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1.
Theory and experimental results have shown that neutral salts in the precipitation or supplied to the ground by other means reduce the acidification of soils by acid precipitation. This salt effect is caused by the cation exchange occurring after the entry of the rain water into the soil.The acid components of precipitation consist of H2SO4, HNO3 and HCl and of NH4+ after nitrification in the soil. The magnitude of the salt effect depends on the relative bonding energy of H3O+ and of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+ in the soil as well as on the concentrations of H3O+ and the above cations in the precipitation. The salt effect may be considerable in very acid soils. It decreases with rising pH to become very small or negligible in neutral soils, chiefly due to the increasing bonding energy of H3O+ in this direction.The adverse effect of acid precipitation, therefore, is likely to be less in very acid soils, such as podsols, than in slightly acid and neutral soils with low buffering capacity against pH change. Soil texture and calcite content are very important factors in this respect as fine material and calcite increase the buffering.  相似文献   

2.
In recent years, acid rain has been a social problem all over the world. In Japan, it is also a big problem especially in the metropolitan area. Then, we have measured major ions such as H+, Na+, NH4 +, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl?, NO3 ?, and SO4 2? in precipitation and dry deposition samples which had been collected at 9 sampling sites at Hiyoshi, Mita, Kashiwa, Shiki, Fujisawa, Yokosuka, Mitaka, Hachiouji, and Ashikaga in Tokyo Metropolitan area for 10 years since 1990. The average pH of precipitation in their sites was 4.56 (n=1906). As the results of multiple regression analysis showed that pH of precipitation was determined by 5 ions such as NH4 +, nssCa2+(non sea salt calcium), nssCl?(non sea salt chloride), NO3 ?, nssSO4 2?(non sea salt sulfate) in the most of the sampling sites. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the behavior of these ions to understand the acidification of rain in Tokyo Metropolitan area. In this study, a long term trend of each ion concentration in precipitation and wet deposition was also investigated the base on the data we had observed at 7 sites for 10 years by the statistical method.  相似文献   

3.
The effect of acidic deposition on the soil under red pine forest in Chunchon, Korea was investigated. Precipitation, stream water, and soil solution chemistry were monitored at the watershed from 1997 to 1998. Acidity of the open-bulk precipitation was often neutralized by large amounts of ammonia (NH3) that might have originated from livestock farming and fertilization. Estimated elemental budget at the watershed showed a positive correlation between loss of base cations and proton (H+) production due to nitrogen transformation in soil (ΔH+ NT: ([NH4 +]in-[NH4 +]out)- ([NO3 ?]in-[NO3 ?]out)). When ΔH+ NT increased, concentrations of nitrate in soil solutions also increased. Consequently, pH values of soil solutions decreased, although ion exchange with base cations contributed to buffer reaction. Since acid buffering capacity of the red pine forest soil was small, it was concluded that the input of ammonium nitrogen enhanced nitrification in soil thus causing soil acidification represented by loss of base cations from the watershed.  相似文献   

4.

Purpose

A laboratory incubation under constant temperature and humidity was conducted to estimate the impacts of nitrogen (N) fertilizers on the acidification of two acid soils (Plinthudult and Paleudalfs) in south China.

Materials and methods

The experiment had three treatments, i.e., control (CK), addition of urea (U), and addition of ammonium sulfate (AS). We measured soil pH, nitrate (NO3 ?), ammonium (NH4 +), exchangeable hydrogen ion (H+), and aluminum ion (Al3+) concentrations at various intervals during the 90 days of incubation. Soil buffering capacity (pHBC) was also measured at the end of the experiment.

Results and discussion

The application of N fertilizers resulted in soil acidification. The U treatment caused greater acidification of the Plinthudult soil than the AS treatment, while there were no differences between U and AS treatments on the acidification of the Paleudalfs. At the end of the trial, the pHBC of Plinthudult in AS treatment was greater than that in CK and U treatments, which may be due to the buffering system of NH4 + and NH4OH. However, the pHBC of Paleudalfs was unchanged between treatments. The dynamics of exchangeable H+ and Al3+ corresponded to that of soil pH. Correlation analysis showed that both soil exchangeable H+ and soil exchangeable Al3+ were significantly related to soil pH.

Conclusions

Application of urea and ammonium sulfate caused acidification in both soils and increased soil exchangeable Al3+ and H+ concentrations in the Paleudalfs. The application of urea increased exchangeable Al3+, and ammonium sulfate increased pHBC in the Plinthudult.  相似文献   

5.
We determined the chemical compositions of acidic stream waters on the rural, mountainous island of Yakushima (YK), and compared them with those of near-neutral stream waters in other mountainous watersheds in Japan. The pH and concentrations of the predominant sea-salt components (i.e., Cl?, Na+, Mg2+) in YK water, particularly in streams with small watersheds, decrease with elevation, while the concentration of Al increases. In contrast, water in northwestern YK contains higher concentrations of non-sea-salt SO42? and NO3? and of rock-derived cations such as Si and Ca2+ than water in eastern to southern YK. This clearly shows that the anthropogenic pollutants on YK are dominantly derived from the northwestern to western Asian continent rather than from Japan's main islands, which lie to the northeast. These pollutants are responsible for stream acidification on YK and for accelerating chemical weathering, mainly of plagioclase, in northwestern YK. Large amounts of acid rain on YK may enhance the formation of secondary minerals that strongly adsorb heavy metals, which can partly account for the low concentrations of heavy metals in YK waters.  相似文献   

6.
We evaluated the element budgets in a forested watershed in Jiulianshan, southern China. The element input in bulk precipitation was characterized by high depositions of H+, NH4 +, Ca2+, and SO4 2?, i.e., 400, 351, 299, and 876 eq/ha/yr, respectively. The outputs of H+, NH4 +, and SO4 2? from the watershed were very low, while those of Ca2+ and Mg2+ were high, 712 and 960 eq/ha/yr, respectively. The element budgets suggested that i) the net retentions of H+, NH4 +, and SO4 2? in this watershed were high, and ii) the net release of Mg2+ from this watershed was high mainly due to weathering. The net release of Ca2+ was not so high because of the high atmospheric deposition, while atmospheric deposition of Mg2+ was not so high (130 eq/ha/yr). Decrease of acid neutralizing capacity in the soil, i.e., net soil acidification, was caused mainly by the net release of Mg2+. Moreover, the net retention of SO4 2? also contributed to soil acidification.  相似文献   

7.
Roots can induce significant changes in the rhizosphere soil. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of beech (Fagus silvatica L.) roots on the chemistry of the rhizosphere soil solution. Special emphasis was given to the effect of the NH4+ supply since many forest soils presently receive high NH4+ inputs from atmospheric deposition. In a mature beech stand, a non‐mycorrhized long root was forced to grow into a rhizotrone filled with homogenized acidic forest soil from the Bw horizon of a Dystric Cambisol. Beside the control, a NH4+ enriched treatment was installed. Thirty micro suction cups of 1 mm diameter and 0.5 cm length were placed in a systematic grid of 5 × 10 mm in each rhizotrone to enable root growth through the grid. The water potential of the soil was kept constant by supplying a synthetic soil solution. Small amounts of soil solution were sampled periodically from May to October 1999 and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis for major cations and anions. Furthermore, pH and conductivity were measured by micro electrodes. In the laboratory experiments, beech seedlings were grown in rhizotrones in a control and in a NH4+ fertilized soil. The equipment for sampling soil solutions and the soil conditions in the laboratory was similar to the field experiment. In each rhizotrone a single long root grew through the lysimeter grid. The laboratory conditions induced higher rates of nitrification as compared to the field. Thus, the overall concentration range of the soil solution was not comparable between field and laboratory studies. In all treatments average soil solution concentrations of H+ and Al3+ were significantly higher in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil. The NH4+ treatment resulted, in the field and laboratory, in a strong increase of the H+ and Al3+ concentrations in the rhizosphere, accompanied by an accumulation of Ca2+, Mg2+, and NO3—. The observed rhizosphere gradients in soil solution chemistry were highly dynamic in time. The results demonstrate that the activity of growing beech roots results in an acidification of the soil solution in the rhizosphere. The acidification was enhanced after the addition of NH4+.  相似文献   

8.
Chemical and Statistical Analysis of Precipitation in Singapore   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
The results of chemical analyses of precipitation samples collected in Singapore between August 1997 and July 1998 are presented. Major inorganic and organic ions were determined in 169 rain samples collected using an automated wet-only sampler. The daily sample pH values ranged from 3.49 to 6.54 with a volume-weighted mean of 4.50, and about 88% of the samples had pH values less than 5.0 Nss-SO4 2? accounted for about 53 % of the sum of anions in rain, whereas chloride, nitrate, formate, and acetate accounted for the remainder. Rain chemistry data were analyzed using principal component analysis to find possible sources of the measured chemical species. Three components that accounted for 83.5% of the total variance were extracted: sea-spray (Na+, Cl? and and Mg2+) and soil particles (Ca2+ and K+), acid factor (nss-SO4 2?, NO3 ?, NH4 +, and H+), and biomass burning (HCOO? and CH3COOO?).  相似文献   

9.
The effects of artificial precipitation with different pH levels on soil chemical properties and element flux were studied in a lysimeter experiment. Cambic Arenosol (Typic Udipsamment) in monolith lysimeters was treated for 6 1/2 yr with 125 mm yr?1 artificial rain in addition to natural precipitation. Artificial acid rain was produced from groundwater with H2SO4 added. pH levels of 6.1, 4 and 3 were used. ‘Rain’ acidity was buffered, mainly due to cation exchange with Ca2+ and Mg2+, which were increasingly leached due to the acid input. The H+ retention was not accompanied by a similar increase in the output of Al ions, but a slight increase in the leaching of Al ions was observed in the most acidic treatment. The net flux of SO4 2? from the lysimeters increased with increasing input of H2SO4, but in the most acidified lysimeters significant sorption of SO4 2? was observed. The sorption was, however, most likely a concentration effect. The ‘long-term’ acidification effects on soil were mainly seen in the upper O and Ah-horizons, where an impoverishment of exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ was observed. An increased proportion of Al ions on exchange sites in the organic layer was observed in the pH 3-treated soil. By means of budget calculations the annual release of base cations due to weathering was estimated to be between 33 and 77 mmolc m?2.  相似文献   

10.
We determined proton budgets of surface soils in a deciduous forest (Df) and a coniferous forest (Cf) of Volcanogenous Regosols in Tomakomai, Hokkaido of northern Japan. The total H+ source was 12.9 and 11.6 kmolc ha?1 y?1 at Df and Cf respectively, and the external H+ was 1% at Df and 2% at Cf. The primary H+ sources were vegetation uptake of base cations and nitrification, while the major H+ sinks were release of base cations and NO3 + uptake by vegetation. Leaching incubation experiments using A horizon soils including Df and Cf with NH4 + solutions (5.3, 15.9 mg N L?1) showed that H+ from nitrification was generally higher in the Df soil than Cf soil, and nitrification of Tomakomai Df soil was the highest in both treatments. Results of multiple regression analyses suggested that pHkCl and exchangeable Ca2+ contributed to the H+ generation via nitrification. Leaching experiments with dilute HCl (pH 3.3) revealed that cation release (mainly Ca2+) occurred, and the proportion of release by decrease of exchangeable cations was higher than that by mineral weathering. Mineral weathering in the Tomakomai soil was higher than the other soils.  相似文献   

11.
The Laflamme Lake Watershed Area is located in a sensitive region on the Canadian Shield and is subjected to wet atmospheric loading between 17 and 25 kg ha?1 yr?1. From 1981 to 1988, the level and fluctuations of the atmospheric deposition of acidifying substances has led to various responses in the water chemistry of headwater lakes in the area. The general trend in atmospheric inputs is a gradual increase of acidifying substances from 1981 to 1985 followed by a 2 yr decrease then a return to previous values. In the two lakes with almost no alkalinity acidification has occured throughout the 1983 to 1988 period. In the four lakes with slightly higher alkalinity values, a reversal in acidification is seen when atmospheric loading decreased in 1986. Along with the interannual trends, seasonal variability to acidification occurs with sensitivity of surface waters being highest during spring melt. Sensitivity to acidification can also be altered by watershed processes and in the Laflamme Lake Watershed, soil processes are effective in altering the acidity of precipitation before it reached the lake. In this watershed, wet atmospheric inputs of H+ and NO3 ? are larger than surface water outputs while the reverse occurs for Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl? and SO4 2?.  相似文献   

12.
Acidified precipitation may affect the productivity of forests by altering the availability of plant nutrients or by affecting the ability of trees to absorb and assimilate those nutrients. In this study, the short-term effects of simulated acid rain (pH range 5.6 to 2.3) upon the growth and nutrient relations of Eastern White Pine seedlings (Pinus strobus, L.) grown in a sandy loam soil were examined. Soil chemistry, soil leachate chemistry, seedling tissue chemistry, and seedling productivity were monitored. Inspite increased leaching of cations from the soil, resulting in near depletion of available K+1, Mg+2, and Ca+1 at pH 2.3, seedling productivity increased with acidity through the 20-week experimental period. Foliar nitrogen concentrations indicate that fertilization with NO 3 ?1, added to the rain as HNO3, may have caused the growth increase. Implications of cation losses and NO3 ?1 fertilization are discussed.  相似文献   

13.
To evaluate ecosystem response to changing atmospheric deposition, element budgets were established over the period from 1973 to 1991 for a Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) site. Budgets for Na+, Cl?, Ca2+, Mg2+, N, S and H+ were based on total deposition and seepage water fluxes. The deposition of Ca2+, Mg2+, particularly, of S and H+ decreased with time, while calculated N deposition remained constant at a high level. The decrease in Ca2+ deposition led to a reduction of Ca2+ fluxes with seepage water. The decrease of Mg2+ deposition did not have an effect on the output fluxes of Mg2+. The reversibility of soil and seepage water acidification by reduced S deposition was delayed by the release of previously accumulated soil SO 4 2? . The highest NO 3 ? fluxes were observed during the period of 1986 to 1988; NO 3 ? fluxes in general demonstrated a considerable annual and periodic variation. Total N accumulation in the ecosystem amounted to nearly 590 kg ha?1 yr?1 during the observation period. The major sink of N in the spruce site is the aggrading humus layer. The results emphasize the need for measurements over several years to make conclusions regarding the function of ecosystems in response to atmospheric deposition.  相似文献   

14.
Concentrations of sulphate in precipitation in southern Norway have decreased by 50–60% from 1980–1999. This has caused a decrease in sulphate concentrations in lakes of 30–40% from 1986–1999. Nitrogen in precipitation has decreased slightly over the last 10-years. In lakewater there has also been a significant but slight decrease. Concentrations of non-marine base cations in precipitation have decreased by 40% from 1980–1999. In lakewater, non-marine base cation concentrations have been at about the same level the last 10 years. This indicates that acid deposition has decreased sufficiently such that the pool of exchangeable base cations in the soil is now being replenished. The acidification situation in lakes in Norway has thus shown a clear improvement over the last 8–10 years. pH, alkalinity and ANC (acid neutralising capacity) have all increased. Concentrations of inorganic (toxic) aluminium species have decreased. The trends in H+ and Aln+ do not follow the relation expected if Aln+ concentrations were governed solely by a single solid phase of Al(OH)3.  相似文献   

15.
A total of 51 lakes in southern Quebec, Canada, were sampled between 1985 and 1993 to study changes in water chemistry following reductions in SO2 emissions (main precursor of acid precipitation). Time series analysis of precipitation chemistry revealed significant reductions in concentrations and deposition of SO4 2- from 1981 to 1992 in southern Quebec as well as reductions in concentrations and deposition of base cations (Ca2+, Mg2+), NO3 - and H+ in the western section of the study area. Reductions in atmospheric inputs of SO4 2- have resulted in decreased lakewater SO4 2- concentrations in the majority of the lakes in our study, although only a small fraction (9 of 37 lakes used in the temporal analysis) have improved significantly in terms of acidity status (pH, acid neutralizing capacity – ANC). The main response of the lakes to decreased SO4 2- is a decrease in base cations (Ca2++Mg2+), which was observed in 17 of 37 lakes. Seventeen lakes also showed significant increases in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) over the period of study. The resulting increases in organic acidity as well as the decrease in base cations could both play a role in delaying the recovery of our lakes.  相似文献   

16.
Chemical analyses were performed on 387 sequential precipitation samples, both rain and snow, collected at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Long Island, New York, on 96 different days during the period from October 1983 to June 1985. The collection time for each individual sample was typically 30 min. The chemical species determined and the volume-weighted average and maximum concentrations (in parentheses) in units of μM were: H202:7(120), H2CO:6(60), H+:51(500), N03 ?:30(350), S04 2?:25(270), NH4 +:18(250), Ca2+:3(48), Na+:32(400), and Cl?:37(380). A strong seasonal dependence was observed for H202 concentration, the maximum concentration in summer (120 μM) being 6 times greater than in winter. In addition, H202 concentration also exhibited a strong diurnal variation, with a maximum peaking in the afternoon and a minimum after midnight. These observations suggest that the production of H202 may be governed by photochemical activity. Nitrate concentration also displayed a strong diurnal variation, having a maximum around noon, but did not show a seasonal dependence. Relationships between various species and their possible sources are briefly discussed.  相似文献   

17.
[目的] 对湘江流域岳麓山地区地表水体进行水化学特征分析及灌溉适宜性评价,为该地区的生态环境保护及水资源综合管理的科学决策提供理论支持。[方法] 以岳麓山周边地区为研究区,从2020年12月至2021年11月采集降水、山涧溪水和湘江河水水样,利用Piper图、Gibbs图、端元图等方法,分析各水体水化学特征以及影响因素。[结果] 降水主要阴阳离子为Ca2+,K+,SO2-4和NO-3,无明显水化学类型;山涧溪水主要阴阳离子为Ca2+和NO-3,主要水化学类型为Cl-Ca·Mg型和Cl-Ca型;湘江河水主要阴阳离子为Ca2+和HCO-3,主要水化学类型为HCO3-Ca型。山涧溪水主要受大气降水输入和碳酸盐岩风化控制;湘江河水受碳酸盐岩风化作用影响较大。[结论] Na+离子含量,SAR和RSC指标以及其绘制USSL图和Wilcox图分析结果较好,山涧溪水和湘江河水适合用于灌,不易引起盐害或碱害。  相似文献   

18.
This study was carried out to evaluate acid depositions and to understand their effect. Wet precipitation has been collected at twenty-four sites in Korea for one year of 1999. The ion concentrations such as H+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, NH4 +, Ca2+, Cl?, NO3 ? and SO4 2? were chemically analyzed and determined. Precipitation had wide range of pH(3.5～8.5), and volume-weighted average was 5.2. The contribution amounts of Cl?, SO4 2? and NO3 ? in anion were shown to be 54%, 32%, and 14%, respectively and those of Na+ and NH4 + in cation were 32% and 25%. The ratios of Cl? and Mg2+ to Na+ in precipitation were similar to those of seawater, which imply that great amount of Cl? and Mg2+ in precipitation could be originated from seawater. The concentration of H+ is little related with SO4 2?, NO3 ? and Cl? ions, whereas nss?SO4 2? and NO3 ? are highly correlated with NH4 +, which could suggest that great amount of SO4 2? and NO3 ? exist in the form of ammonium associated salt. The annual wet deposition amounts (g m?2year?1) of SO4 2?, NO3 ?, Cl?, H+, NH4 +, Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were estimated as 0.88～4.89, 0.49～4.37, 0.30～9.80, 0.001～0.031, 0.06～2.15, 0.27～4.27, 0.10～3.81, 0.23～1.59 and 0.03～0.63.  相似文献   

19.
Chongqing is among the heaviest polluted cities in China. Combustion of coal with relatively high sulfur content causes high sulfur emission and deposition in the area. Effects on soils and waters of the acid deposition in the Chongqing area have been studied in the field at a forested site outside the city. Deposition chemistry and fluxes, soil and soil water chemistry as well as surface water chemistry are presented for the period 1996–1998. There are some stress symptoms at the forest in the area and severe forest damage has been reported at Nanshan, closer to Chongqing center. Monitoring of the acidification situation in the area must be followed closely as impacts may be expected if the deposition is not reduced in the future. The deposition of sulfur, H+ as well as calcium at the site is high. Wet deposition of sulfur is estimated to 4.7 – 5.7 g S m?2 yr?1 during the three years sampled; dry deposition is probably of similar size. Annual volume-weighted pH in bulk deposition was 4.0 – 4.2 and the calcium wet deposition flux was 2.6 – 3.6 g Ca2+ m?2. There are considerable seasonal variations in the concentrations, related to the seasonal variations in precipitation amount (dry winter, wet summer). The soils at the site are acid with median base saturation of 12% and 8% in the topsoil and subsoil, respectively. In soil water, aluminum concentrations are typically in the range 3–8 mg L?1. However, due to the high base cation deposition, the Al/(Ca2++Mg2+) molar ratio is below unity in most samples, indicating little damage of forest due to aluminum in soil water.  相似文献   

20.
This study focuses on fluxes of elements from, and changes in the soil properties of shallow organic material rich soil as a result of changes in precipitation acidity. Intact soil columns including natural vegetation from two areas (one exposed to acidic precipitation and one unpolluted) were used in a lysimeter experiment. The lysimeters were watered with simulated normal rain (pH 5.3) or simulated acidic rain (pH 4.3) for four years. Sulphuric acid and ammonium nitrate were used to regulate the quality of the simulated rain. Significantly more SO4 2? was leached from lysimeters receiving acid rain. Rain acidity had no significant effect on NO3 ? leaching. Significantly more Mg2+ was leached from lysimeters receiving acid rain, but this only applied for the soils from the unpolluted area. Four years of treatment did not cause any significant effect on the soil acidity and the amounts of base cations in the soil. The more acidic rain did, however, cause a significant lower cation exchange capacity. For the soils from the polluted area the acid precipitation did cause a lowering of the exchangeable K+ in the upper 5 cm of the soil. Different quality of the soil organic material indicated by different vegetation types appeared to cause significant differences in the amount of components leached from the soil, but did not cause any difference in response to the different rain qualities.  相似文献   

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