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1.
OBJECTIVE: To determine patient demographics, clinicopathologic findings, and outcome associated with naturally acquired acute intrinsic renal failure (ARF) in cats. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 32 cats with ARF. PROCEDURES: Cats were considered to have ARF if they had acute onset of clinical signs (< 7 days), serum creatinine concentration > 2.5 mg/dL (reference range, 0.8 to 2.3 mg/dL) and BUN > 35 mg/dL (reference range, 15 to 34 mg/dL) in conjunction with urine specific gravity < 1.025 or with anuria or increasing serum creatinine concentration despite fluid therapy and normal hydration status, and no signs of chronic renal disease. Cases were excluded if cats had renal calculi or renal neoplasia. RESULTS: Causes of ARF included nephrotoxins (n = 18 cats), ischemia (4), and other causes (10). Eighteen cats were oliguric. For each unit (mEq/L) increase in initial potassium concentration, there was a 57% decrease in chance of survival. Low serum albumin or bicarbonate concentration at initial diagnosis was a negative prognostic indicator for survival. Initial concentrations of BUN, serum creatinine, and other variables were not prognostic. Seventeen (53%) cats survived, of which 8 cats had resolution of azotemia and 9 cats were discharged from the hospital with persistent azotemia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that survival rates of cats with ARF were similar to survival rates in dogs and that residual renal damage persisted in approximately half of cats surviving the initial hospitalization.  相似文献   

2.
Objective: To determine the arterial blood pressure at presentation in male cats with acute urethral obstruction, and to determine whether there was any correlation between these measurements and concurrent metabolic abnormalities. Design: Prospective, single cohort, observational study. Setting: Private, small animal, after‐hours emergency clinic. Animals: Twenty‐eight client‐owned male cats with acute urethral obstruction and no other known coexisting disease. Interventions: Indirect oscillometric blood pressure measurements obtained before blood sampling and treatment. Measurements and main results: Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) measurements, physical examination parameters, serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, potassium, phosphorus, total calcium and magnesium concentration, venous pH, lead II electrocardiogram, and urine volume in bladder were evaluated. No cats were hypotensive at presentation; 71% (20/28) were normotensive (median MAP=100 mmHg, range 93–140 mmHg); and 29% (8/28) were hypertensive (median MAP=153 mmHg, range 145–176 mmHg). Compared with hypertensive cats, normotensive cats had significantly lower heart rates (P=0.0201) and lower calcium (P=0.0152). For all 28 cats, MAP correlated with serum potassium and total calcium (P=0.0033). Conclusions: Though potassium and total calcium were inversely and directly correlated respectively with blood pressure in cats with urethral obstruction, none of the cats were hypotensive on presentation. Normotension on admission does not support the absence of biochemical and physical abnormalities in obstructed cats.  相似文献   

3.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of 1h, bilateral, warm ischemia-reperfusion kidney injury as a model of acute kidney injury in the cat. Four adult healthy cats underwent 60 min of bilateral, in vivo renal warm ischemia; three cats were sham operated controls. Kidney function was evaluated with creatinine and BUN concentration, urine protein: creatinine, and glomerular filtration rate. Post-reperfusion endothelin and renin was measured by ELISA and RT-qPCR. Blood pressure (BP), platelet count, and platelet aggregation were monitored. Renal biopsy specimens were evaluated histopathologically. There was significant reduction in renal function characterized by severe azotemia and proximal tubular brush border loss. Changes in renin or endothelin gene expression or serum concentration were not detected. No changes were detected in BP. Platelet count and hematocrit decreased markedly after ischemia and reperfusion. Sixty minutes bilateral renal ischemia is an effective model for acute renal injury.  相似文献   

4.
Objective: To describe the indications, clinical features, outcomes and complications associated with use of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in 17 client-owned dogs and 16 client-owned cats with acute or acute-on-chronic renal failure refractory to aggressive medical management.
Series summary: Twenty-nine percent of dogs and 44% of cats had evidence of pre-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD). Median duration of CRRT was 16.3 hours (range 0.3–83.0 hours) in dogs and 11.5 hours (range 1.0–35.5 hours) in cats. Median canine blood urea nitrogen (BUN) improved from 41.0 mmol/L (115.0 mg/dL) to 11.8 mmol/L (33.0 mg/dL) and creatinine from 636.5 mmol/L (7.2 mg/dL) to 274 mmol/L (3.1 mg/dL). Median feline BUN improved from 46.4 mmol/L (130 mg/dL) to 13.9 mmol/L (39.0 mg/dL) and creatinine from 1069.6 mmol/L (12.1 mg/dL) to 291.7 mmol/L (3.3 mg/dL). Metabolic acidosis resolved in 80% of affected dogs and 71% of affected cats. Hyperkalemia resolved in 100% of affected dogs and 88% of affected cats. Complications noted with CRRT included iatrogenic hypokalemia, iatrogenic metabolic alkalosis, clinical hypocalcemia, total hypercalcemia, filter clotting, anemia, hypothermia, and neurologic complications. Forty-one percent of dogs and 44% of cats survived to discharge. No dogs and only 1 cat developed newly diagnosed CKD.
New or unique information provided: CRRT can be a viable option for the management of acute or acute-on-chronic renal failure in dogs and cats that are refractory to aggressive medical management. The frequency of complications associated with CRRT in this study warrants further experience with this modality before its widespread use can be recommended.  相似文献   

5.
Background: Duration of survival of cats with naturally occurring chronic kidney disease (CKD) is poorly characterized.
Hypothesis: Stage of kidney disease based on serum creatinine concentration (SCr) at the time of diagnosis and after correction of prerenal azotemia is strongly associated with duration of survival in cats.
Animals: Two hundred and eleven client-owned cats with naturally occurring CKD evaluated between April 2000 and January 2002.
Methods: Retrospective case review of 733 cats with SCr > 2.3 mg/dL. Examination of the medical records identified 211 cats that met all other inclusion and exclusion criteria for this study. Clinical characteristics, clinicopathologic data, and survival times were extracted from the medical record. Owners and referring veterinarians were contacted by phone to obtain follow-up if it was not documented in the record. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were performed to determine survival times for International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stage both at diagnosis and at baseline (ie, after correction of prerenal azotemia).
Results: Median survival for cats in IRIS stage IIb at the time of diagnosis was 1,151 days (range 2–3,107), and was longer than survival in stage III (median 778, range 22–2,100) or stage IV (median 103, range 1–1,920) ( P -value < .0001). P -value for effect of stage at diagnosis was <.0001.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: IRIS stage of CKD based on serum creatinine at the time of diagnosis is strongly predictive of survival in cats with naturally occurring CKD.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the relative importance of ischemic injury to delayed graft function (DGF) in cats. STUDY DESIGN: Experimental study. ANIMALS: Six intact female cats. METHODS: Cats had renal autograft transplantation without ureteral transection and reimplantation and a contralateral nephrectomy. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations were measured regularly and abdominal ultrasound was performed before surgery, the day after surgery and twice weekly thereafter. Ultrasound-guided renal biopsy was performed on day 7. Cats were euthanatized on day 21. Histology of the autograft, ureter, bladder, vascular anastomoses sites, and contralateral kidney were performed. Observations were compared with those from an historic group of research cats that had extravesicular ureteroneocystostomy and contralateral nephrectomy. RESULTS: Five cats completed the study. Serum creatinine and BUN concentrations increased after surgery, peaking at 3.2+/-0.8 and 77.6+/-15.9 mg/dL, respectively, 1-2 days after surgery. Serum creatinine concentration returned to the reference interval by 6 days after surgery. BUN gradually decreased in all cats but did not return to the reference interval by study end. Serum creatinine and BUN concentrations were consistently lower but not significantly so (P=.29 and .56, respectively) compared with the historic ureteroneocystostomy group. No ultrasonographic abnormalities or renal biopsy histologic abnormalities were observed. At necropsy, 1 autograft had generalized interstitial fibrosis. CONCLUSION: Harvesting the renal graft and the ischemia before revascularization causes impaired renal function after engraftment. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The process of harvesting and reimplanting the renal graft can contribute to DGF in cats, independent of ureteral obstruction.  相似文献   

7.
BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in cats. HYPOTHESIS: Some baseline variables are associated with shorter survival times in cats with CKD. ANIMALS: Client-owned cats. METHODS: Cats with CKD with initial plasma creatinine concentration > or =2.0 mg/dL and urine specific gravity (USG) < or = 1.025 were recruited into a prospective clinical trial that compared benazepril with a placebo. We describe baseline variables in 190 cats and their influence on renal survival time in the placebo group (95 cats), which was followed for up to 1,097 days. Renal survival time was defined as the time from initiation of therapy to the need for parenteral fluid therapy, euthanasia, or death related to renal failure. RESULTS: Of the 95 cats treated with a placebo, 58 were censored and 37 reached the renal survival end point (died, n = 0; euthanized, n = 17; parenteral fluids, n = 12; parenteral fluids followed by euthanasia, n = 8). Increased plasma creatinine concentration, increased urine protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPC), and increased blood leukocyte count were significantly (P < .01) associated with a shorter renal survival time and were independent risk factors. Increased concentrations of plasma phosphate or urea, and lower blood hemoglobin concentration or hematocrit were significantly (P < .01) associated with a shorter renal survival time and were dependent risk factors, because they also were significantly (P < .01) correlated with plasma creatinine concentration at baseline. CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Several variables were significantly associated with a shorter renal survival time in cats with CKD.  相似文献   

8.
Objective: To measure serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations in cats with urethral obstruction. Design: Prospective single cohort study. Setting: University affiliated veterinary teaching hospital. Animals: Male cats with urethral obstruction. Interventions: Routine blood samples drawn from male cats with urethral obstruction. Measurements and main results: Measured variables included blood gas parameters, plasma sodium, potassium, chloride, and ionized calcium concentrations, as well as serum blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphorus, PTH, and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations. PTH was inversely correlated with ionized calcium and positively correlated with serum phosphorus. No discernable relationship could be found between 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 and any of the measured parameters. Conclusions: Lack of parathyroid response does not appear to be the underlying mechanism for ionized hypocalcemia in cats with urethral obstruction.  相似文献   

9.
Background: Reference intervals (RI) are pivotal in clinical pathology. The influence of breed on RI has been poorly documented in cats. Hypothesis/Objectives: RI for plasma biochemistry variables are breed‐dependent in cats. Animals: Five hundred and thirty‐six clinically healthy, fasted, client‐owned cats from 4 breeds: Holly Birman (n = 132), Chartreux (n = 129), Maine Coon (n = 139), and Persian (n = 136). Methods: Prospective observational study: Blood samples were collected from the cephalic vein into capillary tubes containing lithium heparin. Plasma glucose, urea, creatinine, total proteins, albumin, calcium, phosphate, sodium, potassium, chloride, and total CO2 concentrations and the activities of alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were assayed with a dry slide biochemical analyzer. RI were defined as central 95% intervals bounded by the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles. Data were analyzed by a linear mixed effects model with type I error rate of 0.05. Results: A significant (P < .05) breed effect was observed for 9/13 variables. The magnitude of the differences between breeds could be clinically relevant for creatinine, glucose, and total protein. Age, body weight, sex, and housing conditions had significant (P < .05) breed‐related effects on different variables. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Breed‐specific RI should be considered for cats.  相似文献   

10.
Objective – To characterize the clinical presentation, management, and in‐hospital outcomes of dogs and cats diagnosed with acute congestive heart failure (CHF). Design – Retrospective study of animals seen between January 2007 and May 2008. Setting – Emergency service at a university teaching hospital. Animals – Ninety dogs and 55 cats with CHF. Measurements and Main Results – Patient characteristics, including age, clinical signs, clinicopathologic abnormalities, diagnostic testing, and outcome were recorded. Forty‐eight of the animals already were receiving cardiac medications at the time of presentation. The most common diseases represented were chronic valvular disease and cardiomyopathies. Cats had significantly lower median body temperature at admission compared with dogs (P<0.001). The most common abnormalities were elevated lactate (64%), elevated BUN (52%), hypochloremia (31%), hyperglycemia (27%), and elevated liver enzymes (26%). Many of these became even more prevalent during hospitalization. One hundred and sixteen animals were discharged from the hospital, for a survival rate of 80%. There was no survival difference between dogs and cats (P=0.39). Dogs that developed hypokalemia during hospital stay (P=0.04) were more likely to survive compared with those without hypokalemia and initial body temperature was lower for those cats that did not survive (P=0.02). Of those that did not survive, the majority were euthanized (n=25), while 4 dogs died. Conclusions – Dogs and cats presented to the emergency service with CHF had a high survival rate. In cats, initial body temperature was lower for those cats that did not survive. Although clinicopathologic abnormalities were common in both species, only dogs with hypokalemia had improved survival to hospital discharge.  相似文献   

11.
Hemodialysis (HO) has been used in the management of renal failure in dogs, but its feasibility has not been reported for uremic cats. Therefore, we investigated the technical possibility, efficacy, and complications of intermittent HD in cats with severe uremia. A total of 160 HD treatments were performed on 29 cats with acute renal failure (ARF) (n = 15), chronic renal failure (CRF) (n = 6), or acute on CRF (n =8) between November 1993 and June 1996. Hemodialysis treatments were performed with transcutaneous dialysis catheters using a bicarbonate-based delivery system, sodium modeling, and volumetric-controlled ultrafiltration. Presenting serum chemistries (mean ± SD) for all cats were creatinine, 16.4 ± 7.5 mg/dL; blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 229 ± 87 mg/dL; phosphate, 15.4 ± 5.4 mg/dL; potassium, 6.0 ±1.6 mEq/L; and HCO-3, 16.0 ± 4.4 mEq/L. For intensive HD treatments, pre-HD versus post-HD creatinine changed from 10.3 ± 4.4 to 1.6 ± 0.9 mg/dL and BUN from 105 ± 33 to 8 ±10 mg/dL. One or more adverse events occurred during 111 (69%) treatments. Dialysis-related events included hypotension, dialysis dysequilibrium, clotting, and bleeding. Nine of 15 (60%) cats with ARF and 1 cat with CRF recovered sufficiently to survive without ongoing need for HD. For the remaining cats, the proximate causes of death were dialysis related in 9 cats, uremia related in 6 cats, and iatrogenic or unknown in 4 cats. Hemodialysis is technically feasible and effectively controls the biochemical disturbances of uremic cats. It is especially valuable for the management of severe ARF, permitting recovery in a large number of cats refractory to conventional therapy. Technical complications and chronic debility, however, may limit its usefulness for cats with advanced CRF.  相似文献   

12.
Background: Hyperthyroidism complicates the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as it increases glomerular filtration rate. No practical and reliable means for identifying those cats that will develop azotemia after treatment for hyperthyroidism has been identified. Hyperthyroidism is associated with proteinuria. Proteinuria has been correlated with decreased survival of cats with CKD and with progression of CKD. Hypothesis: Proteinuria and other clinical parameters measured at diagnosis of hyperthyroidism will be associated with the development of azotemia and survival time. Animals: Three hundred client owned hyperthyroid cats treated in first opinion practice. Methods: Retrospective, cohort study relating clinical parameters in hyperthyroid cats at diagnosis to the development of azotemia within 240 days of diagnosis and survival time (all cause mortality). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors that were predictive of the development of azotemia. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with survival. Results: Three hundred cats were eligible for survival analysis and 216 cats for analysis of factors associated with the development of azotemia. The median survival time was 417 days, and 15.3% (41/268) cats developed azotemia within 240 days of diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. Plasma concentrations of urea and creatinine were positively correlated with the development of azotemia. Plasma globulin concentration was negatively correlated with the development of azotemia. Age, urine protein : creatinine ratio, and the presence of hypertension were significantly correlated with decreased survival time. Urine specific gravity and PCV were significantly correlated with increased survival time. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The proteinuria associated with hyperthyroidism is not a mediator of progression of CKD; however, it does correlate with all cause mortality.  相似文献   

13.
Information regarding the use and success of peritoneal dialysis (PD) in the management of acute renal failure (ARF) in cats is lacking. The purpose of this retrospective study is to describe the indications, efficacy, complications and outcome of cats undergoing PD for ARF. Six cats that underwent PD for treatment of ARF of various etiologies were included. PD effectively replaced renal function in all cats and allowed renal recovery in 5/6 cats. Five cats were discharged and one cat died. Complications were reported in all cats and included subcutaneous edema (n=5), hyperglycemia (n=4), dialysate retention (n=3), and hypoalbuminemia (n=3). A novel technique consisting of a Blake surgical drain and an intermittent closed suction system was used, which appears to be a viable option for PD in cats. Although complications are common, PD is an effective renal replacement therapy for ARF in cats and carries a reasonable prognosis in selected cases.  相似文献   

14.
急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury, AKI)目前已成为犬最主要的一种肾系疾病,尤其在老年犬中发病率逐年上升。近年来,针刺疗法在宠物临床已得到广泛的应用,并逐渐从治疗瘫痪等外科疾病向治疗宠物内科疾病的方向发展。本研究以腺嘌呤为造模药物建立急性肾损伤犬模型,采用电针疗法进行治疗。研究电针疗法对于犬的肾功能、钙磷代谢、抗氧化能力以及对于NRF2通路相关蛋白的影响,探究电针疗法对犬的急性肾损伤的治疗作用。选取24只3～4 kg健康比格犬,随机分为对照组、造模组、常规治疗组、电针干预组、电针治疗组和联合治疗组。第1～15天为造模期,第16～30天为治疗期。试验结束后检测尿比重、血清中尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(CREA)、尿酸(UA)、钙(Ca2+)和磷(P3+)的变化;影像诊断X光检测肾变化情况;检测血清及肾组织的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA);病理组织学观察各组试验犬肾组织病变的严重程度;采用qRT-PCR和Western blot方法检测各组试验犬肾组织中与抗氧化相关基因和蛋白的表达情况;用免疫组织化学的方法检测肾组织中...  相似文献   

15.
The effect of probiotic therapy in chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats is poorly defined, but gaining in popularity. However, cat owners often prefer to administer probiotics by combining them with food, rather than administering capsules intact, as is prescribed by the manufacturer. The efficacy of such non-recommended administration is unknown. In this double-blinded, controlled clinical trial, 10 cats with naturally-occurring CKD were randomized to receive either a probiotic-prebiotic combination (synbiotic) or psyllium husk (prebiotic only) for 2 months. Medications were sprinkled and mixed into food or given as a slurry. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were measured twice prior to administration of medication, and then monthly for 2 months during the medication administration. Owners and clinicians were masked as to treatment. The maximal percentage change in BUN and creatinine was calculated for each cat. No differences in percentage change were detected between groups (P=0.8 for both BUN and creatinine). The synbiotic supplement used in this study, when applied to food or administered as a slurry fails to reduce azotemia in cats with CKD. Therefore, owners should not administer this synbiotic in this manner.  相似文献   

16.
Background: Oxidative stress is an important component in the progression of chronic renal failure (CRF) and neutrophil function may be impaired by oxidative stress. Hypothesis: Cats with CRF have increased oxidative stress and decreased neutrophil function compared with control cats. Animals: Twenty cats with previously diagnosed renal failure were compared with 10 age‐matched control cats. Methods: A biochemical profile, CBC, urinalysis, antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity, reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH : GSSG), and neutrophil phagocytosis and oxidative burst were measured. Statistical comparisons (2‐tailed t‐test) were reported as mean ± standard deviation. Results: The CRF cats had significantly higher serum blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and phosphorus concentrations than control cats, and significantly lower PCV and urine specific gravity than control cats. The GSH : GSSG ratio was significantly higher in the CRF group (177.6 ± 197, 61.7 ± 33; P < .02) whereas the antioxidant capacity was significantly less in the CRF group (0.56 ± 0.21, 0.81 ± 0.13 Trolox units; P < .005). SOD activity was the same in control and CRF cats. Neutrophil oxidative burst after Escherichia coli phagocytosis, measured as an increase in mean fluorescence intensity, was significantly higher in CRF cats than controls (732 ± 253, 524 ± 54; P < .05). Conclusions: The higher GSH : GSSG ratio and lower antioxidant capacity in CRF cats is consistent with activation of antioxidant defense mechanisms. It remains to be determined if supplementation with antioxidants such as SOD beyond the level of control cats would be of benefit in cats with CRF.  相似文献   

17.
Xylitol is commonly used as sugar substitute in households. While it has numerous beneficial effects on human health, it is highly toxic to dogs. The goal of this study was to examine whether xylitol has similar deleterious effects, such as hypoglycaemia and acute hepatic failure, on cats. Our research included six healthy middle‐aged cats. Xylitol was dissolved in deionized water and administered p.o. at three doses (100, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg body weight). These dosages have been considered toxic and can cause liver failure or even death in dogs. After every xylitol administration, the basic health status and the blood glucose of cats were observed regularly. Additionally, prior to and 6, 24 and 72 hr after xylitol administration, blood samples were taken to check complete blood count, clinical biochemical parameters and enzymes such as ALT, ALKP, GGT, GLDH, bile acids, BUN, creatinine, phosphate, total protein, albumin, sodium and potassium. There were no significant changes (p > .05) in any of the haematological or biochemical parameters. Blood glucose concentrations did not show any significant alterations, except at 1,000 mg/kg dose, where a mild but significant increase was observed, but it was in physiological range. Based on our results, xylitol did not induce toxic effects on cats.  相似文献   

18.
Background: Parenteral nutrition (PN) is increasingly used to support hospitalized dogs and cats. Published assessments of outcome are limited. Objective: Evaluate type and prevalence of complications and risk factors for death and complications in dogs and cats receiving PN. Animals: Three hundred and nineteen dogs and 112 cats that received PN at a teaching hospital between 2000 and 2008. Methods: Retrospective case review. Diagnosis, duration of PN administration, concurrent enteral feeding, death, and mechanical, septic, and metabolic complications were abstracted from medical records. Association of each parameter with complications and death was analyzed by binary logistic regression. Results: Pancreatitis was the most common diagnosis (109/319 dogs, 34/112 cats), and 137/319 dogs and 51/112 cats died. Dogs and cats received 113 ± 40% and 103 ± 32% of resting energy requirement, respectively. Mechanical (81/319 dogs, 16/112 cats) and septic (20/319 dogs, 6/112 cats) complications were not associated with death (P > .05). Hyperglycemia was the most common metabolic complication (96/158 dogs, 31/37 cats). Hypercreatininemia in dogs (8/79) was the only complication associated with death (P < .01). Chronic kidney disease in dogs, hepatic lipidosis in cats, and longer duration of inadequate caloric intake before PN in both species were negatively associated with survival (P < .05). Factors positively associated with survival included longer duration of PN administration in both species, enteral feeding in cats with any disease, and enteral feeding in dogs with respiratory disease (P < .05). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: PN can be effectively used to provide the energy requirements of most critically ill dogs and cats. Most complications accompanying PN administration do not affect survival.  相似文献   

19.

Background

Renal replacement therapy (RRT) has been implemented extensively in people to facilitate recovery from acute renal failure (ARF). RRT has not been explored in horses, but might provide a further treatment option in horses with ARF.

Objective

To investigate efficacy and safety of RRT in horses.

Animals

Five healthy adult horses.

Methods

A prospective study was performed on horses restrained in stocks and intravenously connected to a commercial RRT machine to allow continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration to be performed for 6 hours. The RRT machine was set at the following flow rates: blood flow rate 250 mL/min; dialysate rate 3,000 mL/h; prefilter replacement pump 3,000 mL/h; and postfilter replacement pump rate 2,000 mL/h. Balanced electrolyte solution was used as dialysate and replacement fluid. Heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, direct arterial blood pressure, urine output, and various clinicopathologic parameters were measured over the study period.

Results

Renal replacement therapy was successfully performed in horses, resulting in a mean creatinine clearance of 0.127 mL/kg/min (68.9 mL/min) and urea reduction ratio of 24%. No adverse effects were detected although a significant decrease in rectal temperature was observed (P ≤ .007). A significant increase in serum phosphorus (P ≤ .001) and decrease in BUN (P < .001) were also noted. A significant prolongation of prothrombin (P < .01) and partial thromboplastin time (P < .0001) were observed along with a decrease in platelet count (P ≤ .04).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Renal replacement therapy can safely and effectively be used in adult horses.  相似文献   

20.
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common condition in geriatric cats. Diagnosis is based on the development of persistent azotemia with inadequate urine concentrating ability. Biomarkers are sought for early identification.
Hypothesis: Clinical variables, urine concentrating ability, proteinuria, and N -acetyl-β- d -glucosaminidase (NAG) index will be predictive of cats at risk of developing azotemia within 12 months.
Animals: Client-owned nonazotemic geriatric (≥9 years) cats.
Methods: Prospective longitudinal cohort study monitoring a population of healthy nonazotemic geriatric cats every 6 months until development of azotemia, death, or the study end point (September 30, 2007). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess baseline clinical, biochemical, and urinalysis variables, urine protein to creatinine ratio (UP/C), urine albumin to creatinine (UA/C) ratio, and urinary NAG index as predictors of development of azotemia.
Results: One hundred and eighteen cats were recruited with a median age of 13 years. Ninety-five cats (80.5%) had been followed or reached the study end point by 12 months of which 30.5% (29/95) developed azotemia. Age, systolic blood pressure, plasma creatinine concentration, urine specific gravity, UP/C, UA/C, and NAG index were significantly associated with development of azotemia in the univariable analysis ( P ≤ .05). However, in the multivariable analysis, only plasma creatinine concentration with either UP/C (Model 1) or UA/C (Model 2) remained significant.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: This study demonstrates a high incidence of azotemia in a population of previously healthy geriatric cats. Proteinuria at presentation was significantly associated with development of azotemia although causal association cannot be inferred. Evaluation of NAG index offered no additional benefit.  相似文献   

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