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1.
Objective To determine the frequency of obligate anaerobic bacterial isolation from corneal samples of domestic animals with ulcerative keratitis and to characterize the historical, clinical, cytological, and microbiological features of culture‐positive cases. Animals studied Three hundred and thirty domestic animals with ulcerative keratitis. Procedures Anaerobic bacteriologic culture and Gram stain were performed on corneal samples from consecutive animals examined with suspect septic ulcerative keratitis. Additional corneal diagnostics included: aerobic bacteriologic culture for all species; fungal culture for ungulates; Mycoplasma culture and virus isolation or feline herpesvirus‐1 (FHV‐1) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for cats. Historical, clinical, and cytological findings were correlated with microbiologic data. Results Anaerobic bacteria were isolated from 13.0% of corneal samples (dogs: 14.0%; horses: 12.9%; cats: 7.9%; alpacas: 18.8%). The most frequent isolates were Clostridium, Peptostreptococcus, Actinomyces, Fusobacterium, and Bacteroides species. The majority of these infections were mixed anaerobic and aerobic bacteria, unless antimicrobial therapy had been administered prior to presentation. The clinical appearance of anaerobic bacterial culture‐positive cases was highly variable. Ocular trauma, pre‐existing corneal disease, previous corneal surgery, and chronic dermatological disease were significantly (P ≤ 0.05) correlated with positive anaerobic cultures in one or more species. Conclusions The results of the present study demonstrate that obligate anaerobic bacteria are present within the intralesional flora of ulcerative keratitis in domestic animals. In most species evaluated, these bacteria were identified infrequently. Anaerobic bacterial infection of the cornea most frequently occurs in association with other ocular pathogens and previous corneal abnormalities.  相似文献   

2.
Objective To determine the presence of chlamydial species including recently described chlamydial agents as well as the human pathogen Chlamydophila pneumoniae in feline conjunctivitis. Animal studied Twenty five cats without and 49 cats with conjunctivitis were tested for chlamydia using a Chlamydiaceae real time (RT) PCR (targeting the 23S rRNA gene sequence), a Chlamydiales PCR (targeting the 16S rRNA gene sequence), and cell culture. The PCR products of all positive samples were sequenced and subsequently analyzed using a basic local alignment search tool search. Results Chlamydiaceae RT PCR and subsequent sequence analyses identified C. pneumoniae in five cats in the conjunctivitis group. The presence of Chlamydophila felis was shown in two cats with conjunctivitis. Chlamydiae related to uncultured members of Chlamydiales were detected in three conjunctivitis cases and in one cat without clinical symptoms. Conclusion This study detects for the first time, the known human pathogen C. pneumoniae in feline conjunctivitis cases using Chlamydiaceae RT PCR and sequence analyses.  相似文献   

3.
Objective An n‐butyl‐ester cyanoacrylate adhesive available for veterinary surgery (Vetbond®, 3M) was tested in rabbits for corneal irritation. Procedures Two experimental procedures were used on 24 rabbits: injection of the adhesive into an intralamellar corneal pocket (n = 10) and application of the glue to a mid‐stromal corneal defect (n = 14). In both experiments the eyes were examined for 20 days for evidence of corneal irritation and tolerance. At the end of each experiment, histopathologic studies were performed on all corneas. Results The corneal reaction to the intrastromally injected cyanoacrylate was characterized clinically by slight edema and vascularization localized to the vicinity of the adhesive. A moderate foreign body‐type reaction was found histologically. Following application of the adhesive to a central stromal defect, the treated corneas remained totally clear and histopathologic examination showed that the healing process was not altered compared to the controls. The mean retention time of the glue patch was 14 days. Conclusions Intrastromal injection and surface application to a corneal defect of n‐butyl‐ester cyanoacrylate to a corneal defect induced only a mild inflammatory response and did not interfere with the reparative process. These findings suggest that this surgical adhesive would be acceptable for treating corneal ulcerations in animals.  相似文献   

4.
Objective To describe in vivo corneal confocal microscopy of horses with fungal keratitis and correlate findings with clinical, histopathological, and microbiological evaluations of clinical cases and an ex vivo experimental equine fungal keratitis model. Animals studied A total of 12 horses with naturally‐acquired fungal keratitis and ex vivo equine corneas experimentally infected with clinical fungal isolates. Procedures Horses with naturally‐acquired fungal keratitis were examined with a modified Heidelberg Retina Tomograph II and Rostock Cornea Module. Confocal microscopy images of clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus, Fusarium solani, and Candida albicans were obtained by examination of in vitro cultures and experimentally infected ex vivo equine corneas. Results Non‐specific in vivo corneal confocal microscopic findings in horses with fungal keratitis included leukocyte infiltrates, activated keratocytes, anterior stromal dendritic cell infiltrates, and vascularization. Linear, branching, hyper‐reflective structures that were 2–6 μm in width and 200 to >400 μm in length were detected in all horses with filamentous fungal keratitis. Round to oval hyper‐reflective structures that were 2–8 μm in diameter were detected in a horse with yeast fungal keratitis. The in vivo confocal microscopic appearance of the organisms was consistent with fungal morphologies observed during examination of in vitro cultures and infected ex vivo equine corneas. Conclusions In vivo corneal confocal microscopy is a rapid and non‐invasive method of diagnosing fungal keratitis in the horse. This imaging technique is useful for both ulcerative and non‐ulcerative fungal keratitis, and is particularly advantageous for confirming the presence of fungi in deep corneal stromal lesions.  相似文献   

5.
Objective To investigate how different sampling techniques affect detection of DNA from feline herpes virus Type 1 (FHV-1), Chlamydophila felis and Mycoplasma felis and to study the correlation between positive test results and clinical signs in cats. Animals Fifty-one cats; 24 with ocular signs and 27 healthy control cats. Procedures Samples were collected from all cats using cotton swabs, conjunctival and corneal biopsies, and corneal scrapings. Samples were analyzed for presence of FHV-1, C. felis, M. felis, and feline DNA, defined by 28S rDNA, by using real-time PCR. Results In affected cats, FHV-1 was detected in only one cat; C. felis and M. felis were not detected in any affected cats. None of the three organisms was detected in any control cats. Feline DNA was demonstrated in all conjunctival samples, in 82% of corneal swabs, 92% of corneal scrapings, and 100% of keratectomy samples. Conclusions Because of the generally low detection rate for FHV-1, C. felis, and M. felis DNA in this study, differences regarding sampling technique could not be determined and correlation between positive test results and degree of clinical signs could not be made. Detection of feline DNA in most samples irrespective of sampling technique, suggests a low prevalence of FHV-1, C. felis and M. felis in this population of cats.  相似文献   

6.
Objective Determine the effects of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)‐2, ‐9, macrophage inflammatory protein‐2 (MIP‐2), tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase (TIMP)‐1 and ‐2 by immunohistochemical expression in fungal affected and purulonecrotic corneas. Procedure Paraffin‐embedded equine corneal samples; normal (n = 9), fungal affected (FA; n = 26), and purulonecrotic without fungi (PN; n = 41) were evaluated immunohistochemically for MMP‐2, ‐9, MIP‐2, TIMP‐1 and ‐2. The number of immunoreactive inflammatory cells was counted and statistics analyzed. Western blot was performed to detect MMP‐2, MMP‐9, TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐2 proteins. Results Matrix metalloproteinases‐2, ‐9, MIP‐2, TIMP‐1 and ‐2 immunoreactivity was identified in corneal epithelium of normal corneas, and in corneal epithelium, inflammatory cells, keratocytes, and vascular endothelial cells of both FA and PN samples. Inflammatory cell immunoreactivity was significantly higher in FA and PN samples than in the normal corneas. There was positive correlation between MMP‐2 and MIP‐2, MMP‐9 and MIP‐2, and MMP‐9 and TIMP‐1 in inflammatory cell immunoreactivity in FA samples. There was positive correlation between MMP‐9 and MIP‐2, MMP‐9 and TIMP‐2, MIP‐2 and TIMP‐1, and MIP‐2 and TIMP‐2 in inflammatory cell immunoreactivity in PN samples. Western blot confirmed the presence of all four proteins in equine corneal samples. Conclusion Increased immunoreactivity of MMP‐2 and ‐9 in FA and PN samples is indirectly related to MIP‐2 through its role in neutrophil chemo‐attraction. Tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 and TIMP‐2 are up‐regulated in equine purulonecrotic and fungal keratitis secondary to MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 expression. The correlation between MMPs ‐2 and ‐9, MIP‐2, TIMPs ‐1 and ‐2 suggests that these proteins play a specific role in the pathogenesis of equine fungal keratitis.  相似文献   

7.
A 5‐year‐old spayed female diabetic mixed‐breed dog underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation to correct bilateral hypermature cataracts. Two months postsurgery, the patient presented with ulcerative keratitis and multifocal stromal abscessation OD, which was controlled, but never resolved, with topical fluoroquinolone therapy. The patient re‐presented 2 months later with a new, raised, white gritty corneal opacity associated with hyperemia, chemosis, and blepharospasm OD. Cytology of the right cornea revealed filamentous bacteria, suggestive of Actinomyces spp. Actinomyces bowdenii was subsequently isolated in pure culture and identified via 16s rDNA sequencing. Actinomyces bowdenii has never before been described as a cause of ocular infection. An immunosuppressed corneal environment likely contributed to this opportunistic Actinomycosis. The infection was not controlled with fluoroquinolone therapy, and the isolate, in vitro, was resistant to three fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and levofloxacin), which also has not been previously reported for this species of Actinomyces. A superficial keratectomy with conjunctival graft was employed to successfully manage the infection.  相似文献   

8.
Objective Examine prognostic factors that may indicate when surgical lens removal is indicated to prevent vision‐threatening complications in patients presented following traumatic perforating corneal laceration with associated lens capsule disruption. Procedures Seventy‐seven patients (10 cats and 67 dogs) were evaluated with this injury; of these, 47 were presented acutely and treated surgically and/or medically. Successful outcome was defined as functional vision in the treated eye. Results The 47 patients with acute injuries were divided into 3 treatment groups A‐C for comparison; A ‐ corneal repair/lens removal (n = 15), B ‐ corneal repair/no lens removal (n = 9), C – medical management (n = 23). Groups A and B showed a significantly greater rate of vision loss compared to Group C that was most obvious greater than 18 months post‐injury (P = 0.029 and 0.0097, respectively). Cox proportional hazards regression analysis found a significantly higher increased rate of vision loss in Group A (HR = 4.5; P = 0.023) and a higher but nonsignificant increased rate of vision loss in Group B (HR = 3.0; P = 0.23) compared to Group C after controlling for age and cause of injury. The length of the corneal laceration and time interval from injury to referral were also relevant prognostic factors. Conclusions Medical management is an appropriate therapy for patients of all ages suffering perforating corneal injuries with associated lens capsule disruption. Patients with corneal injuries requiring surgical repair or managed by lens removal following corneal repair suffered vision‐threatening complications approximately 3 to 4.5 times the rate of patients treated by medical management, respectively. Favorable prognostic signs for treatment by medical management include good corneal wound apposition and a formed anterior chamber without uveal prolapse or continued aqueous leakage.  相似文献   

9.
Objective To evaluate the safety and efficacy of mitomycin C (MMC) in prevention of canine corneal scarring. Methods With an in vitro approach using healthy canine corneas, cultures of primary canine corneal fibroblasts or myofibroblasts were generated. Primary canine corneal fibroblasts were obtained by growing corneal buttons in minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Canine corneal myofibroblasts were produced by growing cultures in serum‐free medium containing transforming growth factor β1 (1 ng/mL). Trypan blue assay and phase‐contrast microscopy were used to evaluate the toxicity of three doses of MMC (0.002%, 0.02% and 0.04%). Real‐time PCR, immunoblot, and immunocytochemistry techniques were used to determine MMC efficacy to inhibit markers of canine corneal scarring. Results A single 2‐min treatment of 0.02% or less MMC did not alter canine corneal fibroblast or keratocyte phenotype, viability, or growth. The 0.02% dose substantially reduced myofibroblast formation (up to 67%; P < 0.001), as measured by the change in RNA and protein expression of fibrosis biomarkers (α‐smooth muscle actin and F‐actin). Conclusion This in vitro study suggests that a single 2‐min 0.02% MMC treatment to the canine corneal keratocytes is safe and may be useful in decreasing canine corneal fibrous metaplasia. In vivo studies are warranted.  相似文献   

10.
Purpose These studies examined corneal healing rates, Type‐IV collagen and zonula occludens membrane‐associated protein (ZO‐1) expression, as well as aqueous PGE2 and IL‐1β concentrations in pigmented rabbits treated with either moxifloxacin 0.5%, gatifloxacin 0.3% or BSS® following anterior keratectomy. Methods Anterior keratectomy surgery was followed by topical administration with commercial ophthalmic formulations of either moxifloxacin or gatifloxacin or BSS® (TID for 96 h). Images of the fluorescein‐stained healing corneas were analyzed for wound area. At 48 or 96 h following surgery, aqueous humor samples were collected and analyzed for the inflammatory mediators PGE2 and IL‐1β using an ELISA. The corneas were subsequently evaluated using both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In a second parallel study, corneas were evaluated at both 48 and 96 h for Type‐IV collagen and ZO‐1 expression using immunohistochemistry. Results Fluorescein‐stained corneal images at 96 h postsurgery demonstrated that 90% ± 8% re‐epithelialization for moxifloxacin, 81% ± 14% for gatifloxacin, and 88 ± 6% for BSS® (P > 0.05). PGE2 levels in the aqueous humor of fluoroquinolone treated eyes were reduced at 48 h compared to BSS® treated eyes. IL‐1β was undetectable in all samples. No differences in Type‐IV collagen or ZO‐1 expression were observed between any treatment groups. There were no differences between groups in histological appearance or in ultrastructural healing processes. Conclusions These studies demonstrated that the commercial ophthalmic formulations of moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin were similar to each other in their effects on the levels of aqueous humor PGE2 and rates of corneal wound re‐epithelialization.  相似文献   

11.
Objective Mitomycin C (MMC) is used clinically to treat corneal scarring in human patients. We investigated the safety and efficacy of MMC to treat corneal scarring in horses by examining its effects at the early and late stages of disease using an in vitro model. Procedure An in vitro model of equine corneal fibroblast (ECF) developed was used. The ECF or myofibroblast cultures were produced by growing primary ECF in the presence or absence of transforming growth factor beta‐1 (TGFβ1) under serum‐free conditions. The MMC dose for the equine cornea was defined with dose‐dependent trypan blue exclusion and (3‐4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays after applying MMC to the cultures once for 2 min. The efficacy of MMC to control corneal scarring in horses was determined by measuring mRNA and protein expression of corneal scarring markers (alpha‐smooth muscle actin and F‐actin) with western blotting, immunocytochemistry and/or quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reactions. Results A single 2‐min treatment of 0.02% or less MMC did not alter ECF phenotype, viability, or cellular proliferation whereas 0.05% or higher MMC doses showed mild‐to‐moderate cellular toxicity. The TGFβ1 at 1 ng/mL showed significant myofibroblast formation in ECF under serum‐free conditions. A single 2‐min, 0.02% MMC treatment 24 h (early) after TGFβ1 stimulation significantly reduced conversion of ECF to myofibroblasts, however, a single 0.02% MMC treatment 11 days after TGFβ1 stimulation showed moderate myofibroblast inhibition. Conclusions That MMC safely and effectively reduced scarring in ECF by reducing the degree of transdifferentiation of corneal fibroblasts to myofibroblasts in vitro. Further clinical in vivo investigations are warranted using MMC in horses.  相似文献   

12.
Two cases of distichiasis with subsequent recurrent superficial corneal ulceration are described in Friesian horses. Case 1 was a 9‐year‐old Friesian stallion with distichiae on the superior and inferior eyelids of both eyes corresponding to areas of recurrent superficial corneal ulceration. Case 2 was a 5‐year‐old Friesian gelding with a single distichia on the inferior lid associated with recurrent superficial corneal ulceration in the right eye. Case 1 underwent cryotherapy and epilation twice under standing sedation without resolution of distichiasis. A partial tarsal plate excision was then performed on the inferior left lid, which was the most severely affected. Cryotherapy was repeated one and 4 months post operatively due to recurrence. Cryotherapy was associated with skin depigmentation and repigmentation several months following the procedure. No recurrence has been reported up to 3 years following the fourth cryotherapy procedure. Case 2 was treated with epilation. Distichiasis should be included as a differential diagnosis when presented with a horse experiencing recurrent superficial corneal ulcerations. There has been no established breed association for Friesian horses and distichiasis but, due to the inherited nature of this condition in some human patients and dogs, this possibility should be investigated.  相似文献   

13.
Objective Study aims were to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Food and Drug Administration‐approved drug Vorinostat [suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA)] in the treatment of canine corneal fibrosis using an in vitro model. Methods Healthy donor canine corneas were collected and used to generate primary canine corneal fibroblasts (CCFs) by growing cultures in minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Canine corneal myofibroblasts, used as a model for corneal fibrosis, were produced by growing CCF cultures in serum‐free medium containing transforming growth factor β1 (1 ng/mL). Trypan blue exclusion assays were used to determine the optimal SAHA dose for this in vitro model. Four hour after culturing with TGFβ1, CCF cultures were treated with 0.06% SAHA for 5 min (group 1) and for 24 h (group 2), representing single and multiple dose treatment regimes, respectively. Cultures were then further incubated in the presence of TGFβ1 (1 ng/μL) under serum‐free conditions until they reached 70% confluence. Trypan blue exclusion, immunocytochemistry, and TUNEL assays were used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of SAHA. Real‐time PCR, western blot analysis, and immunocytochemistry were used to determine the efficacy of SAHA to inhibit canine corneal myofibroblast formation. Results Topical SAHA application in both treatment groups successfully decreased α‐smooth muscle actin expression when compared to the TGFβ1 only treatment group (P < 0.05). Tested SAHA did not affect CCF phenotype or cellular viability and did not cause significant cell death. Conclusions Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid safely and effectively inhibits TGFβ1‐induced CCFs transformation to myofibroblast in vitro.  相似文献   

14.
Hepatitis E virus is a major causative agent of acute hepatitis worldwide. Despite its zoonotic potential, there is limited information about the natural chain of hepevirus infection in wildlife, and the potential reservoir species. In this study, we performed a HEV survey by heminested RT‐PCR on rodent samples from an urban environment (in the city of Pécs, Hungary) and investigated the prevalence of the virus among these native rodent species (Apodemus agrarius, Apodemus flavicollis, Apodemus sylvaticus, Microtus arvalis and Myodes glareolus). HEV was detected exclusively in Common voles (M. arvalis), in 10.2% of screened voles, and 3.2% of all investigated samples from all species. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, our strain showed the closest homology with European Orthohepevirus C strains detected previously in faecal samples of birds of prey and Red fox, supporting the possibility of the dietary origin of these strains. In addition, our samples showed close phylogenetic relation with a South American strain detected in Necromys lasiurus (Cricetidae), but separated clearly from other Muridae‐associated strains, suggesting the presence of a Cricetidae‐specific genotype in Europe and South‐America. Based on these results, we hypothesize the reservoir role of M. arvalis rodents for the European Cricetidae‐specific Orthohepevirus C genotype.  相似文献   

15.
Objective To describe the number of cases, etiologies, healing times, and results of microbial culture and susceptibility testing of corneal ulcers in thoroughbred racehorses in Japan. Procedure Retrospective study of the medical records of racehorses belonging to the Japan Racing Association (JRA) from 1997 to 2008. Results A total of 2846 horses suffered ulcerative keratitis. These horses accounted for 90.5% of all the corneal problems and 54.9% of the entire number of horses with ocular diseases. Running in races was the cause in 64.3% of the cases. The mean healing time of the ulcers developed in races was 5.5 ± 9.6 days, which was shorter than that of the ulcers unrelated to racing (8.6 ± 11.7 days). In horses presented for examination by the next day after the race, healing was even more rapid (4.1 ± 7.5 days) than in horses presented later (12.4 ± 14.7 days). Microbial culture was performed on 74 samples of 58 horses. Forty‐four bacterial and four fungal organisms were isolated from 35 samples of 29 horses. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10) and Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus (5) were the bacteria most frequently isolated. There was no tendency of increasing antibiotic resistance of these organisms. Conclusions Ulcerative keratitis is the most frequent corneal and ocular disease of the racehorse in Japan. Careful observation of the eyes after racing is necessary as early diagnosis and treatment of corneal ulcers speeds healing. Many antibiotic have efficacy against the bacterial isolates, however, potent antibiotics should be reserved for the most severe corneal ulcers.  相似文献   

16.
The prevalence of strains of Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase‐negative (CN) staphylococci, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium and Bacillus cereus, was investigated in 111 bulk milk samples. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 38 samples, CN staphylococci from 63 samples, E. coli from 49 samples, E. faecalis or E. faecium from 107 samples, and L. monocytogenes from two samples. Bacillus cereus was not found in any of the samples and three samples were free of any of the selected species. Sensitivity to the anti‐microbial drugs amikacin, ampicillin, ampicillin + sulbactam, cephalothin (CLT), cephotaxime, clindamycin, chloramphenicol (CMP), co‐trimoxazole, erythromycin (ERY), gentamicin, neomycin, norfloxacin, oxacillin, penicillin, streptomycin (STR), tetracycline (TTC) and vancomycin was tested using the standard dilution technique. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) characteristics (MIC50, MIC90, MIC range) were determined for each microbial species. Resistance against one or more anti‐microbial drugs was found in 93% of S. aureus, 40% of CN staphylococci, 73% of E. coli, 88% of E. faecalis, 55% of E. faecium, and one L. monocytogenes strain. Most of the strains, particularly enterococci, were resistant to STR, TTC, and ERY (MIC50 4 μg/ml). A high percentage of staphylococci were resistant to β‐lactam antibiotics. High resistance to CLT was found in 11 strains of E. coli (MIC 256 μg/ml) and strains resistant to CMP (MIC90 16 μg/ml) were detected. The highest numbers of resistance phenotypes were found in E. coli (16) and CN staphylococci (12). Eighteen identical resistance phenotypes were demonstrated in indicator bacteria (E. coli, E. faecalis, E. faecium) and pathogens (S. aureus, CN staphylococci) isolated from the same bulk milk sample. The obtained resistance data were matched against the herd owners' information on therapeutic use of the drugs. This confrontation could not explain the findings of strains resistant to ERY or CMP. Our findings are evidence of selection of resistant strains among not only pathogenic agents, but also among indicator bacteria which can become significant carriers of transmissible resistance genes.  相似文献   

17.
Objective To evaluate the use and complications of a penetrating keratoprosthesis implantation in the management of corneal opacification in dogs. Methods A retrospective clinical study describes the indications for the surgical technique utilized and the outcomes of this procedure in 20 eyes of 19 dogs with blindness of corneal origin. A successful surgical outcome was defined as a clear keratoprosthesis optic and improvement or restoration of functional vision over a follow‐up period ranging from at least 8 months to a maximum of 7 years. Results Eyes with total corneal opacification resulting from chronic superficial keratitis (n = 11), keratoconjunctivitis sicca (n = 5), endothelial dystrophy (n = 3) and chemical burn (n = 1) were treated by unilateral (n = 18) or bilateral (n = 1) full‐thickness implantation of a keratoprosthesis. Keratoprostheses were retained in 15 eyes (75%) which regained vision to the date of reporting. Among these eyes, six had uncomplicated postoperative course, five developed retroprosthetic membranes and four developed granulation tissue over the optic of the keratoprostheses. These complications were successfully removed surgically in the nine eyes. The five remaining eyes (25%) developed serious early postoperative complications, for which enucleation had to be performed. Conclusion In keratopathies in which the corneal opacification could not be treated by standard medical or surgical procedures, this keratoprosthesis appears to be promising to restore vision in chronic superficial keratitis and deep corneal dystrophy. It appears to have a poor prognosis in keratoconjunctivitis sicca in brachycephalic dogs. The post operative complications retro‐prosthetic membranes and granulomatous overgrowth could be treated well.  相似文献   

18.
Faecal samples obtained from 190 healthy mithuns were examined for the presence of Escherichia coli. Total one‐hundred and five E. coli isolates were obtained from these samples, which belonged to 55 different serogroups. These isolates were subjected to multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m‐PCR) for detection of stx1, stx2, eaeA and hlyA genes. Twenty‐three (21.90%) E. coli isolates belonging to 14 serogroups revealed the presence of at least one virulence gene when examined by m‐PCR. Nineteen percent and 2.85% of the mithuns were found to carry Shiga toxin‐producing E. coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli, respectively. stx1 and stx2 genes were found to be prevalent in 7 (6.67%) and 18 (17.14%) of the isolates respectively, whereas eaeA and hlyA genes were found to be carried by three (2.85% each) isolates. Interestingly, none of the STEC isolates belonged to serogroup O157.  相似文献   

19.
Objective  To document the thickness of the central cornea in pigmented rabbits using spectral‐domain anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS‐OCT). Animals studied  Seventeen pigmented rabbits (6 male, 11 female, both eyes) were involved in this study. Procedures  Thirty‐four eyes from healthy pigmented rabbits underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination, including AS‐OCT. Eight radial scans, 6 mm in length and centered on the cornea, were obtained using the AS‐OCT. Corneal thickness was automatically calculated using pachymetry software. Measurements were displayed as the mean and standard deviation for each of the 17 regions defined by the software. The regions were the center (1 mm radius, area a), the inner ring (2.5 mm radius, area b), the outer ring (3 mm radius, area c), and the eight radial scan lines in eight directions (Superior (1), SN (2), Nasal (3), IN (4), Inferior (5), IT (6), Temporal (7), ST (8)) with an angle of 45° between each consecutive scan line (a, b 1–8, c 1–8). Results  There was no statistically significance difference in corneal thickness between gender, eye, and the eight directions (P = 0.804, P > 0.05, P > 0.05). There was a statistical difference between the thickness in areas a, b, and c (P < 0.05). The corneal thickness increased gradually from the center to the periphery of the 6 mm measured. The center corneal thickness was 387 ± 19.8 μm for OD and 384 ± 20.2 μm for OS. The corneal thicknesses of the thinnest point of the right eyes (OD) and the left eyes (OS) were 376 ± 20.2 and 370 ± 16.8 μm, respectively. There was positive correlation between the thinnest point and area a in both the right eyes (r = 0.892, P < 0.001) and the left eyes (r = 0.832, P < 0.001). Conclusions  This is the first documentation of the rabbit corneal thickness in vivo using the spectral‐domain AS‐OCT. Pigmented rabbit corneas were almost 150 μm thinner than human corneal values. Gender and eye were not associated with any statistical differences in central corneal thickness in this study.  相似文献   

20.
Objective The aims of this study were (1) to determine the efficacy of adeno‐associated vector serotype 5 (AAV5) for delivering gene therapy to canine corneal fibroblasts (CCFs) and myofibroblasts (CCMs) using enhanced green fluorescent protein (GFP) marker gene and (2) to evaluate the cytotoxicity of AAV5 to CCFs and CCMs using an in vitro model. Methods Healthy donor canine corneas were used to generate primary CCFs by growing cultures in minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Canine corneal myofibroblasts were produced by growing cultures in serum‐free medium containing transforming growth factor β1 (1 ng/mL). An AAV5 titer (6.5 × 1012 μg/mL) expressing GFP under control of hybrid cytomegalovirus + chicken β‐actin promoters (AAV5‐gfp) was used to transduce CCF and CCM cultures. Delivered gene expression in CCFs and CCMs was quantified using immunocytochemistry, fluorescent microscopy, and real‐time PCR. Transduction efficacy of the AAV5 vector was determined by counting DAPI‐stained nuclei and EGFP‐positive cells in culture. Phase‐contrast microscopy, trypan blue, and dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays were used to determine the toxicity and safety of AAV5 in this canine corneal model. Results Topical AAV5 application successfully transduced a significant population of CCFs (42.8%; P < 0.01) and CCMs (28%; P < 0.01). Tested AAV5 did not affect CCF or CCM phenotype or cellular viability and did not cause significant cell death. Conclusions The tested AAV5 is an effective and safe vector for canine corneal gene therapy in this in vitro model. In vivo studies are warranted.  相似文献   

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