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1.
为寻求节水节肥增产增效的水肥配置模式,在河南省通许县进行测墒灌溉[亏缺灌溉(田间持水量的50%~60%)、限量灌溉(田间持水量的65%~75%)、充分灌溉(田间持水量的75%~85%)]条件下不同养分配置[底施专用肥750 kg/hm~2+追施N 75 kg/hm~2、底施控释肥600 kg/hm~2、底施控释肥600 kg/hm~2+追施N 75 kg/hm~2、底施控释肥750 kg/hm~2、底施控释肥750 kg/hm~2+追施N 75 kg/hm~2]对小麦-玉米产量及水分利用的影响研究。结果表明,限量灌溉处理可促进作物生长发育,与亏缺灌溉处理相比,小麦株高、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数和千粒质量总体均增加,不孕穗数下降,玉米有效穗长和千粒质量增加;与充分灌溉处理相比,小麦小穗数、穗粒数、千粒质量和玉米双行粒数、千粒质量总体均增加。对于小麦来说,限量灌溉处理较亏缺灌溉处理增产6.73%~11.61%,较充分灌溉处理增产0.71%~4.11%;水分利用效率较亏缺灌溉处理提高0.51~1.29 kg/(mm·hm~2),较充分灌溉处理提高0.63~1.12 kg/(mm·hm~2),以底施控释肥750 kg/hm~2处理效果最好,其次为底施控释肥750 kg/hm~2+追施N 75 kg/hm~2处理。对于玉米来说,限量灌溉处理较亏缺灌溉处理增产17.44%~21.45%,较充分灌溉处理增产1.20%~9.04%;水分利用效率较亏缺灌溉处理提高2.06~3.42 kg/(mm·hm~2),较充分灌溉处理提高1.28~3.09 kg/(mm·hm~2),以控释肥750 kg/hm~2+追施N 75 kg/hm~2处理效果最好。对于小麦-玉米来说,限量灌溉处理周年产量较亏缺灌溉处理增产11.99%~15.33%,较充分灌溉处理增产0.96%~4.99%;周年水分利用效率较亏缺灌溉处理提高1.51~1.81 kg/(mm·hm~2),较充分灌溉处理提高0.88~1.67 kg/(mm·hm~2),以底施控释肥750 kg/hm~2+追施N 75 kg/hm~2处理效果最好。根据作物产量和水分利用效率的分析结果,在该降水年型条件下,采用限量灌溉、底施控释肥750 kg/hm~2+追施N 75 kg/hm~2处理,既能提高小麦-玉米产量和水分利用效率,同时实现了节水增效的目的。 相似文献
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LI Jiu-sheng LI Bei SU Mei-shuang RAO Min-jie 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2005,4(9):693-699
Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of nonuniformity of sprinkler fertigation and the amount of fertilizers applied through fertigation on nitrogen uptake and crop yield during two growing seasons of winter wheat in 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 at an experimental station in Beijing. In the experiments, the seasonal averaged Christiansen irrigation uniformity coefficient （CU） varied from 72% to 84%. Except for the fertilizer applied before planting, fertilizer was applied with the sprinkler irrigation system with a seasonal averaged CU for fertigation varied from 71% to 85%. Three levels of fertilizer applied varying from 0 to 180 kg N ha^-1 were used in the experiments. The experimental results demonstrated that sprinkler fertigation uniformity had insignificant effects on nitrogen uptake and crop yield for the uniformity range tested. Also, the influence of fertilizer applied through sprinkler fertigation on crop yield was minor, while the total nitrogen content for stem and nitrogen uptake increased with increasing fertilizer applied. 相似文献
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Lal R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,304(5677):1623-1627
The carbon sink capacity of the world's agricultural and degraded soils is 50 to 66% of the historic carbon loss of 42 to 78 gigatons of carbon. The rate of soil organic carbon sequestration with adoption of recommended technologies depends on soil texture and structure, rainfall, temperature, farming system, and soil management. Strategies to increase the soil carbon pool include soil restoration and woodland regeneration, no-till farming, cover crops, nutrient management, manuring and sludge application, improved grazing, water conservation and harvesting, efficient irrigation, agroforestry practices, and growing energy crops on spare lands. An increase of 1 ton of soil carbon pool of degraded cropland soils may increase crop yield by 20 to 40 kilograms per hectare (kg/ha) for wheat, 10 to 20 kg/ha for maize, and 0.5 to 1 kg/ha for cowpeas. As well as enhancing food security, carbon sequestration has the potential to offset fossil fuel emissions by 0.4 to 1.2 gigatons of carbon per year, or 5 to 15% of the global fossil-fuel emissions. 相似文献
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Modeling the Impacts of Soil Organic Carbon Content of Croplands on Crop Yields in China 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
QIU Jian-jun WANG Li-gang LI Hu TANG Hua-jun LI Chang-sheng Eric Van Ranst 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2009,8(4):464-471
This study quantified the impacts of soil organic carbon （SOC） content on the grain yield of crops using a biogeochemical model （DNDC, denitrification-decomposition）. Data on climate, soil properties, and farming management regimes of cropping systems were collected from six typical agricultural zones （northeast, north, northwest, mid-south, east and southwest regions of China, respectively） and integrated into a GIS database to support the model runs. According to the model, if the initial SOC content in the cropland was increased by 1 g C kg^-1, the crop yield may be increased by 176 kg ha^-1 for maize in the northeast region, 454 kg ha^-1 for a maize-wheat rotation in the north region, 328 kg ha^-1 for maize in the northwest region, 185 kg ha^-1 for single-rice in the mid-south region, 266 kg ha^-1 for double-rice in east region, and 229 kg ha^-1 for rice and wheat rotation in southwest region. There is a great potential for enhancing the crop yield by improving the SOC content in each region of China. 相似文献
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中国小麦秸秆纤维潜力研究(英文) 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
Based on researches of the crop potential productivity,the potential productivity of light,temperature,water and land from wheat in China were calculated respectively,and converted into the potential productivity of wheat straw according to the coefficient of grain-straw ratio of wheat.Furthermore,based on the wheat planting area in 2006,the potential yield of wheat straw fiber in China was estimated.The results showed that the potential yield of wheat straw fiber in China could reach 94.91 million ton,which could provide evidence for the further potential analysis of bio-ethanol. 相似文献
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Yield and Quality Response of Cucumber to Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization Under Subsurface Drip Irrigation in Solar Greenhouse 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
The aims of this research were to compare subsurface drip irrigation scheduling and nitrogen fertilization rates in cucumber, and evaluate yield and quality of cucumber fruit, water (WUE), irrigation water (IWUE), and nitrogen use (NUE) efficiencies in the solar greenhouse in Southwest China. The irrigation water amounts were determined based on the 20 cm diameter pan (Ep) placed over the crop canopy, and cucumber plant was subjected to three irrigation water levels (I1, 0.6 Ep; I2, 0.8 Ep; and I3, 1.0 Ep) in interaction with three nitrogen fertilization levels (N1,300 kg ha-1; N2, 450 kg ha-1; and N3, 600 kg ha-1). The results showed that the cucumber fruit yield increased with the improvement of irrigation water. Irrigation water increased yields by increasing the mean weight of the fruits, and also by increasing fruit number. But the highest values of IWUE and WUE were obtained from 12 treatment. NUE significantly decreased with the improvement of N application, but increased by irrigating more water. The quality of cucumber fruit decreased with the improvement irrigation water and nitrogen fertilization. In conclusion, the optimum irrigation level and nitrogen fertilizer application level for cucunber under subsurface drip irrigation in the solar greenhouse in Southwest China were 0.8 Ep and 450 and 600 kg ha-1, respectively. 相似文献
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【目的】研究膜下沟灌水氮耦合对冬小麦根系分布、根冠比及产量的影响,为冬小麦生产提供理论依据。【方法】以冬小麦为试材进行田间试验,设1500、3000m3/ha两个灌水水平和75、150和300kg/ha3个施氮水平,测定不同处理组合冬小麦根部特征及产量。【结果】冬小麦根系随着土层深度增加,根长密度呈指数下降;灌水量相同时,适当增加施氮量能促进冬小麦根系生长,但施氮量过高时又会抑制冬小麦根系生长。施氮量相同时,增加灌水量会显著抑制冬小麦根系生长。冬小麦产量随灌水量的增加而增加,而冬小麦根冠比随灌水量的增加而减少。冬小麦产量与根冠比之间呈一元二次显著性相关。【结论】冬小麦产量与根冠比呈一元二次显著相关,3000m3/ha灌水量和150kg/ha施氮量为较优的灌溉施氮方式。 相似文献
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施肥对半干旱地区小麦产量、NO3——N累积和水分平衡的影响 总被引：20，自引：5，他引：20
依据长武站长期田间试验（1984～2001年）的结果，分析了不同施肥措施条件下小麦产量、氮肥利用率、土壤水分的变化及其相互间的关系。结果表明，对照、有机肥（M）、氮肥（N）、氮磷肥（NP）、氮肥＋有机肥（NM）和氮磷肥＋有机肥（NPM）处理冬小麦的17年平均产量依次为1.5、2.6、2.0、3.3、3.4和4.0 t·ha-1；冬小麦地上部17年累计吸收的氮量依次为509.0、854.6、781.9、1 199.8、1 067.5和1 430.9 kg·ha-1；2001年0～300 cm土层NO3--N储量依次为52.2、113.1、1 064.8、254.5、535.4和512.1 kg·ha-1，N处理的NO3--N分布于0～300 cm土层，NP、NM、NPM处理的NO3--N主要分布于0～180 cm土层。收获期0～300 cm土层多年平均水分含量为CK＞N＞M＞NP＞NPM。播种期NP、NPM处理200～300 cm土层水分出现亏缺。施肥是黄土旱塬区土壤生产力提高、土壤深层水分亏缺和土壤NO3--N累积的驱动力。 相似文献
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【目的】研究膜下沟灌水氮耦合对冬小麦根系分布、根冠比及产量的影响,为冬小麦生产提供理论依据。【方法】以冬小麦为试材进行田间试验,设1500、3000 m3/ha两个灌水水平和75、150和300 kg/ha 3个施氮水平,测定不同处理组合冬小麦根部特征及产量。【结果】冬小麦根系随着土层深度增加,根长密度呈指数下降;灌水量相同时,适当增加施氮量能促进冬小麦根系生长,但施氮量过高时又会抑制冬小麦根系生长。施氮量相同时,增加灌水量会显著抑制冬小麦根系生长。冬小麦产量随灌水量的增加而增加,而冬小麦根冠比随灌水量的增加而减少。冬小麦产量与根冠比之间呈一元二次显著性相关。【结论】冬小麦产量与根冠比呈一元二次显著相关,3000 m3/ha灌水量和150 kg/ha施氮量为较优的灌溉施氮方式。 相似文献
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2012年,在供需格局偏紧及最低收购价上调等因素支撑下,国内小麦市场迎来历史性辉煌。现货市场价格屡创历史新高,全国主要粮油批发市场三等白小麦交易均价为2355元／t,月比涨56元／t,较2011年同期上涨280元／t,年涨13．49％;各主产区累计收购新产小麦5619．1万t,比2011年同期增加281．7万t;虽然小麦播种面积略有下降,但单产大幅提高使得全国小麦产量达12058万t,较2011年增产318万t。预计2012／13年度全国小麦供给量约12260万t,需求量约12050万t,年度结余210万t,相比2011／12年度小麦供需有所改善;2013年国内小麦市场行情整体上涨格局不变,但在供需与政策影响下,价格波动空间或将加大,不排除出现阶段性行情。 相似文献
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【目的】探索甘肃河西地区金盏花栽培最佳的水氮施用量,旨在提高金盏花产量与叶黄素含量。【方法】2009~2010年在垄作沟灌条件下,以节水栽培品种NK08-5为材料,进行不同灌水量和施氮量组合的田间试验。【结果】灌水3600 m3/ha与施N 270 kg/ha组合处理的产量最高,较灌水4200 m3/ha与施N和灌水4200 m3/ha与施N 90 kg/ha处理的产量差异达显著水平,灌水3600 m3/ha与施N 90 kg/ha和灌水3000 m3/ha与270 kg/ha处理的叶黄素含量最高均为11.7%。【结论】金盏花垄作沟灌有明显的水氮耦合效应,品种NK08-5最佳的水氮施用量组合为灌水3600 m3/ha与施N 90 kg/ha。 相似文献
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【目的】探索甘肃河西地区金盏花栽培最佳的水氮施用量,旨在提高金盏花产量与叶黄素含量。【方法】2009～2010年在垄作沟灌条件下,以节水栽培品种NK08-5为材料,进行不同灌水量和施氮量组合的田间试验。【结果】灌水3600m3/ha与施N270kg/ha组合处理的产量最高,较灌水4200m3/ha与施N和灌水4200m3/ha与施N90kg/ha处理的产量差异达显著水平,灌水3600m3/ha与施N90kg/ha和灌水3000m3/ha与270kg/ha处理的叶黄素含量最高均为11.7%。【结论】金盏花垄作沟灌有明显的水氮耦合效应,品种NK08-5最佳的水氮施用量组合为灌水3600m3/ha与施N90kg/ha。 相似文献
14.
去电子水灌溉对冬小麦生长及其水分利用的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探究去电子水灌溉对冬小麦生长及其水分利用的影响,选取关中平原典型灌区为研究区开展大田试验。以冬小麦"小偃22号"为供试作物,设置不同的灌水类型(普通水与去电子水)和灌溉量水平(60、120、180 mm与240 mm),分阶段对冬小麦的生长指标与光合指标进行测定,分析冬小麦的耗水特性、土壤水分变化状况及水分利用效率。结果表明,同一灌溉量水平(180 mm)下,与普通水灌溉相比,去电子水灌溉的冬小麦生长速率更快,同时耗水量较高,其籽粒产量与水分利用效率亦显著提高了17.8%与15.1%;与0 mm灌溉相比,去电子水灌溉的冬小麦增产46.9%,高于普通水灌溉处理(24.7%)。去电子水不同灌溉量处理中,灌溉量为180 mm时冬小麦的籽粒产量与水分利用效率均最高。因此,可以将去电子水灌溉180 mm作为关中平原冬小麦高效用水和高产的较优灌溉方案。 相似文献
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目的 研究核麦间作模式下密度对冬小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响。方法 以新冬40号为材料,于2016~2017年在核麦间作田,设置5个密度分别为450×10 3株/hm 2(M1),525×10 3株/hm 2(M2),600×10 3株/hm 2(M3),675×10 3株/hm 2(M4),750×10 3株/hm 2(M5),研究核桃不同冠区冬小麦旗叶净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)及产量和产量构成因素对密度的响应。 结果 随着密度的增大,冠下区冬小麦旗叶的净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和产量均表现出不同程度的降低;远冠区,小麦旗叶的Pn、Tr、Gs和产量均表现出“先升高后降低”的变化规律,各指标基本在M2处理达到最大,且冠下区各密度处理冬小麦旗叶Pn、Tr和Gs均低于相应远冠区。籽粒产量,冠下区M1(450×10 3株/hm 2)处理最高为3 212.19 kg/hm 2,远冠区M2(525×10 3株/hm 2)处理最高为3 911.12 kg/hm 2。 结论 在核麦间作模式下,冠下区冬小麦应采取稀播,密度应控制在450×10 3株/hm 2以内,远冠区冬小麦适宜密度为525×10 3株/hm 2。 相似文献
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水肥耦合对冬小麦产量及其构成因素的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解不同水、肥条件下冬小麦的光合特性及产量变化,2009-2011年在洛阳农林科学院以洛旱2号小麦为材料,采用防雨棚池栽种植方式,研究了不同灌水量、施氮和施磷量及其互作对冬小麦产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明:灌水量对冬小麦产量及其构成因素的调控效应极显著(P≤0.01)。随灌水量增加,总茎数及最终成穗数增加,越冬及拔节期总茎数在灌水量282.0mm时最大,2a平均分别为715.6万、965.9万茎/hm2,最终成穗数在灌水量308.5mm时最大,2a平均值为403.0万穗/hm2;穗粒数及产量在灌水量308.5mm时达最大,2a平均分别为29.2粒和5 934.0kg/hm2,千粒重在灌水量282.0mm时最大,2a平均值46.3g。在施氮量30.8～179.2kg/hm2,总茎数随施氮量增加呈上升趋势;产量在0～105.0kg/hm2间呈增加趋势。从水肥耦合的效应看,N179.2P126W282处理组合对总茎数的调控效应较大,产量以N105P42W308.5处理组合最大,千粒重以N30.8P126W282处理组合最大。 相似文献
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氮、磷、钾配施对不同土壤类型小麦-玉米产量及灌水利用率的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用田间试验,研究了等量灌溉条件下,不同氮(N1、N2、N3、N4小麦生长季节分别为120、180、240、360 kg/hm~2,玉米生长季节分别为180、270、360、450 kg/hm~2)、磷(P1、P2分别为90、135 kg/hm~2)、钾(K1、K2分别为75、150 kg/hm~2)配施对通许、西平和安阳3个不同土壤类型地区小麦、玉米产量及灌水利用率的影响,以期为指导当地农民合理施肥提供科学依据。结果表明,与不施肥(CK)处理相比,不同氮、磷、钾配施均能够显著提高小麦、玉米及小麦-玉米周年产量和灌水利用率。在小麦季,通许、西平和安阳3个地区分别以N3P2K2、N3P2K1和N2P2K1处理产量和灌水利用率最高,产量分别为8 606 kg/hm~2、9 977 kg/hm~2和10 305 kg/hm~2,分别较CK增产28.95%、52.48%和32.71%,灌水利用率分别为9.56 kg/m~3、11.09 kg/m~3和11.45 kg/m~3。在玉米季,通许、西平和安阳3个地区则分别以N4P2K2、N4P2K1和N2P2K2处理产量和灌水利用率最高,产量分别为10 998 kg/hm~2、8 828 kg/hm~2和11 715 kg/hm~2,分别较CK增产32.44%、55.29%和28.21%,灌水利用率分别为12.22 kg/m~3、9.81 kg/m~3和13.02 kg/m~3。通许、西平和安阳3个地区分别以N3P2K2、N4P2K1和N1P2K2处理小麦-玉米周年产量和灌水利用率最高,周年产量分别为19 515 kg/hm~2、18 576 kg/hm~2和21 080 kg/hm~2,分别较CK增产30.29%、51.92%和24.70%,灌水利用率分别为10.84 kg/m~3、10.32 kg/m~3和11.71 kg/m~3。 相似文献
19.
Kishk Abdelmageed Xu-hong CHANG De-mei WANG Yan-jie WANG Yu-shuang YANG Guang-cai ZHAO Zhi-qiang TAO 《农业科学学报》2019,18(3):483-495
Wheat was the first crop grown in Egypt, and it remains highly important. Egypt is the largest wheat importer in the world and consumes an extensive amount of bread. It is imperative for wheat scientists to decrease the large gap between production and consumption. Wheat yields in Egypt increased 5.8-fold(6.7 billion kg) between 1961 and 2017 due to variety improvement and the use of better planting methods such as the raised bed method, ideal sowing date, surge flow irrigation and farm irrigation systems, laser levelling, fertilizers, and intercropping with raised beds. In this paper, the development of wheat production techniques and variety evolution over more than five decades in Egypt have been analyzed. In particular, we have focused on the technologies, cultural practices and causes for per unit area yield increase. The main purpose was to study the issues that have arisen during wheat production and to make recommendations for smart agricultural practices. In 1981, the yield was 3 300 kg ha–1 and through the improvement of varieties, expansion of agricultural land and the adoption of modern agricultural techniques yield reached 6 500 kg ha–1 by 2017. The production growth rate was 4.1% annually, and the total grain yield increased 4.3-fold, from 1.9 billion kg in 1981 to about 8.1 billion kg in 2017. The use of new improved varieties, new cultivation techniques, and modern irrigation techniques contributed to 97.0% of the increase in yield per unit area and 1.5% of the increase in yield was due to planting area expansion. Therefore, the increase in total yield mainly depended on the increase in yield per unit area. Wheat production in Egypt has been improved through the development of breeding and cultivation techniques. The use of these new techniques, the popularization of new high-quality seed varieties, and the use of the raised bed method instead of the old method of planting in basins have made the largest contributions to increased yield. In the future, wheat yield could be further increased by using the tridimensional uniform sowing mode and the development of wheat varieties that are resistant to rusts, deficit irrigation, and abiotic stress, that are highly adaptable to mechanized operation and have high yields. Based on our analysis, we propose the main technical requirements and measures to increase wheat yield in Egypt in the near future. 相似文献
20.
Effects of Nitrogen on Grain Yield, Nutritional and Processing Quality of Wheat for Different End Uses 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
ZHU Xin-kai GUO Wen-Shan ZHOU Jun-Liang HU Hong ZHANG Ying LI Chun-yan FENG Chao-Nian PENG Yong-xin 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2003,2(6)
The effects of nitrogen on grain yield, nutritional quality and processing quality of wheat for different end uses were studied in Yangzhou from 2000 to 2002. Increasing N application amount and/or the ratio of topdressing N after elongation stage could raise grain yield, protein content, wet gluten content, sedimentation, falling number, development time and stability time. To produce strong-gluten and medium-gluten wheat, the suitable ratio of basis : tillering: elongation: booting N fertilizer was 3: 1: 3 : 3 or 5: 1 : 2: 2with 180 - 240 kg N ha-1. To produce weak-gluten wheat, the ratio of basis: tillering: elongation N fertilizer should be 7 : 1: 2 with 180 kg N ha-1 and 240 × 104 ha-1 seedlings. 相似文献