in protease activity. Amylase activity in T-1, T-2 and T-3 was remarkably higher (P < 0.05) than that in the control. Significantly higher amylase activity was observed in T-2 compared with that of T-1. There was no remarkable difference (P > 0.05) in amylase activity of T-2 compared with that of T-3, even though there was a tendency for increased activity. As for lipase activity of duodenum in broilers, assays showed no difference in all treatment groups. It showed that probiotic, B. coagulans NJ0516 administration in feed with a certain concentration displayed a growth promoting effect and increased the protease and amylase activities.  相似文献   

9.
More than 80% of Italy's pig production is used in the production of traditional dry cured ham. Dry cured ham production requires fresh legs with at least 15 mm of fat coverage. For decades, Italian pigs have been selected for fatness, as legs constitute almost 60% of the commercial value of the animal. Lately, however, thigh prices have dropped, increasing the economic importance of the Longissimus dorsi (L. dorsi) to the pig industry. This research sought to identify genes that can modulate fat repartitioning, resulting in fat legs and lean L. dorsi. As estrogens are known to control the distribution of body fat in humans and rodents, we investigated the polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor 1 (ESRPvuII5700/4200) and estrogen receptor 2 (ESR2 A949G) genes in 612 pigs (278 females, 334 castrated males) and collected the following phenotypical data: carcass weight, lean percentage, leg weight, back fat and leg fat thickness. Castrated males of the ESRPvuII5700/5700 genotype had significantly more back fat (P < 0.05) with no significant effect on leg fat. Conversely, ESRPvuII5700/5700 females had significantly less leg fat (P < 0.05) with no significant effect on back fat. Both males and females of the ESR2 A949A genotype had less leg fat (P < 0.05) without any effect of the polymorphism on back fat. Our findings suggest that ESRPvuII5700/4200 and ESR2 A949G polymorphisms are associated with subcutaneous fat localization in pigs.  相似文献   

10.
Thirty two Merino lambs (15 weeks old) fed barley straw and fish oil enriched concentrate were used to assess the effect of vitamin E (6 g kg−1 DM) and naringin (1.5-3 g kg−1 DM) on plasma lipid peroxidation (TBARS), total antioxidant status (TAS), immune response, plasma cholesterol, and triglycerides. After 21 days feeding the experimental diets, lambs were subjected to a 4 h transportation stress period and then held 4 more hours without feed. TBARS values before stress were lower for animals consuming vitamine E and naringin when compared to control lambs (P < 0.05). However, after stress all groups presented similar levels of TBARS. TAS decreased (P < 0.05) in all groups in response to stress with values recovering (P < 0.05) to pre-stress values following 4 h of rest. A rise (P < 0.05) in serum concentrations of triacylglycerol following 21 d of fish oil supplementation was dampened in lambs consuming vitamin E or naringin. Both pre-stress TBARS and triacylglycerol-reducing effects of naringin added to fish oil enriched concentrate for fattening lambs are reported.  相似文献   

11.
To study the impact of maternal l-arginine supplementation during early gestation on skeletal muscle formation in the offspring, gilts were fed 3 kg of a standard diet (control group, n=10) or standard diet and additionally 26 g/d l-arginine from d 14 to 28 of gestation (arginine group, n=10). The gilts were sacrificed at d 75 of gestation. From each litter the lightest, the heaviest, and one medium-weight foetus per sex were selected and three different muscle samples were collected. In the longissimus dorsi muscle of all foetuses (n=99) biochemical properties were assessed. In the same muscle of a subset of the lightest and heaviest female foetuses (n=28), mRNA expression of selected genes involved in myogenesis were measured. In all three muscles, myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expression analyses (n=99) were performed. The protein/DNA ratio tended to be lower (P=0.08) in the offspring of the arginine group. Treatment×sex interactions revealed lower creatine kinase activity (P<0.05) and protein concentration (P=0.07) in female's of the arginine group. The MYF5 mRNA expression was lower (P<0.01) in the lightest, whereas IGF2 and IGFBP5 expressions (P<0.001) were lower in the heaviest females of the arginine group. The proportion of MyHC mRNA expression revealed an increase in the embryonic isoform (P=0.05) and a decrease by tendency in the Slow/I and IIx isoforms (P<0.10) in response to arginine supplementation. The results suggest that arginine supplementation during early gestation stimulates myogenic proliferation and delays muscular differentiation at d 75 of gestation.  相似文献   

12.
The objective of this study was to determine the impact of grazed grass (PAS bulls) and grass silage-based (UB bulls) diets on muscle colour, intramuscular fatty acid composition and carcass characteristics of Hereford bulls with similar concentrate allowances, ages, growth rates and carcass weights. The carcass fat score of the UB bulls was 14% higher than that of the PAS bulls (P < 0.05). Muscle lightness was 5%, redness 5% and yellowness 8% higher in the UB bulls than in the PAS bulls (P < 0.05). The Longissimus muscle (LM) of the UB bulls contained a higher proportion of 14:1 and 16:0 fatty acids compared to that of the PAS bulls (P < 0.05). In contrast, the LM of the PAS bulls contained a higher proportion of 18:3n-3 fatty acid and 18:2 cis-9 trans-11 CLA compared to that of the UB bulls (P < 0.01). There were no differences in saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid or polyunsaturated fatty acid proportions of the LM muscle between treatments.  相似文献   

13.
Zinc is an essential micronutrient and has significant effects on human growth, development, and immune function. Zinc supplementation or deficiency may affect the course of infection. Zinc enhances immune response against a wide range of viral, bacterial, and parasitic pathogens. In the present study, we investigated the effects of zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) supplementation (20 mg/kg/day) during pregnancy in mice, Swiss Webster strain infected by the Y strain of Trypanosoma cruzi. Oral supplementation of zinc sulphate in pregnant and non-pregnant infected animals did not affect the count of blood parasites as well as tissue parasitism in the heart, liver, and spleen. Zinc supplementation did not alter female body weight, the length of fetuses and neonates, placental size/weight and mortality rate. Among zinc supplied animals, no significant plasmatic zinc concentrations were observed. Concerning to tissue zinc concentrations, only the liver displayed enhanced values as compared to other organs. For placental parasitism, zinc supplied group displayed a significant decrease in amastigote burdens (P < 0.05). However due to the reduced number of parasite burdens in placenta of animals supplied with zinc, these data suggest that zinc was partially effective in up-regulating the host’s immune response against parasite, probably attenuating the infection in fetuses.  相似文献   

14.
This study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with N6, 2′-O-dibutyryl adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (dbcAMP) on growth performance, carcass traits, histochemical characteristics and serum constituents in finishing pigs. Seventy-two Duroc × (Landrace × Large White) barrows (57.3 ± 0.6 kg) were randomly allotted to 3 treatments with 6 replicate pens/treatment (4 pigs/pen). The pigs were fed diets containing 0, 10 and 20 mg dbcAMP/kg, respectively, until the final slaughter weight of approximately 90 kg. There were no differences in growth performance among dietary treatments. Leaf fat proportion and first rib backfat thickness were reduced (P < 0.05), whereas tenth rib backfat thickness tended to decrease (P = 0.10), in pigs fed 10 mg dbcAMP/kg. Lean percentage was greater (P < 0.05) and longissimus muscle area tended to increase (P = 0.10) in pigs fed 10 mg dbcAMP/kg when compared to the control group, but hot carcass weight was not affected by dbcAMP. Growth rate of fat-free lean tissues tended to increase (P = 0.09) in dbcAMP-supplemented pigs. Dietary dbcAMP decreased (P < 0.05) adipocytes diameter in subcutaneous fat, whereas longissimus muscle fiber diameter tended to increase (P = 0.06) with dbcAMP supplementation; however, no difference in longissimus muscle cell density was detected among treatments. Serum concentrations of total protein and 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate increased (P < 0.05) in response to dbcAMP, but concentrations of triglycerides, total cholesterol, glucose and urea in serum did not differ among dietary treatments. These results indicate that dbcAMP had a positive effect on carcass traits. Addition of 10 mg dbcAMP/kg to the diet was beneficial for growth performance and lean percentage, as well as improving protein and fat metabolism.  相似文献   

15.
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of coconut oil and garlic powder supplementation on digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentation, rumen ecology, rumen microorganism and methanogen diversity. Four, 3-year old, rumen fistulated swamp buffalo bulls were randomly assigned in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments; 7% coconut oil, 7% coconut oil with 50 g/day of garlic powder, 7% coconut oil with 100 g/day of garlic powder and non-supplemented (control). During the experiment, concentrate was offered at 0.5% of BW while rice straw was given on ad libitum basis. It was found that supplementation of 7% coconut oil had significantly influenced on total DM intake, OM, NDF and ADF digestibilites while supplementation of 7% coconut oil with garlic powder (50 and 100 g/day) were not significantly different when compared with the control. Dietary supplementations did not affect on rumen pH, NH3–N concentrations. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was significantly higher in supplemented groups. Total VFA concentration, proportion of acetate and acetate to propionate ratio were reduced by supplementation. Proportion of propionate was increased (P < 0.05) when supplemented with 7% coconut oil and 7% coconut oil with 100 g/day of garlic powder. Methane production was dramatically reduced (P = 0.005) in supplemented treatments and was 10% reduced in 7% coconut oil supplementation. Amylolytic and proteolytic bacteria were increased (P = 0.007 and P = 0.024) while protozoal population decreased by 68–75% (P < 0.01) by supplementation. Total bacterial population was increased by supplementation while total fungi and total methanogens were not significantly different among treatments. Percentage of cellulolytic bacterial population was not different among treatments. However, dietary supplementation reduced (P < 0.001) percentage of F. succinogenes population. However, methanogen diversity was not changed using PCR–DGGE as technique. Thirteen separate bands were found in the DGGE gel. Based on this study, supplementation with 7% coconut oil plus 100 g/day of garlic powder could be efficiently utilized in the rumen and thus, could provide good fermentation end products and improve rumen ecology for the host swamp buffaloes particularly in reducing 9% methane gas production without changing nutrient digestibilities.  相似文献   

16.
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of four enzyme additives on ruminal fermentation of corn silage using a 48 h batch culture in vitro assay with buffer and ruminal fluid. Experiment 1 (Exp. 1) and Experiment 2 (Exp. 2) were conducted as completely randomized designs each with two runs and four replicates. The enzyme additives (E1, E2, E3, and E4) were commercial products that provided a range in endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and xylanase activities. For both xylanase (birch wood and oat spelt substrate) and endoglucanase (carboxymethylcellulose substrate), the enzyme products (per ml) were ranked E4>E1>E2>E3. In Exp. 1, the four enzymes were added at 0, 2, 4, and 8 μl/g of corn silage dry matter (DM), whereas in Exp. 2 enzymes were added at 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 μl/g DM. Gas production (GP) was measured at 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 48 h after incubation. Disappearance of DM (DMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDFD), and acid detergent fiber (ADFD), and volatile fatty acid concentrations (VFA; total and individual molar proportions) were determined after 24 and 48 h. In Exp. 1, E1 and E2 had higher NDFD and ADFD at 24 and 48 h of incubation (P<0.001) compared with E3 and E4. Increasing dose rate increased NDFD and ADFD for all enzymes (except ADFD for E4 at 48 h), with the optimum dose rate dependant on the enzyme additive (dose×enzyme; P<0.01). There were some treatment effects on DMD and total GP at 24 and 48 h, but these responses were not consistent with responses in NDFD and ADFD. Experiment 2 was conducted to confirm the effects and optimum dose rate of each enzyme additive. In Exp. 2, DMD was not affected by enzyme after 24 and 48 h incubation. There were no enzyme×dose interactions for DMD, NDFD, or ADFD after 24 or 48 h of incubation (except for ADFD at 48 h). After 24 h, DMD, NDFD, and ADFD increased linearly with increasing dose (P<0.05); after 48 h DMD increased linearly, whereas NDFD increased quadratically with increasing enzyme dose (P<0.05). The ADFD increased linearly after 48 h for E3 and E4, but after 48 h ADFD increased quadratically for E1 and E2. Total GP was consistently lowest for E4 at both incubation times (P<0.05). There were no enzyme×dose interactions (P>0.05) for any of the fermentation variables at either 24 or 48 h of incubation in Exp. 2. There were differences amongst the additives for total VFA at 24 and 48 h (P≤0.05); increasing enzyme dose decreased total VFA after 24 h but increased total VFA at 48 h, such that all doses were higher than the control (P<0.001). Overall, the enzyme additives increased NDFD and ADFD of corn silage in vitro; however, E1 and E2 were more effective than E3 or E4. Responses to increasing dose of enzyme were generally linear or curvilinear, and the optimum dose rate differed amongst the products evaluated. Evaluation of the enzymes at 24 and 48 h generally led to the same ranking of the additives, and the degradation of NDF and ADF was more useful in differentiating the enzymes compared with DM and total GP.  相似文献   

17.
Thirty-six Angus and Angus × Simmental steers were fed one of three dietary treatments; (1) control (no supplemental B), (2) 5 mg supplemental B/kg, and (3) 15 mg supplemental B/kg for 47 days to determine the effects of dietary boron (B) on disease resistance following an inoculation with bovine herpesvirus type-1 (BHV-1). On day 34 of the study steers were inoculated intranasally with BHV-1. Rectal temperatures began to elevate at day 2, and plasma tumor necrosis factor-α concentrations increased (P < 0.05) by day 2 following BHV-1 inoculation. Plasma acute phase proteins were increased (P < 0.01) while plasma interferon-γ was decreased (P < 0.05) by day 4 post-inoculation. Supplementation of B increased (P < 0.001) plasma B concentrations in a dose-responsive manner. However, dietary B did not affect the duration and severity of clinical signs of BHV-1 and had minimal effects on plasma acute phase proteins and cytokines.  相似文献   

18.
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19.
The present study reports the prevalence, effects of treatment and cost benefit analysis of bovine fasciolosis in five districts of Punjab Province viz Sargodha, Jhang, Muzaffargarh, Lodhran and Layyah. From each of the five districts, 80 animals were selected and fortnightly screened through standard coprological procedures for a period of one year for the presence of eggs of Fasciola species. Of 4800 faecal samples analyzed, 1222 (25.46%) were found positive for fasciolosis. The occurrence of Fasciola (F.) gigantica (22.40%) was higher (P < 0.05) than F. hepatica (3.06%). Highest month-wise prevalence (P < 0.05) of fasciolosis was found in winter (39.08%) followed in decreasing order by spring (29.50%), autumn (20.33%) and summer (12.92%). District-wise prevalence of fasciolosis was highest (P < 0.05) in Sargodha (40.31%) and lowest in Layyah (11.77%) while other districts were having intermediate values of prevalence of fasciolosis. Species-wise prevalence of fasciolosis was found higher (P < 0.05) in buffaloes (30.50%) as compared to cattle (20.42%). However, there were no age and sex-related differences (P > 0.05) in prevalence of fasciolosis. A strong positive association of grazing (OR = 1.81), mixed farming of small and large ruminants (OR = 1.39), stagnant pond bathing (OR = 2.24) and river/canal bathing (OR = 2.06) was found with the prevalence of fasciolosis as compared to stall feeding, separate farming of small and large ruminants and rivers/canal/ tap water bathing, respectively. Post-treatment average milk increase of 0.62 L per animal per day with 0.35% higher fat was observed in fasciolicide-treated animals with the cost benefit ratio of 3.9. The results provided significant data on the epidemiology of five districts of Punjab province which may be helpful for the planners and small holder dairy farmers for control of fasciolosis in the study districts.  相似文献   

20.
Thirty Malpura ewes (>6 years age) distributed into three groups of 10 each were maintained on concentrate supplemented with rumen protected fat at 0 (T1), 20 (T2) and 40 (T3) g kg−1 and chick pea straw for a period of three months. Towards the end of feeding experiment a metabolism trial was conducted on five representative ewes from each treatment. Blood and rumen liquor samples were analyzed at 0 and 90 days of feeding for blood biochemical and rumen metabolites. Five representative ewes were slaughtered at the initiation of the study and all the experimental ewes were slaughtered after termination of the experiment. The gain in weight (kg) and final body condition score was higher (P<0.05) in T2 and T3 as compared to T1. The concentrate intake increased (P<0.05) with bypass fat (RBF) supplementation. The serum glucose and population of spirotrichs and total protozoa in rumen liquour sample increased (P<0.05) with concentrate as well as concentrate with RBF supplementation. Pre-slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, dressing percent, loin eye area, bone percent and carcass fat improved (P<0.05) with RBF supplementation. Composition of Longissimus dorsi muscle also revealed improvement when compared with 0 day composition. The feeding protocol also revealed higher returns by RBF supplementation. It is therefore concluded that RBF supplementation is advantageous in improving body conditions of cull ewes.  相似文献   

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